Yuav ua li cas tooj liab yog mined: txoj kev, keeb kwm thiab deposits

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 13:55

tooj liab niaj hnub no yog ib qho txawv txav uas xav tau hlau thiab tau siv dav hauv lub neej txhua hnub thiab hauv kev lag luam. Hauv qhov xwm txheej, Cu tuaj yeem pom ob qho tib si hauv lub xeev ntshiab thiab hauv daim ntawv ore. Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los rho tawm thiab tau txais tooj liab los ntawm cov pob zeb qub. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam. Yuav ua li cas tooj liab mined yuav tham nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.

keeb kwm me ntsis

Nyob rau thaj tsam twg tooj liab nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm pib mined thiab siv los ntawm txiv neej thawj zaug, archaeologists, hmoov tsis, nrhiav tsis tau. Txawm li cas los xij, nws paub tseeb tias nws yog cov hlau no uas tib neeg tau pib ua thiab siv hauv lub neej niaj hnub ua ntej.

tooj liab tau paub rau txiv neej txij li Hnub Nyoog Pob Zeb. Qee qhov nuggets ntawm cov hlau no pom los ntawm archaeologists dais cov cim ntawm kev ua nrog pob zeb axes. Thaum xub thawj, tib neeg siv tooj liab tsuas yog ua cov khoom dai. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm siv tshwj xeeb rau cov nuggets ntawm no hlau pom los ntawm lawv rau kev tsim khoom ntawm xws li cov khoom. Tom qab ntawd, tib neeg tau kawm ua thiabtooj liab-bearing ore.

Lub tswv yim ntawm yuav ua li cas Cu yog mined thiab ua tiav tau paub rau ntau haiv neeg ntawm antiquity. Ntau cov pov thawj tau pom los ntawm archaeologists. Tom qab tus txiv neej kawm ua alloys ntawm tooj liab thiab zinc, Bronze Age pib. Qhov tseeb, lub npe "tooj liab" yog ib zaug coined los ntawm cov neeg Loos thaum ub. Cov hlau zoo li no tau coj mus rau lub tebchaws no feem ntau los ntawm cov kob ntawm Cyprus. Vim li no cov neeg Loos thiaj hu nws tias aes cyprium.

Yuav ua li cas tooj liab tau mined nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm

Vim tias cov hlau no tau siv dav heev hauv tib neeg lub neej, cov thev naus laus zis rau nws qhov kev rho tawm tau, tau kawg, tau tsim zoo heev. Peb cov poj koob yawm txwv tau txais tooj liab feem ntau los ntawm malachite ores. Ib qho sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov thee tau muab tso rau hauv lub nkoj hauv av thiab muab tso rau hauv ib lub qhov. Tom qab ntawd, qhov loj hauv lub lauj kaub tau teem rau hluav taws. Qhov tshwm sim carbon monoxide txo malachite rau tooj.

Tshuaj hauv xwm

tooj liab tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov qus niaj hnub no? Tam sim no, deposits ntawm no nrov hlau yog pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov continents ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Cu reserves yog suav tias yog xyaum tsis txwv. Geologists nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm tab tom nrhiav tshiab deposits ntawm ntshiab tooj liab, nrog rau cov ores uas muaj nws. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 1950 lub ntiaj teb reserves ntawm cov hlau no yog 90 lab tons. Los ntawm 1970, daim duab no tau nce mus rau 250 lab tons, thiab los ntawm 1998 - txog 340 lab tons. Tam sim no, nws ntseeg tau tias tooj liab reserves nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no muaj ntau tshaj 2.3 billion tons.

Kev tso nyiaj thiab txoj hauv kev ntawm kev rho tawm cov tooj liab ntshiab

Raws li twb tau hais lawm, thawj zaug tib neeg siv cov neeg Cu hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Tau kawg, nws yog tauxws li tooj liab ntshiab niaj hnub no. Nuggets ntawm cov hlau no yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust vim yog exogenous thiab endogenous txheej txheem. Qhov loj tshaj plaws paub deposit ntawm ib txwm tooj liab nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, nyob rau hauv lub Lake Superior cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv Russia, ib txwm tooj liab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub Udokan deposit, thiab nyob rau hauv ib co lwm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Transbaikalia. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm qhov twg tooj liab tuaj yeem raug khawb hauv Russia hauv daim ntawv nuggets yog thaj av Ural.

Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, cov hlau ntshiab ntawm ntau yam no yog tsim nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm oxidation ntawm tooj liab sulfate deposits. Feem ntau, nuggets ntawm tooj liab nws tus kheej muaj txog 90-99%. Cov seem yog suav nrog lwm cov hlau. Txawm li cas los xij, ob lub thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb ua rau cov lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas cov tooj liab yog mined. Xws li cov deposits, nrog rau cov ore, yog tsim los ntawm ib tug kaw mine los yog qhib lub qhov. Hauv thawj kis, cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis xws li drilling thiab tawg yog siv.

tooj liab nuggets hnyav heev. Qhov loj tshaj ntawm lawv tau pom ib zaug ntawm Lake Superior hauv Asmeskas. Qhov hnyav ntawm cov nugget no yog kwv yees li 500 tons.

Qhov twg tooj liab yog mined hauv Russia, peb pom. Qhov no feem ntau yog Transbaikalia thiab Urals. Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, tau kawg, loj heev nuggets ntawm cov hlau no kuj pom nyob rau txawv sij hawm. Piv txwv li, tooj liab daim hnyav txog li ob peb tons tau pom nyob rau hauv Middle Urals. Ib qho ntawm cov nugget uas hnyav 860 kg yog tam sim no khaws cia hauv St. Petersburg, hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Mining Institute.

tooj liab ores thiab lawv cov deposits

Tam sim no, tau txais Cu yog suav tias yog tus nqi tsim nyog thiab tsim nyog txawm tias nws muaj nyob hauv pob zeb tsawg kawg yog 0.3%.

Feem ntau, cov pob zeb hauv qab no yog mined nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej kom cais cov tooj liab ua lag luam nyob rau niaj hnub no:

• bornites Cu₅FeS_{4 - sulfide ores, txwv tsis pub hu ua tooj liab ntshav lossis variegated pyrites thiab muaj txog 63.3% Cu;}

• chalcopyrite CuFeS_{2 - minerals ntawm hydrothermal keeb kwm;}

• chalcosines Cu_{2S muaj ntau dua 75% tooj liab;}

• cuprites Cu_{2O, kuj feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj tooj liab deposits;}

• malachite, uas yog carbonic tooj liab ntsuab.

Qhov loj tshaj plaws deposit ntawm tooj liab ore nyob rau hauv Russia yog nyob rau hauv Norilsk. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov pob zeb zoo li no tau raug khawb hauv ntau qhov chaw hauv Urals, hauv Transbaikalia, hauv Chukotka, hauv Tuva thiab ntawm Kola Peninsula.

Yuav ua li cas tooj liab ore deposits yog tsim

Ntau hom pob zeb uas muaj Cu, nrog rau nuggets, tuaj yeem raug khawb hauv ntiaj teb siv ob lub thev naus laus zis:

• kaw;
• qhia.

Hauv thawj kis, mines tau tsim ntawm qhov tso nyiaj, qhov ntev tuaj yeem ncav cuag ob peb mais. Txhawm rau txav cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov cuab yeej siv, xws li cov av hauv av tau nruab nrog elevators thiab railway lem. Pob zeb crushing nyob rau hauv mines yog nqa tawm sivtshwj xeeb drilling khoom nrog spikes. Kev sau cov tooj liab thiab nws cov khoom thauj khoom thauj mus rau sab saum toj yog nqa tawm siv thoob.

Yog tias cov deposits nyob tsis tshaj 400-500 m ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb, lawv raug mined siv txoj kev qhib. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub sab sauv pob zeb txheej yog thawj zaug tshem tawm ntawm lub tshav pob siv cov khoom tawg. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tooj liab nws tus kheej tau maj mam tshem tawm.

Txoj kev kom tau hlau los ntawm pob zeb

Yuav ua li cas tooj liab yog mined, lossis theej, ores muaj nws, peb pom li no. Tab sis yuav ua li cas cov lag luam tom qab tau txais Cu nws tus kheej?

Muaj peb txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb los rho tooj liab los ntawm pob zeb:

• electrolytic;
• pyrometallurgical;
• hydrometallurgical.

YPyrometallurgical flotation method

Cov thev naus laus zis no feem ntau siv los cais cov tooj liab ntawm cov pob zeb uas muaj 1.5-2% Cu. Cov khoom no yog enriched los ntawm txoj kev flotation. Tib lub sijhawm:

• ore yog ua tib zoo hauv av rau cov hmoov zoo tshaj plaws;
• sib tov cov khoom tsim nrog dej;
• ntxiv cov khoom tshwj xeeb flotation reagents, uas yog cov organic complex, rau pawg.

Flotation reagents tsho me me ntawm ntau yam tooj liab sib txuas thiab muab cov tsis ntub dej rau lawv.

kauj ruam tom ntej:

• cov khoom uas tsim ua npuas dej ntxiv rau hauv dej;
• hla huab cua muaj zog los ntawm kev ncua.

Lub teeb qhuav ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab ua rau cov pa npuas thiab ntab mus rau saum. Cov npuas dej uas muaj lawv yog sau, nyem tawm ntawm dej thiab qhuav kom huv si. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ib qho kev mloog zoo tau txais, los ntawm qhov crude Cu yog cais tawm.

Yuav ua li cas tooj liab yog mined los ntawm ore: beneficiation los ntawm roasting

Txoj kev flotation yog siv ntau zaus hauv kev lag luam. Tab sis qee zaum roasting thev naus laus zis kuj tau siv los ua kom muaj tooj liab ore. Cov txheej txheem no feem ntau yog siv rau cov ores uas muaj cov sulfur ntau. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov khoom yog preheated rau ib tug kub ntawm 700-8000 ° C. Yog li ntawd, sulfides yog oxidized nrog ib tug txo nyob rau hauv cov sulfur ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb.

Nyob rau theem tom ntej, cov ore uas tau npaj nyob rau hauv txoj kev no yog melted nyob rau hauv ncej furnaces ntawm ib tug kub ntawm 14,500 ° C. Thaum kawg, thaum siv cov thev naus laus zis no, matte tau txais - ib qho alloy ntawm tooj liab thiab hlau. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev sib txuas no tau txhim kho los ntawm tshuab hauv converters. Yog li ntawd, hlau oxide mus rau hauv slag, thiab sulfur mus rau hauv SO4.

Ua cov tooj liab ntshiab: electrolysis

Thaum siv flotation thiab roasting txoj kev, blister tooj liab tau txais. Qhov tseeb, cov khoom no muaj txog 91% Cu. Kom tau txais cov tooj liab ntshiab dua, cov tooj liab ntxhib tau ua kom zoo ntxiv.

Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, tuab anode daim hlau yog thawj zaug nrum los ntawm thawj tooj liab. Tom ntej:

• khaws cov tshuaj tooj liab sulfate hauv da dej;
• dai hauv chav dejanode daim hlau;
• nyias nyias ntawm cov tooj liab ntshiab yog siv los ua cathodes.

Thaum lub sijhawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrolysis, tooj liab yog yaj ntawm cov anodes thiab precipitated ntawm cathodes. Copper ions txav mus rau lub cathode, coj electrons los ntawm nws thiab dhau mus rau Cu + 2 + 2e atoms?>Cu.

Impurities muaj nyob rau hauv blister tooj liab yuav coj txawv txawv thaum refined. Zinc, cadmium, hlau yaj ntawm lub anode, tab sis tsis nyob rau hauv lub cathode. Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob rau hauv series ntawm electrochemical voltage lawv nyob rau sab laug ntawm tooj liab, uas yog, lawv muaj ntau yam tsis zoo tej zaum.

Copper sulfate yog tau los ntawm qeeb oxidation ntawm sulfide ore nrog oxygen rau tooj liab sulfate CuS + 2O₂ > CuSO _{4. Cov ntsev yog tom qab leached tawm nrog dej.}

Hydrometallurgical method

Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, sulfuric acid yog siv los ntxuav thiab ntxiv tooj liab. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv siv cov thev naus laus zis no, cov tshuaj saturated nrog Cu thiab lwm yam hlau tau txais. Tom qab ntawd tooj liab raug cais tawm ntawm nws. Siv cov txheej txheem no, ntxiv rau blister tooj liab, lwm yam hlau, nrog rau cov khoom muaj nqis, tuaj yeem tau txais. Txawm li cas los xij, cov cuab yeej no feem ntau yog siv los rho Cu los ntawm cov pob zeb uas tsis nplua nuj nyob hauv nws (tsawg dua 0.5%).

Copper tom tsev

Sib cais ntawm cov hlau no los ntawm cov ores saturated nrog nws yog, yog li ntawd, kuj yooj yim thev naus laus zis. Yog li ntawd, ib txhia xav paub yuav ua li cas mine tooj liab hauv tsev. Tau txais cov hlau no los ntawm ore, av nplaum, thiab lwm yam nrog koj tus kheej tes, tsis muajmuaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, txawm li cas los xij, yuav nyuaj heev.

Ib txhia, piv txwv li, xav paub yuav ua li cas rho tooj liab los ntawm av nplaum nrog lawv tus kheej tes. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv cov xwm muaj deposits ntawm cov khoom no, uas kuj yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv Cu. Txawm li cas los xij, hmoov tsis, tsis muaj cov cuab yeej pov thawj paub kom tau txais tooj liab los ntawm av nplaum hauv tsev.

Nrog koj tus kheej tes, cov hlau no hauv tsev tuaj yeem sim cais tawm, tej zaum, tsuas yog los ntawm tooj liab sulphate xwb. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, tom kawg yuav tsum xub yaj hauv dej. Tom ntej no, koj tsuas yog yuav tsum tso qee yam khoom siv hlau hauv qhov sib xyaw ua ke. Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, qhov kawg - raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv - yuav raug them nrog tooj liab txheej, uas tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm yooj yim.