Absolute cawv. Muaj kev tsim cov cawv los ntawm cov khoom siv roj ntsha

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Tsis muaj ethyl cawv tau pom nws daim ntawv thov hauv kev lag luam. Cov tshuaj no yog tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov organic synthesis. Xws li cov kua tam sim no feem ntau siv hauv chav kuaj. Thawj thawj zaug, cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom no tau luam tawm xyoo 37th. Tam sim no, muaj cov GOST tshwj xeeb thiab cov qauv uas tswj cov kua dej zoo thiab cov nuances ntawm nws qhov kev npaj.

cov ntaub ntawv dav dav

Raws li tau hais tseg hauv xyoo 1937, cov cawv tsis muaj cawv yog cov kua uas kwv yees li 99.7% lossis ntau dua ABV. Qhov muaj nyob hauv txhua 100 grams txog li 5 mg ntawm aldehydes raug tso cai. Thaum kuaj xyuas cov khoom siv rau cov organic acids, tag nrho cov tshuaj no yuav tsum tau hloov mus rau acetic acid. Qhov concentration tsis tuaj yeem tshaj li ib milliliter rau 100 ml ntawm cov khoom tiav.

Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov cawv tsis muaj cawv yog qhov tsis muaj cov khoom seem qhuav. Cov tshuaj no tsis tuaj yeem muaj cov tshuaj alkaline, ntxhia acids. Tsis yogtso cai rau kev suav nrog furfural. Cawv yuav tsum yog pob tshab, tsis muaj qhov ntxoov ntxoo thiab xim. Nws tsis yog muaj nyob rau hauv txawv txawv tsw, muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb saj yog tsis tso cai.

Nuances of terminology

Cov kws tshuaj niaj hnub paub tsis yog haus cawv nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj tsis muaj dej. Ob nqe lus no tsis tuaj yeem sib npaug. Nyob rau hauv ntau yam, raws li tau hais los saum toj no, tej zaum yuav muaj dej, tab sis nyob rau hauv me me.

Cov tshuaj lom neeg nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab muaj peev xwm tsim cov ntawv cog lus ruaj khov thaum muaj tshuaj lom neeg nrog roj av. Vim li no, tsis muaj cawv yog siv nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm lub teb chaws rau zus tau tej cov roj cav. Raws li kev tshawb fawb tau pom, yog tias cov kua no sib xyaw nrog cov roj av, qhov zoo ntawm cov roj siv los ua haujlwm ntawm lub cav ua qhov tseem ceeb. Yog li ntawd, ntau compression yog ua tau.

Nce thiab duab

Tus kws kho mob uas tsim nyog tuaj yeem qhia koj txog qhov txawv ntawm distillate thiab rectified. Lub distillate yog tau los ntawm fermentation thiab distillation, thiab cov khoom rectified yog cov khoom purified los ntawm impurities. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum siv cov txheej txheem rectification, nws muaj peev xwm ua kom tiav cov ethyl cawv, qhov concentration ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv uas yog mus txog 95.7%. Cov kev txwv no yog vim muaj cov ethyl cawv nyob rau hauv azeotropic tebchaw uas tshwm sim thaum muaj tshuaj lom neeg nrog dej ntawm ib txwm atmospheric siab.

Tam sim no feem ntau siv tawm tswv yim GOST 5964-93 ethyl cawv. Nws yog nws uas yog qhov xav tau tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam hauv tebchaws. Hauv cov kua dej zoo li no, cov dej muaj nyob hauv qhov concentration ntawm 4.43% lossis ntau dua me ntsis. Qee qhov xwm txheej, rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mus ntxiv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej tias muaj cawv, nyob rau hauv uas tsis muaj dej, ces lawv mus rau qhov tseeb ntau yam. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv tshuaj, varnishes thiab xim. Qhov tseeb ntau yam yog nyob rau hauv kev thov nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj pleev ib ce, perfumes. Rau kev tsim cov tshuaj, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv absolutization tau tsim.

Kev yuam kev thiab kev tsis ncaj ncees

Nws tau tshwm sim tias cov cawv uas tau nthuav tawm hauv cov khw muag tshuaj yog cov khoom lag luam uas ua ntej los rau hauv siab, nws tsim nyog hais tsawg kawg qee yam cawv. Yog hais tias cov neeg zoo tib yam tham txog ethyl cawv, raws li txoj cai, lub ntsiab lus raug txo kom muaj kev sib tham ntawm lub zog ntawm cov kua, thiab qee qhov kev khuv xim tias tsis muaj cawv tiag tiag, uas yog, ib qho uas yuav yog 100% cawv nws tus kheej, tsis muaj tshwj xeeb diluents thiab additives. Ntau tus ntseeg tias qhov siab tshaj plaws yog 95.6%. Qhov tseeb, tsis muaj cawv muaj, nws tsuas yog cov kws tshuaj feem ntau paub txog nws, txij li nws tau nyob hauv kev lag luam uas nws tau siv.

Qee tus neeg xav tias: piv txwv li, puas muaj Itkul distillery siv cov khoom lag luam hauv nws txoj haujlwm? Tsis txhob ua yuam kev txog qhov no: cov kua dej tsis yog rau cov khoom noj, nws yog siv rau hauv kev tsim khoom, tab sis tsis yog rau kev tsim cov dej haus.

About cov nqe lus thiab phenomena

Ua ntej koj paub seb cov khoom ntawm tib yam tau hais li cas"Itkulsky distillery" los ntawm cov khoom lag luam, nws tsim nyog rau kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm "fortress" nyob rau hauv kev sib raug rau cov dej cawv. Qhov kev ntsuas no tau qhia los cuam tshuam txog qhov muaj ethanol hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm cawv thiab dej. Dab tsi uas tib neeg tau raug hu ua cawv yog ib qho kev sib xyaw nrog dej, thiab txhua yam cawv siv hauv kev lag luam khoom noj yuav tsum muaj dej hauv nws cov khoom. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom no txawv.

Qhov siab ntawm cov ethyl cawv, raws li hauv qab no los ntawm cov qauv tam sim no, yuav tsum yog 99.7% lossis ntau dua, uas yog, ntau txhiab ntawm ib feem pua yog faib rau dej hauv tag nrho cov ntim. Rau kev siv tiag tiag, cov khoom zoo li no feem ntau tsis tas yuav tsum tau; nws tsis ncaj ncees rau kev siv vim qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tsim khoom. Txawm hais tias siv rau kev kho mob, lub zog ntawm 95% yog txaus, tsis hais txog kev siv zaub mov. Muaj tsawg zaus, hydrolysis cawv yuav tsum tau siv.

Kuv tuaj yeem tau qhov twg?

Cov kws paub txog tshuaj muaj peev xwm qhia koj yuav ua li cas haus cawv. Cov tuam txhab tshwj xeeb lub luag haujlwm rau cov txheej txheem no txhua hnub tsim cov khoom loj ntawm cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov concentration. Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los npaj cawv, thiab qhov kev xaiv nrov tshaj plaws yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv fermentation. Rau nws txoj kev siv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum muaj ntawm nws cov khoom pov tseg cov nroj tsuag uas muaj cov carbohydrates. Lwm txoj hauv kev yog hydrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv siv cellulose muab rho tawm los ntawm straw, ntoo.

Raws li seb cov dej cawv hydrolysis puas xav tau lossis tsis, koj tuaj yeem ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaivethylene hydration. Lo lus no yog hais txog roj. Phosphoric los yog sulfuric acid yog siv rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Kev sib cuam tshuam tshuaj lom neeg uas tshwm sim nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj no yog qhov nyuaj heev, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum muaj kev koom tes ntawm cov catalyst, tab sis nws cov txiaj ntsig tau siab txaus rau txoj hauv kev los ua kev lag luam thoob plaws.

Reacts and products

Los ntawm kev siv cov kev piav qhia yav dhau los ntawm yuav ua li cas haus cawv, koj tuaj yeem tau txais ntawm koj qhov khoom pov tseg ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj siab. Cov kua tiav lawm yuav muaj ntau yam impurities. Txhawm rau ntxuav cov tshuaj thiab nce qhov feem pua ntawm cov dej cawv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los npaj distillation. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj tuaj yeem siv lub tshuab distillation ib txwm siv lossis kab distillation. Ib qho zoo sib xws yog siv yog tias tsim nyog los ua cov roj. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov xwm txheej zoo li no, nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau cawv, lub zog ntawm qhov muaj txog li 95.6%.

Cov cawv uas tau nthuav tawm hauv lub tsev muag tshuaj tsuas yog cov khoom lag luam xwb, tab sis rau qee qhov kev ua haujlwm thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nws tsis txaus, thiab koj yuav tsum ua kom tiav. Muaj ntau ntau txoj kev paub zoo, tab sis lawv tag nrho cov complex. Koj tuaj yeem khi cov dej suav nrog hauv cov dej cawv, glycerol. Lwm qhov kev xaiv yog tshuaj lom neeg nrog cov hlau. Qee zaum lawv mus rau gypsum lossis potassium ntsev. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog quicklime muaj ib qho kev ua tau zoo. Koj tuaj yeem siv calcium chloride. Hauv kev xyaum, txhua txoj hauv kev no tsis tshua muaj, vim nws nyuaj rau kev siv lawv ntawm kev lag luam, txawm tias qhov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam.

Yuav ua li cas?

Los ntawm saum toj no nws paub meej tias yog vim li cas tus nqi ntawm cov cawv ntshiab siab. Yuav kom tau txais cov khoom nyuaj no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum siv cov kev teeb tsa rau azeotropic lub cev qhuav dej. Lub kaw lus yuav tsum tau siv cov feem pua ntawm cawv hauv dej. Cov tshuaj yog tov nrog benzene nyob rau hauv daim ntawv kua, ces cov resulting tebchaw yog distilled nyob rau hauv txhua kab tsim rau qhov no. Ntau cov txheej txheem azeotropic tau tsim. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem yog qhov ntim loj ntawm ethyl cawv, lub zog ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm 99.9-100%.

Txawm hais tias tus nqi ntawm cov cawv tsis muaj zog yog siab, qhov yuav tsum tau siv cov tshuaj no hauv ntau cov txheej txheem tshuaj ua rau muaj kev xav tau ntau, yog li cov tuam txhab hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws tsim cov khoom lag luam loj heev. Cov kua tiav yog suav nrog roj rau kev thauj mus los hauv chaw, siv hauv tsheb thiab hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv los ntawm cov neeg zoo tib yam hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub neej zoo tib yam, tus neeg uas nyob deb ntawm chemistry thiab ntau lawm yuav tsis tau ntsib nrog kiag li cawv.

Nuance of tau txais

Tam sim no, ethyl cawv yog siv dav hauv biology. Cov tshuaj no yog tsim nyog rau kev txuag ntawm ntau yam tshuaj. Feem ntau biologists siv daim ntawv kiag li. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws raug coj mus rau hauv tus account tias cov pa distillation tsis tuaj yeem ntxuav cov khoom mus rau qib uas yuav tsum tau ua, vim tias qhov sib xyaw ua ke yog tsim los tsis tuaj yeem sib cais thaum siv chav tsev distillation classical. Kubboiling cawv nrog lub zog ntawm 95.6% yog 78.15 degrees Celsius, thiab qhov tseeb daim duab no yog 78.37 degrees.

Nws tau sau tseg tias yuav luag tsis muaj dej cawv rau kev lom neeg yog qee zaum tau los ntawm kev hais kom kho ntawm tooj liab sulfate hmoov rau lub sijhawm ntev - cov khoom no yog tsim los ntawm calcining tooj liab sulphate. Ua tsaug rau ntsev, dej yuav luag tag nrho tawm hauv lub ntsiab sib tov, thaum cov hmoov tsis yaj hauv cawv. Yog tias koj noj calcined txiv qaub thiab boil nws hauv cawv rau ob peb teev, qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav zoo dua. Cov theem kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog distillation, thaum lub sij hawm nws yog tsim nyog los tshem tawm kev cuam tshuam nrog huab cua uas muaj noo noo.

Technical points

Ethanol yog cov kua tsis muaj ntxhiab thiab tsis muaj xim. Nws muaj ib tug pungent saj thiab ib tug peculiar tsw. Ethanol boils thaum rhuab mus rau 78.4 ntawm lub Celsius nplai, melts ntawm -114.15 ntawm tib qhov ntsuas. Qhov ceev ntawm cov khoom yog kwv yees ntawm 0.794 t / m.

Nws yuav tsis yooj yim rau kev sib xyaw ethyl cawv thiab dej, glycerin thiab ntau lwm yam cawv, qee cov ethers thiab cov kuab tshuaj organic. Cov tshuaj tuaj yeem sib xyaw hauv txhua qhov concentration thiab qhov sib piv. Nrog rau qee yam tshuaj, methylcarbinol tsim cov azeotropic sib tov. Qhov no tau pom thaum cuam tshuam tsis yog dej xwb, tab sis kuj nrog chloroform. Ib qho azeotropic compound yog tsim yog tias ethyl cawv yog tov nrog ethyl acetate, benzene. Ethanol muaj peev xwm tsim cov cawv yog tias cov tshuaj cuam tshuam nrog magnesium, calcium ntsev.

Cawv: ua li cas?

Nws yog kev cai faib cawv rau hauv zaub mov, kev txawj ntse. Lub ntsiab txhais ntawm teej tug mus rau ib qeb yog nyob ntawm seb dab tsi yog siv kom tau cov kua. Chemists lub luag hauj lwm rau kev tsim cov khoom yog paub zoo txog qhov sib txawv ntawm distillate thiab rectified, cov yam ntxwv ntawm ntau pawg. Rectified yog cov khoom purer, tsis zoo li distillate, uas muaj cov yam ntxwv tsw.

Qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev siv cawv yog txiav txim siab los ntawm nws lub zog, kev kho kom zoo. Saum toj no, kiag li cawv tau txiav txim siab, uas yog tsim nyog rau cov hom phiaj kev, tab sis lub ntsiab lus xav paub ntau tshaj yog zaub mov. Xws li cov kua yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom cog, khoom noj. Yuav kom tau ethyl cawv, qos yaj ywm, qee cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog siv. Koj tuaj yeem siv cereals. Qhov kev xaiv pheej yig tshaj yog cawv tau los ntawm cov qos yaj ywm.

Rau muaj cawv, koj tuaj yeem nqa ntoo ua raw khoom. Qee zaum nws tau txais thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv roj hloov pauv. Hauv kev tsim cov cawv cawv, cov khoom noj tau muab tso rau hauv cov nroj tsuag uas hydrolysis tshwm sim. Hauv kev lag luam cawv, impurities txaus ntshai rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv muaj ntau. Vim li no, nws tsis tuaj yeem siv hauv kev lag luam khoom noj.

Txoj kev tsim khoom

Cov cawv zoo tau txais yog tias cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv siv cov khoom siv raw khoom, yog tias cov thev naus laus zis tau ua raws thiab distillation tau ua tiav nrog cov khoom zoo, thaum lub sijhawm cov tshuaj phem raug tshem tawm. Lub degree ntawm purification yog lub hauv paus rau kev faib cov khoomrau ntau yam.

Qib cawv ntau dua, cov tshuaj tsis zoo uas nws muaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws qhia nws lub zog. Ethyl cawv siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam khoom noj khoom haus yog tau los ntawm diluting ib tug rectified cov khoom uas tau undergone ib tug heev npaum purification txheej txheem. Softened dej yog siv rau dilution.