Electrolytic refining ntawm tooj liab: muaj pes tsawg leeg, qauv thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 13:55

tooj liab refining yog txheej txheem ntawm refining hlau los ntawm electrolysis. Electrolysis tu yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws kom ua tiav 99.999% purity hauv tooj liab. Electrolysis txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm tooj liab raws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob feem ntau muaj electrolytic tooj liab.

Qhov no yog dab tsi?

tooj liab refining lossis electrolysis siv anode uas muaj tooj liab tsis huv. Nws tshwm sim los ntawm qhov concentration ntawm ore. Lub cathode muaj cov hlau ntshiab (titanium lossis stainless hlau). Cov tshuaj electrolyte muaj sulfate. Yog li, nws tuaj yeem sib cav tias tooj liab refining thiab electrolysis yog ib qho thiab tib yam. Ib qho hluav taws xob tam sim no ua rau tooj liab ions los ntawm anodes nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj thiab tso rau ntawm cathode. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, impurities tawm, los yog tsim ib tug precipitate, los yog nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv kev daws. Lub cathode ua loj dua tooj liab ntshiab thiab cov anode shrinks.

Electrolytic cells siv qhov chaw DC sab nraud los teb rau cov kev cuam tshuam uas yuav tsis yog qhov tshwm sim. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrolyticsiv los ntxuav cov phaj hlau ntawm ntau hom substrates.

Siv cov txheej txheem electrolytic los ntxuav cov hlau (tooj liab refining, hlau electrolysis):

1. Vim tias impurities tuaj yeem txo qhov conductivity ntawm tooj liab hlau, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ntxuav cov hlau tsis huv. Ib txoj hauv kev tu yog electrolysis.
2. Thaum ib daim kab xev ntawm cov hlau tsis huv yog siv los ua anode hauv electrolysis ntawm aqueous npaj ntawm tooj liab sulfate, tooj liab yog oxidized. Nws oxidation tau yooj yim dua li oxidation ntawm dej. Yog li ntawd, hlau tooj liab dissolves nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tooj liab ions, tawm hauv qab ntau impurities (tsawg active hlau).
3. tooj liab ions tsim ntawm lub anode tsiv mus rau cathode qhov chaw uas lawv tau yooj yim txo dua li dej thiab hlau "phaj" ntawm cathode.

Nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom dhau qhov tam sim no txaus ntawm cov electrodes, txwv tsis pub cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis yog tshwm sim. Los ntawm kev ua tib zoo kho cov hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm, hlau impurities uas muaj zog txaus rau oxidize tooj liab ntawm anode, cov tshuaj tsis txo qis ntawm cathode, thiab cov hlau yog xaiv tso rau.

Qhov tseem ceeb! Tsis yog tag nrho cov hlau raug txo los yog oxidized yooj yim dua li dej. Yog tias muaj, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrochemical uas xav tau qhov qis tshaj plaws yuav tshwm sim ua ntej. Piv txwv li, yog tias peb yuav tsum siv electrodes, ob qho tib si anode thiab cathode, lub peev xwm hlau yuav raug oxidized ntawm lub anode, tab sis tom qab ntawd cov dej yuav txo qis ntawm cathode thiab aluminium ions yuav nyob twj ywm hauv kev daws.

Yuav tsim electrolysis, koj yuav tsum sivCov txheej txheem hauv qab no tooj liab refining:

1. Pob cov tshuaj tooj liab sulfate rau hauv khob.
2. Muab ob graphite rods rau hauv cov tshuaj tooj liab sulfate.
3. Txuas ib lub tshuab hluav taws xob rau qhov tsis zoo DC lub zog hluav taws xob thiab lwm qhov rau lub davhlau ya nyob twg zoo.
4. Sau ob lub raj me me tag nrog cov tshuaj tooj liab sulfate thiab tso ib lub stopper rau txhua lub electrode.
5. Tig lub hwj chim thiab xyuas seb muaj dab tsi tshwm sim ntawm txhua lub electrode.
6. Tam sim cov roj uas tsim nrog lub log tsheb tawg.
7. Sau koj cov kev soj ntsuam thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm koj qhov kev xeem.

Cov txiaj ntsig yuav tsum zoo li no:

• Cov khoom xim av lossis xim liab tshwm hauv cov tshuaj.
• muaj npuas.
• npuas yuav tsum tsis muaj xim.
• Ib yam khoom hauv daim ntawv gaseous.

Tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig tau sau tseg, tom qab ntawd cov roj raug tua los ntawm lub log tsheb. Kuj tseem muaj lwm txoj hauv kev los ntxuav cov hlau los ntawm impurities thiab cov neeg thib peb av - qhov no yog qhov hluav taws kub refining tooj liab. Yuav ua li cas qhov no tshwm sim, peb yuav qhia tom qab, tab sis tam sim no peb yuav nthuav qhia lwm yam kev xaiv rau refining hlau.

Txoj kev ntawm refining tooj liab - yuav ua li cas lwm yam tshuaj stripping ntawm cov hlau xav tau qhov chaw?

Vim tias electrolysis yog qhov kev txiav txim ntawm sulphates thiab tam sim no, dab tsi yog txoj kev electrolytic kom tau txais cov khoom ntshiab? Txhua yam sib txawv, txawm hais tias zoo sib xws hauv cov npe nrov. Txawm li cas los xij, hluav taws xob refining tooj liab yog raws li kev siv cov kua qaub. Peb tuaj yeem hais tias qhov no yog oxidation ntawm cov hlau, tab sis tsis heev.

Kev huv huv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua cov hlau hluav taws xob, vim tias cov hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm tooj liab raug txo los ntawm impurities. Cov impurities no suav nrog cov hlau zoo xws li:

• nyiaj,
• kub;
• platinum.

Thaum lawv raug tshem tawm los ntawm electrolysis thiab rov qab zoo li qub, hluav taws xob siv ntau npaum li yuav txaus los muab hluav taws xob rau ntau lub tsev. Cov khoom ua kom huv si txuag lub zog, ua kom lub tsev ntau dua nyob rau lub sijhawm tsawg.

Nyob hauv electrolytic refining, ib qho impure muaj pes tsawg leeg yog tsim los ntawm anode nyob rau hauv ib tug electrolytic da dej ntawm tooj liab sulfate - CuSO ₄ thiab sulfuric acid H _{2 SO}4_{. Lub cathode yog ib daim ntawv ntawm tooj liab ntshiab heev. Raws li tam sim no dhau los ntawm kev daws teeb meem, zoo tooj liab ions, Cu}2+ ^{yog nyiam mus rau cathode, qhov twg lawv coj ntawm electrons thiab tso rau hauv zoo li. nruab nrab atoms, yog li tsim ntau thiab ntau ntshiab hlau ntawm lub cathode. Lub caij no, cov atoms nyob rau hauv lub anode pub electrons thiab yaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj electrolyte li ions. Tab sis cov impurities nyob rau hauv lub anode tsis mus rau hauv kev daws vim hais tias cov nyiaj, kub, thiab platinum atoms tsis oxidize (ua zoo ions) yooj yim li tooj liab. Yog li, nyiaj, kub thiab platinum tsuas yog poob ntawm lub anode mus rau hauv qab ntawm lub tank, qhov twg lawv tuaj yeem ntxuav.}

Tab sis kuj tseem muaj electrolytic refining ntawm tooj liab thaum tso tsheb hlau luam:

1. Electrolytic kho tank yogcais rhiav nyob rau hauv industrial ntau lawm. Cov phaj anode raug tshem tawm los ntawm "kev tuav" hauv lub tank rau kev ntxuav cov tooj liab electrolytic. Ntshiab tooj liab cathode nplooj ntawv raug tshem tawm ntawm cov pas nrig yog muab tso rau hauv tib lub tank, ib daim ntawv ntawm txhua qhov anode. Thaum cov hluav taws xob tam sim no dhau los ntawm anodes los ntawm electrolyte mus rau cathodes, cov tooj liab los ntawm cov anodes txav mus rau hauv cov tshuaj thiab muab tso rau ntawm daim ntawv pib. Cov impurities los ntawm cov anodes nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub tank.
2. Txhaj tshuaj molding tshuab nrog tooj liab anodes (phaj). Nws yuav smoothly tig mus rau hauv anode daim hlau nyob rau hauv pwm. Tom qab kev kho ua ntej, tin, txhuas, hlau, thiab txhuas raug tshem tawm. Tom ntej no, cov khoom siv tooj liab pib raug them rau hauv qhov cub, ua raws li cov txheej txheem smelting.
3. Thaum cov impurities raug tshem tawm, tshem tawm cov slag thiab txo qis nrog cov nkev roj raws li nram no. Qhov txo qis yog txhawm rau tshem tawm cov pa oxygen dawb. Tom qab rov qab, cov txheej txheem xaus nrog casting, qhov twg cov khoom kawg yog cam khwb cia li tooj liab anodes. Tib lub tshuab tuaj yeem siv los nrum cov anodes thaum lub sij hawm rov ua dua los yog rov ua dua anodes rau cov hlau seem hauv electrolysis tooj liab smelter.
4. Ntev cov nplooj ntawv cathode. Kev hloov kho anodes muab rho tawm los ntawm lub qhov cub refining tau hloov mus rau hauv electrolytic tooj liab nrog purity ntawm 99.99% los ntawm cov txheej txheem electrolysis. Thaum lub sij hawm electrolysis, tooj liab ions tawm ib qho tsis huv tooj liab anode thiab, vim lawv zoo, tsiv mus rau cathode.

Txij lub sijhawm rau cov hlau ntshiab yog khawb tawm ntawm cathode. tooj liab anode impurities xws li kub,nyiaj, platinum thiab tin sau rau hauv qab ntawm cov tshuaj electrolyte thiab precipitate li anode slime. Cov txheej txheem no hu ua electrolytic ntau lawm thiab refining tooj liab.

Tau txais pob txha - dab tsi muaj nyob thiab lawv puas tsim nyog rau kev xyaum?

Txoj kev sib txawv me ntsis ntawm kev ntxuav hlau. Kuj tseem muaj hluav taws kub thiab electrolytic refining tooj liab, thaum ib txheej txheem tam sim ntawd ua rau lwm tus. Ib qho tseem ceeb "sib cais" theem ua concentration lossis concentration. Thaum cov concentration tiav lawm, cov kauj ruam tom ntej ntawm kev tsim cov khoom tiav yog tooj liab refining.

Feem ntau qhov no tshwm sim ze ntawm lub mine, ntawm lub chaw ua khoom lossis lub smelter. Nrog tooj liab refining, cov khoom tsis xav tau yog maj mam tshem tawm thiab cov tooj liab yog concentrated mus rau ib tug purity txog li 99.99% Qib A. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem refining nyob ntawm seb hom minerals uas cov hlau yog txuam. Sulfide-nplua nuj tooj liab ore yog pyrometallurgical processed.

Refining & Pyrometallurgy:

1. Hauv pyrometallurgy, tooj liab concentrate yog qhuav ua ntej muab rhuab rau hauv lub qhov cub. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm cua sov ua rau cov concentrates cais ua ob txheej ntawm cov khoom: ib txheej matte thiab ib txheej slag. Cov txheej matte nyob rau hauv qab muaj tooj liab, thaum lub slag txheej nyob rau sab saum toj muaj impurities.
2. Cov slag raug muab pov tseg thiab txheej txheej matte rov qab thiab txav mus rau hauv lub nkoj cylindrical hu ua transducer. Ntau yam tshuaj ntxiv rau lub converter uas ua rau cov tooj liab. Qhov no ua rau kev tsim cov tooj liab hloov dua siab tshiab, hu ua"blister". Thaum nag los nag, nws muab rho tawm thiab tom qab ntawd raug rau lwm txoj kev hu ua hluav taws ntxuav.
3. Nyob hauv hluav taws kub hnyiab, huab cua thiab cov pa roj carbon monoxide tau tshuab los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov sulfur thiab oxygen ntxiv, ua rau cov khoom ua kom zoo rau hauv cathode. Cov hlau yog nrum rau hauv anodes thiab muab tso rau hauv ib qho electrolyzer. Tom qab them nyiaj, ntshiab tooj liab yog sau ntawm cathode thiab tshem tawm raws li 99% cov khoom ntshiab.

Refining & Hydrometallurgy:

1. Hauv hydrometallurgy, tooj liab concentrate yog ua tiav los ntawm ib qho ntawm ob peb txheej txheem. Qhov tsawg tshaj plaws txoj kev yog carburizing, qhov twg hlau yog muab tso rau hauv seem hlau nyob rau hauv ib tug redox tshuaj tiv thaiv.
2. Txoj kev siv ntau dua purification yog hnyav rho tawm thiab electrolysis. Cov thev naus laus zis tshiab no tau nthuav dav hauv xyoo 1980s, thiab kwv yees li 20% ntawm lub ntiaj teb tooj liab tam sim no tau tsim ua li no.
3. Kev tshem tawm cov kuab tshuaj pib nrog cov kuab tshuaj organic uas cais cov hlau los ntawm impurities thiab cov khoom tsis xav tau. Tom qab ntawd ntxiv sulfuric acid los cais cov tooj liab los ntawm cov kuab tshuaj organic los tsim cov tshuaj electrolytic.
4. Cov tshuaj no yog tom qab ntawd raug rau cov txheej txheem electrolysis uas tsuas yog muab cov tooj liab tso rau hauv cov tshuaj ntawm cathode. Cov cathode no tuaj yeem muag tau zoo li yog, tab sis kuj tuaj yeem ua rau cov pas nrig lossis cov ntawv txheeb rau lwm cov electrolyzers.

tuam txhab lag luam mining tuaj yeem muag tooj liab hauv cov concentrate lossis cathode daim ntawv. Yuav ua li casRaws li tau hais los saum no, cov concentrate yog feem ntau ua kom zoo dua lwm qhov dua li ntawm qhov chaw kuv. Concentrate manufacturers muag concentrate hmoov uas muaj 24 mus rau 40% tooj liab rau tooj liab smelters thiab refineries. Cov nqe lus ntawm kev muag khoom yog tshwj xeeb rau txhua lub smelter, tab sis feem ntau cov smelter them tus miner kwv yees li 96% ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov ntsiab lus tooj liab hauv cov concentrate, rho tawm cov nqi ua thiab cov nqi kho kom zoo.

Smelters feem ntau them tus xov tooj, tab sis lawv tseem tuaj yeem muag cov hlau ua kom zoo rau sawv cev ntawm cov miners. Yog li, tag nrho cov kev pheej hmoo (thiab nqi zog) los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm tus nqi tooj liab poob ntawm lub xub pwg ntawm cov neeg muag khoom.

hluav taws ua kom zoo - nws txaus ntshai npaum li cas?

Qhov kub tshaj qhov hluav taws kub refining tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij, tab sis tam sim no txoj kev ua haujlwm yog siv los ntawm cov nroj tsuag feem ntau. Cais, nws tsim nyog piav qhia txog cov cuab yeej ntawm refining blister tooj liab.

Blister tooj liab twb yuav luag dawb huv (ntau tshaj 99% tooj liab). Tab sis rau niaj hnub kev ua lag luam, qhov no tsis yog "huv". Cov hlau yog ntxiv purified siv electrolysis. Hauv kev tsim khoom, ib txoj kev hu ua hluav taws refining ntawm blister tooj liab yog siv. Tus number case tooj liab yog cam khwb cia rau hauv cov slabs loj los siv ua anodes hauv electrolyzer. Electrolytic post-refining ua cov hlau zoo, siab-purity xav tau los ntawm kev lag luam.

Hauv kev lag luam, qhov no ua tiav ntawm qhov loj heev. Txawm tias txoj kev tshuaj zoo tshaj plaws tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm tag nrho cov impurities ntawm tooj liab, tab sis electrolytic refining tuaj yeem tsim tau 99.99% tooj liab ntshiab.

1. Anode hlwv yog raus rau hauv ib qho electrolyte uas muaj tooj liab sulfate thiab sulfuric acid.
2. Muaj cov cathodes huv nruab nrab ntawm lawv, thiab tam sim no ntau dua 200 A dhau los ntawm cov tshuaj.

Raws li cov xwm txheej no, tooj liab atoms yaj los ntawm qhov tsis huv anode los ua tooj liab ions. Lawv tsiv mus rau cathodes, qhov chaw uas lawv tau tso rov qab zoo li tooj liab atoms.

• At the anode: Cu(s) → Cu₂ + (aq) + 2e^-.
• At the cathode: Cu₂ + (aq) + 2e^{- → Cu(s).}

Thaum lub kaw lus kaw, cov tooj liab ions ntawm lub anode yuav pib txav mus los ntawm kev daws teeb meem ntawm cathode. Copper atoms twb tau muab ob lub electrons los ua ions, thiab lawv cov electrons muaj kev ywj pheej txav mus los hauv cov xov hlau. Kaw qhov hloov mus thawb cov electrons clockwise thiab ua rau qee cov tooj liab ions nyob rau hauv kev daws teeb meem.

Plate repels ions los ntawm anode mus rau cathode. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws thawb cov hluav taws xob dawb nyob ib ncig ntawm cov xov hlau (cov hluav taws xob no twb tau muab faib rau ntawm cov xov hlau). Cov electrons nyob rau hauv cathode recombine nrog tooj liab ions los ntawm kev daws, tsim ib txheej tshiab ntawm tooj liab atoms. Maj mam, lub anode puas tsuaj, thiab cathode loj hlob. Insoluble impurities nyob rau hauv lub anode poob mus rau hauv qab kom precipitate. Cov khoom lag luam bio muaj txiaj ntsig no raug tshem tawm.

Kub, nyiaj, platinum thiab tin yog insoluble nyob rau hauv no electrolyte thiab yog li tsis tso rau hauv cathode. Lawv tsim ib qho tseem ceeb "silt" uas accumulates nyob rau hauv lub anodes.

Soluble impurities ntawm hlau thiab npib tsib xee yog yaj nyob rau hauv cov electrolyte, uas yuav tsum tau ntxuav tas li kom tsis txhob ntau deposition ntawm cathodes, uas yuav txo tau cov purity ntawm tooj liab. Tsis ntev los no, stainless hlau cathodes tau hloov los ntawm tooj liab cathodes. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tib yam tshwm sim. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov cathodes raug tshem tawm thiab cov tooj liab ntshiab yog purified. Electrolytic ntau lawm thiab refining tooj liab nyob rau hauv cov kev mob no yog heev muaj nyob rau hauv non-ferrous hlau ua cov nroj tsuag.

Electrochemical version ntawm hlau purification

tua hluav taws tuaj yeem hu ua tshuaj lom neeg, vim tias hauv cov txheej txheem no muaj tshuaj lom neeg tshwm sim nrog lwm yam tshuaj thiab impurities. Cov saum toj no yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidative. Txhua hom thiab txoj hauv kev ntawm kev rho tawm cov tooj liab ntshiab yog qhov zoo sib xws, xws li electrochemical refining tooj liab, qhov twg siv tactics zoo tib yam, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib qho sib txawv.

Cov tshuaj auxiliary keeb los ua cov khoom los ntawm nws tus kheej:

• Caustic soda
• Chlorine.
• Hydrogen.

Qhov no yog txoj hauv kev pheej yig tshaj kom tau txais cov khoom kim heev yam tsis tau siv nyiaj rau lwm txoj hauv kev mining. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig yog mined, uas yog cov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev tsim khoom siv hluav taws xob.

Copper Rauv - Hlau Ua Kev Lag Luam

Cov Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob Cov Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob yog tsim tshwj xeeb thiab muaj peev xwm ua cov khoom seem tooj liab rau hauv cov kua hlau uas tswj cov impurities. Nws yog tsim los rau kev ua pyrometallurgical ntawm seemeconomic thiab environmentally friendly technology. Lub ntsiab thev naus laus zis tau npaj rau kev tsim cov tooj liab molten yog tsim rau cov khoom siv tooj liab, sawb, billet lossis lwm yam khoom siv tooj liab siv cov khoom siv raw (Cu> 92%).

Lub peev xwm ntawm kev tua hluav taws thiab ntxuav lub tshuab tau suav rau kev tu lub voj voog (los ntawm kev them nyiaj rov qab) ntawm 16-24 teev, nyob ntawm seb hom khoom seem. Copper refining furnaces muaj kev tsim tshwj xeeb thiab ua haujlwm:

1. Lub tshuab ua kom sov lub cev yog ua los ntawm cov hlau ntu thiab cov qauv ntu ntu ntu.
2. Lub cub tawg yog kab nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm sab hauv.
3. Nws yog nruab nrog lub chaw nres tsheb hydraulic ua haujlwm hauv tilting rauv hom nrog ob qhov nrawm: nrawm nrawm thaum tilting rau casting thiab siab ceev thaum txav, uas tsis xav tau ntau qhov tseeb.
4. Kev ua haujlwm yog ua los ntawm ob lub tog raj kheej hydraulic ntsia rau hauv qab ntawm lub qhov cub. Ib lub cuab yeej tshwj xeeb xa rov qab lub qhov cub mus rau txoj kab rov tav thaum lub zog hluav taws xob.
5. Cov khoom thauj khoom yog nyob rau sab ntawm qhov cub. Nws raug kaw los ntawm lub qhov rooj tsav los ntawm lub tog raj kheej hydraulic.
6. Lub cub tawg yog nruab nrog cov lances txias rau tooj liab oxidation thiab txo kev ua haujlwm.

Tseem muaj ib lub tshuab hluav taws xob thoob ntiaj teb uas siv cov kua roj thiab roj roj.

Oxidative refining hauv kev lag luam

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm tooj liab oxidation yog ua tiav tom qab ua tiav ntawm cov smelting ntawm cov khoom noj. Cov txheej txheem yog nqa tawm los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj compressed cua rau hauv cov yaj los ntawm tuyeres. Lub resulting slag yog manually tshem tawm los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub yaj siv ib tug tshwj xeeb rake thiab pov tseg rau hauv ib lub thawv. Lub slag muaj tooj liab, impurities, txhuas, tin, thiab lwm yam. Cov txheej txheem txo yuav tsum tau nqa tawm kom tshem tawm oxygen los ntawm yaj thiab txo cov tooj liab oxides. Kev ua haujlwm yog ua los ntawm kev txhaj cov nkev ntuj rau hauv cov yaj.

Los ntawm lub qhov cub, cov pa roj nkag mus rau hauv cov pa ntxuav, hla cov plua plav collector, uas ntes cov plua plav ntxhib. Lub collector yog nruab nrog lub qhov cua yeeb nkab nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thaum muaj xwm ceev gas tso rau hauv cov huab cua. Lub tshuab tua hluav taws tua hluav taws ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua. Lub voj voog ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis suav nrog:

• loading raw khoom;
• oxidation, slagging, txo;
• loading refined hlau.

Cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv yog hu ua tooj liab oxidative refining. Nws tsis tuaj yeem raug cais tawm ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem refining, vim nws yog ib feem ntawm tag nrho txoj kev tsim cov hlau ntshiab. Tom qab qhov yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm, cov tooj liab yaj yog siv rau cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis tom ntej.

Iodide refining ntawm non-ferrous hlau

tooj liab (II) ions oxidize iodide ions rau molecular iodine, thiab hauv cov txheej txheem no lawv tus kheej raug txo kom tooj liab (I) iodide. Thawj qhov sib xyaw xim av sib xyaw ua ke sib cais rau hauv cov xim dawb dawb ntawm tooj liab (I) iodide hauv cov tshuaj iodine. Siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no los txiav txim siab qhov concentration ntawm tooj liab (II) ions hauv kev daws. Yog tias koj ntxiv cov tshuaj ntim tshuaj rau hauv lub khob,muaj tooj liab (II) ions, thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv cov tshuaj potassium iodide ntau dhau, koj yuav tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau piav qhia saum toj no.

2Cu₂⁺ + 4I^- → 2CuI (s) + I 2 _{(dej tov)}

Koj tuaj yeem pom cov iodine tso tawm los ntawm titration nrog sodium thiosulfate tov.

2S₂O₂^-3 (kev daws) + I ₂ (xov) → S₄O₂^-6 (dej tov) + 2I^{- (aqueous solution)}

Thaum cov tshuaj sodium thiosulfate khiav ntawm lub burette, cov xim ntawm iodine ploj mus. Thaum nws yuav luag tag nrho, ntxiv hmoov nplej. Tag nrho cov tooj liab iodide refining cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav thim rov qab nrog iodine los tsim cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab-iodine sib sib zog nqus uas yooj yim dua pom.

Ntxiv ob peb tee ntawm sodium thiosulfate tov kom txog thaum xim xiav ploj. Yog tias koj taug qab qhov sib npaug ntawm ob qhov sib npaug, koj yuav pom tias txhua 2 moles ntawm tooj liab (II) ions koj yuav tsum tau pib nrog, koj xav tau 2 moles ntawm sodium thiosulfate tov. Yog tias koj paub qhov concentration ntawm sodium thiosulfate tov, nws yog ib qho yooj yim los xam cov concentration ntawm tooj liab (II) ions. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sim no yog kom tau txais ib qho yooj yim compound ntawm tooj liab (I) hauv kev daws.

kho phosphorus

Phosphorous tooj liab refining yog phosphorus deoxidized nyuaj tooj liab, uas yog lub hom phiaj dav dav. Nws yog deoxidized los ntawm tooj liab phosphorus, nyob rau hauv uas residual phosphorus yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv qis qis (0,005-0.013%) kom ua tau zoo hluav taws xob conductivity. Nws muaj cov thermal conductivity zoo thiab zoo heev vuam thiab soldering zog. Cov oxide tom qab tooj liab refining nyob rau hauv no txoj kev, tshuav nyob rau hauv cov khoom tooj liab resin, raug tshem tawm nrog phosphorus, uas yog feem ntau siv deoxidant.

Lub rooj qhia tau hais tias qhov kev ua tau zoo sib txawv los ntawm kev sib tsoo (mos) mus rau lub xeev tawv ntawm tooj liab.

Tensile zog	220-385 N/mm2
Tiab zog	60-325 N/mm2
Length	55-4 %
Hardness (HV)	45-155
YElectrical conductivity	90-98 %
Thermal conductivity	350-365 W/cm

Drive Frames txuas cov xaim hluav taws xob rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov kab hluav taws xob loj ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov ntawv luam tawm. Cov khoom raug xaiv kom ua tau raws li cov txheej txheem yuav tsum tau ua thiab txhim khu kev qha hauv kev teeb tsa thiab kev ua haujlwm.

Kev sib xyaw ntawm tooj liab tom qab electrolysis

Cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tooj liab tom qab qhov hluav taws kub refining suav nrog 99.2% ntawm cov hlau. Ntau tsawg ntawm nws tseem nyob hauv anodes. Thaum cov impurities raug tshem tawm tag nrho, 130 g / l ntawm cathode bases tseem nyob hauv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Cov tshuaj aqueous ntawm vitriol ua tsis muaj zog, thiab acidic feem ntawm tooj liab cathodes ncav cuag 140-180 g / l. Blister tooj liab muaj 99.5% ntawm cov hlau, hlau muaj 0.10%, zinc mus txog 0.05%, thiab kub thiab nyiaj tsuas yog 1-200 g / t.