2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28
Ukraine nyob qib 15 hauv ntiaj teb hais txog qhov ntev ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau. Tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm txhua txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau hauv lub tebchaws yog 21,700 km. Ib feem peb ntawm lawv yog hluav taws xob. Hauv peb tsab xov xwm, peb yuav tham luv luv txog Ukrainian railways, lawv dov Tshuag thiab lub xeev tam sim no.
Ukrzaliznytsia: hauv qhov tseeb thiab cov duab
Public Joint Stock Company "Ukrainian Railway" (tseem PJSC "Ukrzaliznytsia") yog lub xeev cov lag luam uas muab cov neeg caij tsheb thiab thauj khoom thauj los ntawm kev tsheb ciav hlau. Nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no, nws yog ib tug ua tiav monopoly nyob rau hauv Ukraine.
Txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau keeb kwm ntawm Ukraine pib nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Thawj txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau ntawm nws thaj chaw tau muab tso rau hauv 1861. Nws txuas Lviv nrog Polish Przemysl. Peb xyoos tom qab, Odessa-B alta railway kab tau tshwm sim, uas tau txuas ntxiv mus rau Kyiv thaum xyoo 1860s. Thaum lub sij hawm tig ntawm lub xyoo pua 19-20, thaj av Carpathian tau them los ntawm cov kab nqaim.
Hnub noUkrainian railways yog:
- 1640 chaw nres tsheb.
- 120 lub chaw nres tsheb loj.
- 26 railroad directorates.
- 50 locomotive depots.
- 174939 freight wagons.
- 2718 locomotives.
- 1796 hluav taws xob locomotives.
- 1547 electric tsheb ciav hlau seem.
- Ntau tshaj 350 txhiab tus neeg ua haujlwm.
Ukrzaliznytsia ib xyoos ib zaug nqa 500 lab tus neeg caij tsheb thiab txog 300 lab tons ntawm ntau yam khoom thauj.
Lub xeev tam sim no ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau ntawm Ukraine
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias Ukrainian railways yog 95% cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm peb lub tebchaws: Lavxias, Austro-Hungarian thiab Soviet. Qhov no siv rau dov Tshuag, railway network, thiab cov tuam txhab kev pabcuam.
Tshaj tag nrho keeb kwm ntawm PJSC "Ukrzaliznytsia" kev tswj hwm tau hloov pauv 17 zaug. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov neeg caij tsheb zoo tib yam, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau Ukrainian railway system yog Georgiy Kirpa, uas tau ua tus thawj coj ntawm kev lag luam los ntawm 2000 txog 2004. Txaus siab rau kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm Ukrainian railways thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm txawv teb chaws. Tshwj xeeb, hauv 2016-2017, Wojciech Balczun, yog ib tus thawj coj zoo tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Poland, tau raug xaiv los ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub xeev kev lag luam. Tab sis txawm qhov no tsis tau coj qhov kev xav tau.
Lub xeev tam sim no ntawm kev lag luam tawm ntau yam xav tau. Yog li, raws li tus kws pab tswv yim rau Minister of Infrastructure ntawm Ukraine A. Kava, 75% ntawm tag nrho cov diesel locomotives nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws yog ua, txawm lub overdue kho. Minister A. Pivovarsky txawm ntsuam xyuas lub xeev ntawm affairs nyob rau hauv lub railway sector li" txaus ntshai", tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ceeb toom rau lub xeev deplorable ntawm lub canvas. Vim qhov no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, cov tsheb ciav hlau ceev hauv Intercity tsis yog tiag tiag, vim lawv tsuas tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov xav tau ceev hauv ntau ntu.
Hnub no, cov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm PJSC "Ukrzaliznytsia" yog cov hauv qab no:
- High depreciation ntawm dov Tshuag.
- Hnub nyoog tseem ceeb nruab nrab ntawm hluav taws xob thiab diesel locomotives (50 thiab 30 xyoo raws li).
- High degree ntawm deterioration ntawm freight tsheb (mus txog 90%).
- Muaj ntau qhov xwm txheej thiab tawg ntawm dov Tshuag.
Ukrainian Railway: tsheb ciav hlau thiab nqi
Railway yog qhov kev thauj pheej yig tshaj plaws hauv Ukraine. Thiab muab qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm ntau txoj kev hauv lub tebchaws, nws kuj yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws.
Tus nqi ntawm daim pib tsheb ciav hlau hauv Ukraine tseem qis heev. Yog li ntawd, ib qho kev mus los ntawm Kyiv mus rau Lviv nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb lub rooj zaum tsheb yuav raug nqi 150-180 hryvnia (360-430 rubles), nyob rau hauv ib chav tsev - 500-600 hryvnia (1200-1450 rubles), nyob rau hauv ib tug nplua nuj tsheb - txog 1800 hryvnia (4300 rubles). Rau kev txaus siab ntawm kev mus los ntawm Kyiv mus rau Kharkiv ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau Intercity, koj yuav tau them 500 hryvnia (rau ib lub rooj zaum nyob rau hauv ib tug thawj-chav tsheb thauj neeg).
Daim ntawv qhia kev tsheb ciav hlau ntawm Ukraine
Lub koom haum kev lag luam yog sawv cev los ntawm rau txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau:
- Lvivska (center - Lviv).
- South-West (Kyiv).
- South (Kharkiv).
- YPridneprovskaya(Dnepr).
- Odesskaya (Odessa).
- Donetsk (nrog rau qhov chaw hauv nroog Liman).
Hauv qab no yog daim duab qhia chaw ntawm Ukrainian railways raws li xyoo 2014.
Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau sib txuas yog ib txwm rau Donbass, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus - rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub tebchaws. Cov kev tsheb ciav hlau loj tshaj plaws hauv Ukraine yog cov nroog xws li Kyiv, Lviv, Zaporozhye, Zhmerynka, Deb altsevo, Smela, Znamenka, Pyatikhatki, Lozova, Fastiv. Cov neeg caij tsheb coob tshaj plaws tau pom ntawm txoj kev loj hauv qab no:
- Kyiv – Korosten – Lviv.
- Kyiv - Fastiv - Zhmerynka.
- Kyiv - Poltava - Kharkiv.
- Fastov - Belaya Tserkov - Smela - Pyatikhatki.
- Krivoy Rog - Nikopol - Zaporozhye.
- Kharkiv - Lozova - Dnipro - Zaporozhye.
- Lviv – Mukachevo – Chop.
Yog tias peb tham txog cov tsheb thauj mus los, cov tsheb thauj neeg coob tshaj plaws yog cov kab tsheb thauj mus los: "Krivoy Rog - Dnipro - Zaporozhye" thiab "Fastov - Kazatin - Lviv".
Pom zoo:
Kev lag luam ntawm kev lag luam: hom, kev faib tawm, kev tswj hwm thiab kev lag luam. Cov ceg tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam hauv tebchaws
Txhua lub tebchaws muaj nws txoj kev lag luam. Nws yog ua tsaug rau kev lag luam uas cov peev nyiaj tau ntxiv, cov khoom tsim nyog, cov khoom lag luam, thiab cov khoom siv raw yog tsim. Lub degree ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev feem ntau nyob ntawm qhov ua tau zoo ntawm lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Qhov siab dua nws yog tsim, ntau dua kev lag luam muaj peev xwm ntawm lub teb chaws thiab, raws li, tus qauv ntawm kev ua neej nyob ntawm nws cov pej xeem
Cafe kev npaj ua lag luam: piv txwv nrog kev suav. Qhib lub tsev noj mov los ntawm kos: ib qho qauv kev npaj ua lag luam nrog kev suav. Npaj ua lag luam café npaj
Muaj cov xwm txheej thaum muaj lub tswv yim ntawm kev teeb tsa koj lub lag luam, muaj lub siab xav thiab lub sijhawm los siv nws, thiab rau kev ua tau zoo, koj tsuas yog xav tau ib lub koom haum tsim kev lag luam nkaus xwb. Hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, koj tuaj yeem tsom mus rau kev npaj ua lag luam café
Yuav ua li cas kom tau nyiaj ntawm daim ntawv cog lus: kev kwv yees thiab kev tsom xam ntawm kev lag luam daim ntawv cog lus, daim ntawv cog lus yield
Yuav ua li cas kom tau nyiaj ntawm daim ntawv cog lus? Ib lo lus nug cuam tshuam rau ntau yam. Tom qab tag nrho, kev yuav daim ntawv cog lus yog suav tias yog kev nqis peev uas muaj txiaj ntsig. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg uas nkag siab lub ntsiab lus no tseem tsawg. Nws yuav zoo li cov lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas kom tau nyiaj ntawm daim ntawv cog lus yuav tsum muaj cov lus teb yooj yim. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov tseeb, nws yog ib qho kev ruaj ntseg uas cov nyiaj tau los twb embedded. Tab sis nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, txhua yam hloov mus ua me ntsis nyuaj
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Yuav kawm li cas pauv ntawm kev sib pauv khoom lag luam: nkag siab txog cov hauv paus thiab cov cai ntawm kev lag luam Tshuag, cov lus qhia thiab cov lus qhia ua ntu zus rau cov tub lag luam tshiab
Yuav kawm li cas pauv ntawm kev sib pauv khoom lag luam: nkag siab txog cov hauv paus thiab cov cai ntawm kev lag luam hauv Tshuag, cov lus qhia thiab cov lus qhia ua ntu zus rau cov tub lag luam tshiab. Yuav tsum xyuam xim rau dab tsi thiab qhov twg yuav tsum tau ceev faj tshwj xeeb. Nws puas tuaj yeem ua lag luam yam tsis muaj tus broker
