Tungsten: daim ntawv thov, cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv tshuaj

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Niam xwm tau txhawb nqa tib neeg nrog cov tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Qee tus ntawm lawv tau muab zais rau hauv nws lub plab thiab muaj cov khoom me me, tab sis lawv qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Ib qho ntawm cov no yog tungsten. Nws siv yog vim nws cov khoom tshwj xeeb.

keeb kwm

XVIII caug xyoo - lub xyoo pua ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm lub rooj zaum - tau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm cov hlau no.

Yav dhau los, muaj qee yam khoom, uas yog ib feem ntawm cov pob zeb ntxhia, tau txais, uas tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo ntawm cov hlau tsim nyog los ntawm lawv. Piv txwv li, tau txais tin yog qhov nyuaj yog tias cov ore muaj cov khoom zoo li no. Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg ua rau muaj cov slag ua npuas ncauj, uas txo cov tin yield.

Nyob rau xyoo pua VIII, cov hlau tau tshawb pom los ntawm Swedish kws tshawb fawb Scheele thiab cov kwv tij Spanish Eluard. Qhov no tshwm sim los ntawm kev sim tshuaj lom neeg ntawm oxidation ntawm pob zeb hauv av - scheelite thiab wolframite.

Registered nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus raws li atomic tooj 74. Ib tug tsawg refractory hlau nrog ib tug atomicnrog rau qhov loj ntawm 183.84 yog tungsten. Nws siv yog vim cov khoom txawv txawv nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th.

saib qhov twg?

Hais txog tus lej hauv lub plab hauv ntiaj teb, nws yog "sparsely populated" thiab siv 28th qhov chaw. Nws yog ib feem ntawm txog 22 txawv minerals, tab sis tsuas yog 4 ntawm lawv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau nws cov extraction: scheelite (muaj li ntawm 80% trioxide), wolframite, ferberite thiab hubnerite (lawv muaj 75-77% txhua). Kev sib xyaw ntawm ores feem ntau muaj cov impurities, qee zaum muaj "kev rho tawm" ntawm cov hlau xws li molybdenum, tin, tantalum, thiab lwm yam. Qhov loj tshaj plaws deposits yog nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, Kazakhstan, Canada, lub teb chaws USA, kuj muaj nyob rau hauv Russia, Portugal, Uzbekistan.

Yuav ua li cas thiaj tau nws?

Vim yog cov khoom tshwj xeeb, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus qis hauv cov pob zeb, thev naus laus zis kom tau txais cov tungsten ntshiab yog qhov nyuaj heev.

1. Sib nqus sib cais, electrostatic sib cais lossis flotation kom nplua ore rau 50-60% tungsten oxide concentration.
2. Kev cais tawm ntawm 99% oxide los ntawm tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog alkaline lossis acidic reagents thiab phased purification ntawm qhov tshwm sim los ntawm precipitate.
3. Hlau txo nrog carbon lossis hydrogen, tso tawm ntawm cov hmoov hlau sib thooj.
4. Kev tsim cov khoom siv lossis hmoov sintered briquettes.

Ib qho ntawm cov theem tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv hlau yog hmoov metallurgy. Nws yog raws li kev sib xyaw cov hmoov hlau refractory, lawv nias thiab tom qab sintering. Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev, ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm technologically tseem ceeb alloys tau txais, nrog rau tungsten carbide, daim ntawv thov uas yog pom mas nyob rau hauv lub industrial zus tau tej cov cuab yeej ntawm lub zog thiab durability.

Lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg

Tungsten yog cov hlau tsis muaj zog thiab hnyav ntawm cov xim nyiaj nrog lub cev-centered crystal lattice.

• Melting point - 3422 ˚С.
• kho siab - 5555 ˚С.
• Density - 19.25 g/cm3.

Nws yog ib qho khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo. Tsis magnetize. Qee cov minerals (xws li scheelite) yog luminescent.

Resistant rau acids, aggressive tshuaj ntawm kub kub, corrosion thiab laus. Tungsten kuj tseem txhawb nqa lub deactivation ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov impurities tsis zoo hauv cov hlau, kev txhim kho ntawm nws cov cua sov, kev tiv thaiv corrosion thiab kev ntseeg tau. Kev siv cov hlau-carbon alloys yog tsim nyog los ntawm lawv cov manufacturability thiab hnav tsis kam.

Mechanical thiab technological khoom

Tungsten yog ib qho tawv, ruaj khov. Nws hardness yog 488 HB, tensile zog yog 1130-1375 MPa. Thaum txias, nws tsis yog yas. Nyob rau ntawm qhov kub ntawm 1600 ˚С, plasticity nce mus rau lub xeev ntawm kev tsis txaus siab rau kev kho mob siab: forging, dov, kos duab. Nws paub tias 1 kg ntawm cov hlau no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau ib txoj xov nrog tag nrho ntev txog li 3 km.

Machining yog qhov nyuaj vim yog hardness ntau dhau thiabfragility. Rau drilling, tig, milling, carbide tungsten-cob alt cov ntaub ntawv yog siv, ua los ntawm hmoov metallurgy. Tsawg zaus, ntawm qhov ceev ceev thiab cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb, cov cuab yeej ua los ntawm high-speed alloyed tungsten steel yog siv. Cov txheej txheem txiav cov txheej txheem tsis siv tau, vim tias cov cuab yeej hnav tawm sai heev, thiab cov txheej txheem tungsten tawg. Cov thev naus laus zis hauv qab no tau siv:

1. Tshuaj kho thiab impregnation ntawm txheej txheej, suav nrog kev siv nyiaj rau lub hom phiaj no.
2. Cua sov saum npoo nrog kev pab los ntawm cov cub tawg, hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob tam sim no ntawm 0.2 A. Qhov kev tso cai qhov kub thiab txias me ntsis ntawm plasticity thiab, raws li, txiav kev txhim kho, yog 300-450 ˚С..
3. Tungsten txiav nrog cov ntaub ntawv fusible.

Ntxhais thiab sib tsoo yuav tsum tau nqa tawm siv cov cuab yeej pob zeb diamond thiab elbor, tsawg dua corundum.

Vuam ntawm cov hlau refractory no yog ua tiav raws li kev txiav txim ntawm hluav taws xob arc, tungsten lossis carbon electrodes nyob rau hauv cov roj inert lossis kua tiv thaiv. Hu rau vuam kuj ua tau.

Cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb no muaj cov yam ntxwv uas ua rau nws sawv ntawm pawg neeg. Yog li, piv txwv li, tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev kub siab thiab hnav tsis kam, nws txhim kho qhov zoo thiab txiav cov khoom ntawm alloyed tungsten-muaj steels, thiab nws cov ntsiab lus siab melting ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim filaments rau qhov muag teev thiab electrodes rau vuam.

Daim ntawv thov

Rarity, txawv txawv thiab qhov tseem ceeb txiav txim siab siv dav hauv cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no ntawm cov hlau hu ua Tungsten - tungsten. Cov khoom thiab daim ntawv thov ua pov thawj rau tus nqi siab thiab kev thov. High melting point, hardness, lub zog, tshav kub tsis kam thiab tsis kam mus rau tshuaj tua kab mob thiab corrosion, hnav tsis kam thiab txiav nta yog nws lub ntsiab trump cards. Cov ntaub ntawv siv:

1. Filaments.
2. Alloying steels thiaj li tau txais kev kub ceev, hnav-tiv taus, kub-resistant thiab kub-resistant hlau-carbon alloys, uas yog siv rau zus tau tej cov xyaum xyaum thiab lwm yam cuab yeej, xuas nrig ntaus, springs thiab springs, rails.
3. Kev tsim cov "hmoov" nyuaj alloys, feem ntau yog siv los ua hnav-resistant txiav, drilling lossis nias cov cuab yeej.
4. Electrodes rau TIG thiab tsis kam vuam.
5. Kev tsim cov khoom rau X-ray thiab xov tooj cua engineering, ntau yam kev teeb pom kev zoo.
6. Special luminous xim.
7. Hlau thiab qhov chaw rau kev lag luam tshuaj.
8. Ntau yam me me, piv txwv li, jigs rau nuv ntses.

Ntau yam alloys uas muaj tungsten tau txais koob meej. Cov peev txheej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no yog qee zaum xav tsis thoob - los ntawm kev tsim khoom hnyav mus rau kev lag luam teeb, qhov chaw fabrics nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb (piv txwv li, hluav taws-resistant) yog tsim.

Tsis muaj cov khoom siv thoob ntiaj teb. Txhua lub ntsiab lus paub thiab tsim alloys yog qhov txawv ntawm lawv qhov tshwj xeeb thiab tsim nyog rau qee qhov chaw ntawm lub neej thiab kev lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov ntawm lawv muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas ua rau cov txheej txheem yav dhau los ua tsis tau. Ib qho hlau zoo li no yog tungsten. Nws daim ntawv thov tsis dav txaus, zoo li hlau, tab sis txhua qhov kev xaiv yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab tsim nyog rau tib neeg.