Hydraulic fracturing: hom, xam thiab txheej txheem thev naus laus zis

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 13:55

Hydraulic fracturing (HF) yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws geological thiab kev ntsuas, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua kom muaj zog ntawm cov dej tsim tawm mus rau qhov dej ntau lawm. Kev siv cov thev naus laus zis no tso cai rau tsis yog tsuas yog ua kom rov qab los ntawm cov peev txheej hauv lub qhov dej ntws zoo xwb, tab sis kuj tseem yuav nthuav dav rau thaj chaw no, ua kom cov roj rov qab los ntawm lub pas dej loj kawg. Muab qhov tseem ceeb no, kev tsim kho thaj chaw tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog kev npaj ntawm tus qauv zoo sparser.

Short description

Lub ntsiab ntawm hydraulic fracturing yog piav los ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv qab no:

• reservoir raug rau siab dhau lawm (kev noj cov kua dej ntau dua li nws tuaj yeem nqus tau los ntawm pob zeb);
• downhole siab nce mus txog thaum nws dhau qhov kev ntxhov siab sab hauv hauv manifold;
• pob zeb tau torn nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau uas muaj zog txhua yam (feem ntau nyob rau hauv ib tug oblique kev taw qhia los yog vertically);
• rovtsim thiab cov kab nrib pleb qub nce, lawv kev sib txuas nrog lub cev pore zoo tshwm sim;
• ib cheeb tsam ntawm nce permeability nyob ze ntawm qhov dej nce;
• tshwj xeeb granular proppants (proppants) tau tso rau hauv cov pob txha nthuav dav los kho lawv hauv lub xeev qhib tom qab lub siab ntawm kev tsim tawm;
• resistance rau kev tsim kua dej txav yuav luag xoom, vim li ntawd, qhov dej ntws tau nce ntau zaus.

Qhov ntev ntawm cov pob zeb tawg tuaj yeem yog ob peb puas meters, thiab hauv qab ntawm qhov dej tau txuas nrog thaj chaw deb ntawm lub pas dej. Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev ua tau zoo ntawm qhov kev kho mob no yog kho qhov tawg, uas tso cai rau tsim kom pom cov channel. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim khoom zoo tuaj yeem tsis tuaj yeem nce ntxiv vim qhov tawg loj zuj zus. Muaj qhov ntev tshaj plaws, saum toj no uas tus nqi ntws tsis ua ntau dua.

Scope of application

Cov thev naus laus zis no yog siv ob qho tib si rau kev tsim khoom (txhim kho cov roj rov qab) thiab kev txhaj tshuaj (ntau txhaj), kab rov tav thiab ntsug. Cov cheeb tsam hauv qab no ntawm kev siv hydraulic fracturing yog qhov txawv:

• kev siv zog ntawm qhov tsim tawm ntawm qhov dej nrog cov kab mob hauv qab hauv qab hauv cov dej ntim nrog cov permeability sib txawv;
• kev txhim kho ntawm kev tso nyiaj sib txawv;
• txhim kho hydrodynamic kev sib txuas ntawm lub qhov dej nrog lub ntuj tawg hauv lub reservoir;
• nthuav dav ntawm cov dej ntws hauv cheeb tsam;
• txhim kho cov dej ntws nrog qis permeability thiabcov qhov dej tsis muaj nqis;
• hloov pauv hauv qhov dej ntws hauv qhov dej txhaj tshuaj;
• kev txhim kho ntawm qhov dej tsis zoo uas tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm lwm txoj hauv kev.

Cov kev txwv rau kev siv tshuab hydraulic fracturing yog cov roj-roj aav, uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hauv qab no:

• nrawm nrawm (rub cov dej tsim rau hauv qab ntawm qhov dej);
• dhau los ntawm dej lossis roj rau hauv qhov dej;
• depleted reservoirs nrog tsawg reserves, roj-saturated lo ntsiab muag ntawm me me ntim (vim nyiaj txiag unprofitability).

Feem ntau hydraulic fracturing yog siv los ua ib txoj kev stimulation rau nruab nrab thiab siab permeability reservoirs. Rau lawv, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev ua kom cov dej ntws ntawm cov dej hauv reservoir yog qhov ntev ntawm cov pob txha tsim, thiab hauv cov pob zeb uas tsis tshua muaj permeability, nws qhov dav..

Hydraulic tawg: qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo

Qhov zoo ntawm hydraulic fracturing yog:

• siv tau rau thaj chaw uas muaj ntau hom geological;
• cuam tshuam rau tag nrho lub pas dej thiab ntawm nws ntu;
• txo qis ntawm kev ua haujlwm hydraulic hauv thaj chaw hauv qab;
• kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov dej ntws tsis zoo nyob ib sab;
• dej ua haujlwm pheej yig (dej);
• siab profitability.

Qhov tsis zoo suav nrog:

• xav tau ntau cov khoom siv dej, xuab zeb, tshuaj ntxiv;
• txheej txheem tswj tsis tau ntawm kev tsim cov pob zeb tawg, tsis muaj kev cia siab ntawm cov txheej txheemtawg;
• thaum lub qhov dej uas muaj cov dej ntws siab tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm tom qab hydraulic fracturing, proppant tuaj yeem nqa tawm ntawm cov pob txha, ua rau txo qis ntawm lawv qhov qhib thiab txo qis hauv cov dej ntws hauv thawj lub hlis tom qab pib. kev ua haujlwm;
• pheej hmoo ntawm kev tswj tsis tau cov khoom pov tseg thiab ib puag ncig muaj kuab paug.

txheej txheem Variations

Txoj kev Fracturing txawv ntawm hom kev puas tsuaj, qhov ntim ntawm cov kua thiab cov tshuaj txhaj, thiab lwm yam ntxwv. Cov hom tseem ceeb ntawm hydraulic fracturing muaj xws li hauv qab no:

• Raws li thaj tsam ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev tsim: hauv zos (nruj pob txha ntev txog 20 m) - qhov dav tshaj plaws; tob tob (nruj pob txha ntev 80-120 m); loj (1000 m thiab ntau dua).
• Los ntawm seam kev pab: ib leeg (kev cuam tshuam rau tag nrho cov seams thiab interlayers); ntau yam (rau qhov dej uas tau qhib 2 lossis ntau txheej); ncua sij hawm (rau ib lub reservoir tshwj xeeb).
• Txoj kev tshwj xeeb: kua qaub tawg; TSO thev naus laus zis - tsim cov pob txha luv luv los tiv thaiv lawv txoj kev nthuav tawm rau cov dej-roj sib cuag thiab txo qhov ntim ntawm cov tshuaj txhaj tshuaj (txoj kev no qhia tau hais tias muaj kev ua haujlwm siab hauv cov xuab zeb reservoirs); impulse (tsim ntau qhov sib txawv radially diverging pob zeb nyob rau hauv nruab nrab- thiab high-permeability pob zeb kom txo tau cov nyhuv ntawm daim tawv nqaij - qhov deterioration ntawm pore permeability vim lawv cov kab mob uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub lim tsim kua.

Ntaugap

Ntau qhov hydraulic tawg yog ua los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev:

1. Ua ntej, qhov tawg yog tsim los siv cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub. Tom qab ntawd nws raug kaw ib ntus los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj (granular naphthalene, pob yas, thiab lwm yam) uas kaw cov perforations. Tom qab ntawd, hydraulic fracturing yog ua rau lwm qhov.
2. Kev sib cais ntawm thaj chaw yog ua los ntawm cov khoom ntim lossis cov rooj vag hydraulic. Rau txhua lub sijhawm, hydraulic fracturing yog ua raws li cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj.
3. Phased hydraulic fracturing nrog kev sib cais ntawm txhua qhov chaw hauv qab nrog xuab zeb ntsaws.

Nyob hauv cov av nplaum, qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws yog kev tsim cov pob txha ntsug, vim lawv txuas cov roj thiab cov roj sib txuas ua ke. Cov pob txha zoo li no yog tsim los ntawm kev ua ntawm cov kua dej tsis zoo lossis los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj sai.

Npaj rau hydraulic fracturing

Hydraulic reservoir technology muaj ntau theem. Kev npaj ua haujlwm yog raws li hauv qab no:

1. Kev kawm ntawm lub qhov dej rau kev tsim cov kua dej nkag, lub peev xwm nqus cov dej ua haujlwm thiab txiav txim siab qhov xav tau rau hydraulic fracturing.
2. Ntxuav lub hauv qab ntawm cov xuab zeb los yog av nplaum crust (ntxuav nrog dej hauv siab, kho nrog hydrochloric acid, hydro-sandblasting perforation thiab lwm txoj kev).
3. Kev kuaj lub qhov dej nrog tus qauv tshwj xeeb.
4. Nkag mus rau hauv cov kav dej hauv qhov dej los muab cov dej ua haujlwm.
5. Kev teeb tsa lub siab ntim ntim thiab hydraulic thauj tog rau nkoj los tiv thaiv casing.
6. Kev txhim kho lub qhov taubcov khoom siv (manifold, lubricator thiab lwm yam khoom siv) rau kev sib txuas cov twj tso kua mis rau cov kav dej thiab kaw lub qhov dej.

Daim duab qhia txog tus txheej txheem cov khoom siv piping thaum hydraulic fracturing yog qhia hauv daim duab hauv qab no.

Kev sib tw

Technique thiab technology ntawm hydraulic fracturing muaj cov txheej txheem hauv qab no:

1. Cov kav dej txhaj yog muab cov kua dej ua haujlwm (feem ntau cov roj rau lub qhov dej lossis dej rau qhov dej txhaj tshuaj).
2. Txhob ua kom cov kua dej ntau ntxiv kom siab tshaj tus nqi tsim.
3. Tshawb xyuas qhov nruj ntawm lub ntim khoom (yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj cov kua dej ntws tawm ntawm lub annulus).
4. Proppant tau ntxiv rau cov kua dej ua haujlwm tom qab hydraulic fracturing tshwm sim. Qhov no tau txiav txim los ntawm qhov nce ntxiv hauv qhov txhaj tshuaj zoo (siab poob hauv cov twj tso kua mis).
5. Radioactive isotopes suav nrog hauv pawg kawg ntawm cov khoom siv rau kev txheeb xyuas tom qab ntawm thaj chaw poob siv kev txiav txim siab nuclear.
6. Supply lub siab tshaj plaws squeezing kua rau txhim khu kev qha tawg propping.
7. Tshem tawm cov kua dej tawg hauv qab kom ntseeg tau tias cov kua dej nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov dej.
8. Dismanle txheej txheem cov cuab yeej.
9. Lub qhov dej tab tom ua haujlwm.

Yog tias lub qhov dej yog qhov ntiav, ces cov dej ua haujlwm raug tso cai los ntawm cov kav dej. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua tau hydraulic fracturing yam tsis muajpacker - los ntawm tubing kav thiab annulus. Qhov no txo qis hydraulic poob rau cov kua dej khov heev.

Tshuab thiab tshuab rau hydraulic fracturing

Cov khoom siv hydraulic fracturing suav nrog cov khoom siv hauv qab no:

• Cov tshuab hauv av thiab cov khoom siv: cov twj tso kua mis (ANA-105, 2AN-500, 3AN-500, 4AN-700 thiab lwm yam); xuab zeb sib xyaw cov nroj tsuag ntawm lub tsheb chassis (ZPA, 4PA, USP-50, Kerui, Lantong thiab lwm yam); tank tsheb thauj mus los ntawm cov kua (ATsN-8S thiab 14S, ATK-8, Sanji, Xishi thiab lwm yam); Cov kav dej zoo (manifold, wellhead, shutoff li qub, faib thiab siab manifolds nrog kos li qub, ntsuas ntsuas siab thiab lwm yam khoom siv).
• Cov khoom siv pabcuam: sib sau ua haujlwm rau kev ua haujlwm; winches; saib xyuas thiab tswj chaw nres tsheb; cov tsheb thauj khoom thiab lwm yam khoom siv.
• Cov khoom siv hauv av: packers cais cov tsim nyob rau hauv uas hydraulic fracturing yog npaj los ntawm lwm qhov ntawm cov hlua ntau lawm; thauj tog rau nkoj kom tsis txhob nqa cov khoom siv hauv av vim muaj kev kub ntxhov; tubing hlua.

hom khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv ntau npaum li cas yog txiav txim siab raws li tus qauv tsim ntawm hydraulic fracturing.

tus qauv tsim

Cov qauv hauv qab no yog siv los xam hydraulic fracturing:

1. BHP (MPa) rau hydraulic fracturing siv lub lim dej: p=10^-2KL_c, qhov twg K yog tus coefficient xaiv los ntawm qhov ntau ntawm qhov muaj nuj nqis 1, 5-1, 8 MPa / m, L _{c - zoo ntev, m.}
2. Txhaj kua dej nrog cov xuab zeb (rau pob txha pob txha): p_p =p - ρgL_c + p_t, qhov twg ρ yog qhov ceev ntawm cov xuab zeb ua kua, kg/m³, g=9.8 m/s², p _t - siab poob vim kev sib txhuam ntawm cov xuab zeb nqa dej. Qhov taw qhia kawg yog txiav txim los ntawm cov mis: p_t =8λQ² ρL_c/(πdB₎2 ^B - tubing inner diameter.
3. Number of pumping units: n=pQ/(p_pQ_pK_T) + 1, qhov twg p_p yog lub zog ua haujlwm ntawm lub twj tso kua mis, Q_p yog nws cov khoom ntawm lub siab muab, K T- coefficient ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm lub tshuab (xaiv hauv 0.5-0.8).
4. Amount of displacement fluid: V=0, 785d_B²L_c.

Yog tias hydraulic fracturing tshwm sim siv cov xuab zeb ua cov khoom siv, ces nws cov nyiaj rau ib qho kev ua haujlwm yog kwv yees li 8-10 tons, thiab cov kua dej yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov mis:

V=Q_sC_s, qhov Q_s yog cov xuab zeb, t, C_s – concentration of sand in 1 m^{3 kua.}

Kev xam ntawm cov ntsuas no yog qhov tseem ceeb, txij li thaum tus nqi siab heev thaum lub sij hawm hydraulic fracturing, kua yog nyem rau hauv lub reservoir, xwm txheej tshwm sim hauvkab ntau lawm. Txwv tsis pub, yog tias tus nqi qis dhau lawm, qhov hydraulic fracturing yuav tsum tau nres vim tsis muaj peev xwm ncav cuag qhov xav tau siab.

Fracturing tsim yog ua tiav raws li hauv qab no:

1. Kev xaiv cov qhov dej raws li qhov uas twb muaj lawm lossis kev npaj ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam.
2. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws tawg geometry, coj mus rau hauv tus account ntau yam: pob zeb permeability, zoo kab sib chaws, ze rau roj-dej sib cuag.
3. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm lub cev thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov pob zeb thiab kev xaiv ntawm cov qauv theoretical rau kev tsim cov tawg.
4. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm hom khoom, tus nqi thiab qhov concentration.
5. Xaiv cov kua dej tawg uas tsim nyog rheological thiab suav nws ntim.
6. Xaiv ntawm lwm yam thev naus laus zis.
7. Definition of economic efficiency.

Frac Fluids

Cov kua dej ua haujlwm (tshem tawm, tawg thiab cov xuab zeb thauj khoom) yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm hydraulic fracturing. Qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm lawv ntau hom yog feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog rheological zog. Yog tias yav dhau los tsuas yog siv cov roj viscous-raws li cov khoom siv (kom txo tau lawv qhov nqus los ntawm lub reservoir), ces qhov kev nce hauv lub zog ntawm cov twj tso kua mis tam sim no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm hloov mus rau cov kua dej uas muaj viscosity tsawg. Vim li no, lub taub hau siab thiab hydraulic tsis kam poob hauv txoj hlua tubing tau txo qis.

Hauv ntiaj teb kev xyaum, cov hauv qab nohom tseem ceeb ntawm hydraulic fracturing kua:

• Dej nrog thiab tsis muaj khoom siv. Nws qhov zoo dua yog tus nqi qis. Qhov tsis zoo yog qhov tob ntawm qhov nkag mus rau hauv lub reservoir.
• Polymer solutions (guar and its derivatives PPG, CMHPG; cellulose hydroxyethyl ether, carboxymethyl cellulose, xanthan gum). B, Cr, Ti, Zr thiab lwm yam hlau yog siv rau crosslinking molecules. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tus nqi, polymers yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab qeb. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov kua dej zoo li no yog qhov kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm kev hloov pauv tsis zoo hauv cov dej ntws. Qhov zoo muaj xws li kev nkag mus tob dua.
• Emulsions muaj cov theem hydrocarbon (roj diesel, roj, roj condensate) thiab dej (mineralized lossis tshiab).
• YHydrocarbon gels.
• Methanol.
• Thickened carbon dioxide.
• Ua npuas ncauj tshuab.
• Ua Npuas Ncauj gels, muaj cov kab txuas txuas txuas, nitrogen lossis carbon dioxide foams. Lawv muaj tus nqi siab, tab sis tsis cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv. Lwm qhov zoo dua yog qhov muaj peev xwm nqa tau siab thiab kev puas tsuaj rau tus kheej nrog cov kua seem me me.

Txhawm rau txhim kho cov haujlwm ntawm cov khoom sib txuas, ntau yam kev siv thev naus laus zis tau siv:

• surfactants;
• emulsifiers;
• dej kev sib txhuam txo cov pob qij txha;
• cov khoom ntxiv uas hloov cov acidity;
• thermal stabilizers;
• bactericidal thiab anticorrosive additives thiab lwm yam.

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov kua dej hydraulic muaj xws li:

• dynamic viscosity yuav tsum qhib qhov tawg;
• cov khoom nkag mus uas txiav txim siab poob dej;
• muaj peev xwm nqa tau proppant yam tsis muaj kev daws teeb meem ntxov ntxov;
• shear thiab kub stability;
• kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm cov tshuaj reagents;
• kev ua haujlwm corrosive;
• ntsuab thiab nyab xeeb.

Cov kua dej uas muaj viscosity tsawg yuav tsum tau txhaj tshuaj ntau dua kom ua tiav qhov xav tau ntawm cov dej hauv lub tank, thiab cov kua viscosity siab yuav tsum tau tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv twj tso kua mis, vim qhov kev poob tseem ceeb hauv hydraulic kuj tshwm sim. Cov kua nplaum ntau kuj tseem muaj qhov ua kom qis qis hauv cov pob zeb.

khoom siv khoom

Cov khoom siv feem ntau, lossis cov khoom siv, yog:

• Quartz xuab zeb. Ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim ntau tshaj plaws, thiab yog li nws cov nqi qis. Kho cov kab nrib pleb hauv ntau yam geological (universal). Qhov loj ntawm cov xuab zeb nplej rau hydraulic fracturing yog xaiv 0.5-1 hli. Qhov concentration hauv cov xuab zeb cov kua dej sib txawv ntawm 100-600 kg / m 3. Hauv cov pob zeb uas muaj qhov muaj zog tawg, kev noj cov khoom tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau kaum tons ntawm 1 qhov dej.
• Bauxites (aluminium oxide Al₂O_{3). Qhov zoo ntawm hom proppant no yog nws lub zog ntau dua piv rau cov xuab zeb. Tsim los ntawmcrushing thiab ci bauxite ore.}
• Zirconium oxide. Nws muaj cov khoom zoo ib yam li yav dhau los hom proppant. Dav siv nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe. Ib qho tsis zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no yog lawv cov nqi siab.
• YCeramic granules. Rau hydraulic fracturing, granules xws li qhov loj ntawm 0.425 mus rau 1.7 hli yog siv. Lawv nyob rau nruab nrab-lub zog proppants. Qhia kev lag luam zoo.
• iav marbles. Yav dhau los siv rau cov qhov dej sib sib zog nqus, tam sim no yuav luag tag hloov los ntawm bauxites pheej yig dua.

Acid fracturing

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov kua qaub hydraulic fracturing yog tias thawj theem ntawm kev puas tsuaj yog tsim tawm (ib yam li hauv cov tshuab hydraulic fracturing), thiab tom qab ntawd cov kua qaub nkag mus rau hauv nws. Lub tom kawg reacts nrog lub pob zeb, tsim cov kab ntev uas ua rau kom cov permeability ntawm lub reservoir nyob rau hauv lub bottomhole cheeb tsam. Vim li ntawd, cov roj rov qab los ntawm qhov dej nce ntxiv.

Hom kev sib tsoo hydraulic no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev tsim cov carbonate. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, ntau tshaj 40% ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov roj reserves yog txuam nrog hom reservoir. Cov txheej txheem thiab thev naus laus zis ntawm hydraulic fracturing nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no txawv me ntsis ntawm cov piav saum toj no. Cov khoom siv yog tsim nyob rau hauv acid-resistant tsim. Inhibitors (formalin, unikol, urotropin thiab lwm yam) kuj siv los tiv thaiv cov cav tov los ntawm corrosion.

Hom kua qaub fracturing yog ob theem kev kho mob siv cov ntaub ntawv xws li:

• polymer compounds (PAA, PVC, gipan thiabLwm tus);
• latex compounds (SKMS-30, ARC);
• styrene;
• resins (BNI-5, TSD-9, TS-10).

Raws li cov kuab tshuaj acidic, 15% hydrochloric acid tov yog siv, nrog rau cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb (SNPKh-9010, SNPKh-9633 thiab lwm yam).

Hom kua qaub fracturing yog ob theem kev kho mob siv cov ntaub ntawv xws li:

• polymer compounds (PAA, PVV, gipan thiab lwm yam);
• latex compounds (SKMS-30, ARC);
• styrene;
• resins (BNI-5, TSD-9, TS-10).

Raws li cov kuab tshuaj acidic, 15% hydrochloric acid tov yog siv, nrog rau cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb (SNPKh-9010, SNPKh-9633 thiab lwm yam).