Tooj liab ore: mining, refining, deposits thiab nthuav tseeb

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

tooj liab yog siv dav hauv yuav luag txhua qhov kev lag luam uas twb muaj lawm, nws sawv tawm los ntawm ntau yam ores vim nws yog qhov xav tau tshaj plaws. tooj liab ore yog ib qho khoom siv ntuj tsim los ntawm cov ore hu ua bornite uas feem ntau siv hauv kev lag luam. Qhov kev thov zoo rau cov ore no tshwm sim tsis yog vim qhov loj ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg, tab sis kuj yog vim qhov zoo reserves ntawm bornite nyob rau hauv av.

Copper ore deposits

Cov ore no yog kev sib xyaw ntawm ntau cov zaub mov, qhov twg, ntxiv rau nws, muaj lwm yam tshuaj, suav nrog npib tsib xee. Copper ores yog cov uas muaj tooj liab ntau heev uas nws yog qhov zoo dua los rho tawm los ntawm txoj kev lag luam. Qhov kev xav tau no tau ua tiav los ntawm ore, qhov twg qhov ntsuas tooj liab yog 0.5-1%. Muaj ntau qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb uas muaj tooj liab, 90% ntawm lawv yog tooj liab-nickel ores.

Cov pob zeb loj tshaj plaws ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv Russia yog nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Siberia, ntawmUral thiab Kola Peninsula. Txhua lub teb chaws tsim tooj liab hauv nws txoj kev. Loj deposits ntawm tooj liab thiab tin ore, ntxiv rau Russia, kuj nyob rau hauv lwm lub teb chaws, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Poland, Kazakhstan, Canada.

Ore deposits feem ntau muab faib ua pawg uas txawv ntawm ntau yam khoom:

1. Stratiform, xws li ib pab pawg muaj feem ntau ntawm shales thiab sandstones.
2. Pyrite hom, piv txwv li, leeg lossis ib txwm tooj liab.
3. Hydrothermal ores, uas suav nrog porphyry tooj liab ores.
4. Igneous ores.
5. Skarn ore type.
6. Carbonate ores.

Ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia, tooj liab ore ntawm xuab zeb lossis shale hom feem ntau yog mined, lawv muaj tooj liab nyob rau hauv ntau hom.

Natural tooj liab compounds

Nuggets ntawm cov tooj liab ntshiab hauv peb lub ntiaj teb muaj nyob rau hauv me me. Nws yog tsuas yog mined ua ke nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus, ntawm no yog cov nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv:

1. Bornite yog cov pob zeb muaj npe tom qab Czech kws tshawb fawb Yug. Nws yog sulfide ore. Nws kuj muaj lwm lub npe, xws li tooj liab liab. Nws yog mined nyob rau hauv ob hom: low-temperature tetragonal-scalenohedral thiab high-temperature cubic-hexaoctahedral. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv no nyob ntawm qhov chaw uas nws tuaj. Exogenous bornite yog ib tug thib ob thaum ntxov sulfide, yog unstable thiab raug puas tsuaj thaum raug cua. Endogenous bornite muaj cov tshuaj hloov taumuaj pes tsawg leeg, nws yuav muaj ntau yam ntsiab lus, piv txwv li, chalcocite thiab galena. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev xav, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm bornite muaj xws li 11% hlau thiab ntau tshaj 63% tooj liab, tab sis, hmoov tsis, qhov no muaj pes tsawg leeg yog tsis khaws cia nyob rau hauv xyaum.
2. Chalcopyrite - hom pob zeb no Ameslikas bore lub npe - tooj liab pyrite, nws originates los ntawm hydrothermal txhais tau tias. Chalcopyrite belongs rau qeb ntawm polymetallic ores. Ntxiv nrog rau tooj liab, cov ntxhia no muaj hlau thiab sulfur. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem metamorphic, thiab muaj nyob rau hauv cov metasomatic hom tooj liab ore.
3. Chalcozine - cov ore no muaj ntau cov tooj liab, yuav luag 80%, qhov chaw seem yog nyob ntawm leej faj. Feem ntau hom no yog txwv tsis pub hu ua tooj liab luster, vim nws nto zoo li lub ci hlau, shimmering nyob rau hauv ob peb ntxoov. Nyob rau hauv ores, chalcocite cov ntaub ntawv raws li ib tug nplua-grained los yog ntom inclusion.
4. Cuprite - cov ntxhia no yog nyob rau hauv pawg oxide, thiab nws pib hauv cov chaw uas muaj tooj liab lossis malachite.
5. Covellin - xws li cov ntxhia no tsuas yog tsim los ntawm txoj kev metasomatic. Nws muaj yuav luag 67% tooj liab. Muaj ntau qhov tso nyiaj ntawm tooj liab ore hauv Serbia, Ltalis thiab Asmeskas.
6. Malachite, lossis, raws li nws tseem hu ua, pob zeb ornamental, yog nrov heev, nws yog tooj liab carbonic ntsuab. Yog tias cov pob zeb no pom nyob rau qhov twg, nws txhais tau tias lwm tus tuaj yeem pom nyob ze, muaj tooj liab hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Copper technology

rauYuav kom tau txais tooj liab los ntawm cov saum toj no, peb technologies yog tam sim no siv: electrolysis, hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy.

Chalcopyrite yog coj los ua raw khoom rau txoj kev pyrometallurgical kom tau txais tooj liab. Thaum siv cov thev naus laus zis no, koj yuav tsum ua qee yam ntawm cov haujlwm ua ntu zus. Thaum pib, tooj liab ore tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev ci los yog flotation. Flotation yog qhov ntub dej ntawm cov khoom pib hauv ib da dej uas muaj cov kua dej sib xyaw. Ua npuas huab cua nyob rau hauv cov chaw uas muaj cov ntxhia hauv cov ntxhia, lawv txav mus rau sab saud nrog rau cov npuas no. Yog li ntawd, sab saum toj ntawm lub da dej yog sau nrog blister tooj liab, qhov twg nws muaj txog li 35%. Cov hmoov no ces hloov mus ua tooj liab ntshiab.

Oxidation firing txawv me ntsis. Thaum siv txoj kev no, tooj liab ore yog enriched; nws muaj ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm sulfur. Cov ore yog rhuab mus rau ib tug kub kub, tom qab uas cov sulfides yog oxidized, thiab cov sulfur nyob rau hauv lub composition ntawm ore txo, yuav luag ob zaug. Ntxiv mus, cov ore yog melted nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb furnaces, thiab ib tug alloy uas muaj hlau thiab tooj liab yog tau.

Cov khoom tsim tau yuav tsum tau txhim kho, qhov no yog ua los ntawm kev tshuab hauv kab rov tav converter, tsis muaj roj ntxiv. Tom qab cov txheej txheem no, oxidation ntawm hlau thiab sulfide tshwm sim. Cov txiaj ntsig yog blister tooj liab, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus txog li 91% tooj liab. Rau kev ua kom huv ntau dua ntawm cov hlau, nws yog uarefining, los ntawm kev tshem tawm txawv teb chaws impurities, siv ib tug tov ntawm tooj liab sulphate. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov tooj liab hauv cov hlau nce, nws nce mus txog 99.9%.

Ib txoj hauv kev los txhawb cov tooj liab

Tseem muaj lwm txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev ntxiv tooj liab, nws yog ua tiav siv sulfuric acid txhawm rau cais cov hlau tsim nyog.

Qhov tshwm sim yog kev daws teeb meem los ntawm cov tooj liab ores tom qab rho tawm, kub tuaj yeem tau txais tib yam. Txoj kev no yog siv nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas muaj tooj liab nyob rau hauv lub composition ntawm ore tsis loj.

Kuv puas tuaj yeem nqus tau tooj liab hauv tsev?

Koj yuav hesitant hais txog ua qhov no raws li koj tsis muaj tag nrho cov tshuaj uas xav tau los rau etch tooj liab, tab sis koj tuaj yeem nqa lub tooj liab bar uas npaj txhij thiab nws me ntsis nws. Copper feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov xov hlau tuab, electromagnetic coils nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tib cov hlau, thiab nyob rau hauv lub computer qhov chaw.

Melting tooj liab tuaj yeem ua tau ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, yog li qhov no koj yuav xav tau lub tshuab hluav taws xob - qhov tshwj xeeb kaw-hom combustion chamber, uas cov roj nkag mus rau hauv qhov kub siab thiab ignites muaj, tab sis tib lub sijhawm. nws yog qhia los ntawm lub nozzle kom cov cua sov tsis tawm mus rau hauv lub phab ntsa.

Nyob hauv kaw

Peb cia siab tias tom qab nyeem tsab xov xwm no koj nkag siab tias nws tseem ceeb npaum li cas rau kuv thiab kho cov tooj liab. Peb tsis xav kom koj tus kheejsiv cov txheej txheem pickling tau piav qhia, nrog rau melting, xws li hauv cov xwm txheej no koj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau koj txoj kev noj qab haus huv.