Kev lag luam tsim khoom: kev lag luam, qauv, khoom lag luam

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Raws li txoj cai, kev lag luam tau muab faib ua ob pawg tseem ceeb - mining thiab ua (ua tiav).

Mining systems suav nrog cov lag luam koom nrog kev rho tawm ntau hom khoom siv raw, ntxhia thiab cov peev txheej zog. Cov khoom yog sawv cev los ntawm ntau pawg:

• khoom tau los ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb - nplej, barley, qos yaj ywm;
• logging koom haum - ntoo;
• nqaij ntses - txawv hom ntses;
• mining - hlau ore, thee, pob zeb diamond, kub;
• zog - tau txais roj, roj, shale, peat, thiab lwm yam.

yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm

Kev lag luam tsim khoom yog tsim los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom siv, tsim cov tshuaj, smelting ntawm hlau thiab ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Hais txog tus naj npawb ntawm cov lag luam hauv ib qho kev lag luam, cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm cov tshuab tsim khoom, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab kev txhim kho thaj chaw, qhov kev lag luam no yog tus thawj coj.

Tau txais cov khoom tiav uas ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov neeg siv khoom yog txoj haujlwm nyuaj ntawm cov mining thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam.

Kev tsim kho kev lag luam

Kev nce siab hauv kev tsim thiab kev sib kis ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam yog vim muaj ntau yam keeb kwm. Cov no suav nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov pej xeem, kev xav tau ntau ntxiv rau cov khoom thiab cov kev pabcuam, cov peev nyiaj ntau dhau thiab qib ntawm cov thev naus laus zis. Thawj qhov kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm lig 18th thiab ntxov 19th centuries tau tso cai tsim cov chaw tsim khoom thiab cov chaw tsim khoom uas tau los ua tus qauv ntawm cov tshuab niaj hnub. Lub xub ntiag ntawm lub hauv paus muaj zog raw cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob pheej yig (hard thee) tau muab qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm thawj kev lag luam kiv puag ncig hauv Western Europe. Kev tsim kho ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob thiab thawj qhov kev sim hauv thaj chaw ntawm hluav taws xob engineering ua rau nws ua tau kom nce qib ntawm kev tsim khoom. Qhov no txhawb kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem kev lag luam.

Piv txwv li, kev txhim kho cov nyiaj tso rau hauv Urals xav tau kev tsim cov nroj tsuag thiab cov chaw tsim khoom (cov nroj tsuag metallurgical, tshuaj nroj tsuag). Rau kev thauj mus los ntawm cov chaw muab rho tawm thiab cov khoom ua tiav ib nrab, kev tsheb ciav hlau nrog cov chaw kho tsheb tau tsim. Kev nce ntxiv hauv kev tsim khoom muaj peev xwm xav tau kev tsim tsheb tsim cov tuam txhab.

Qhov txawv ntawm

Nws yog kev cai xa mus rau kev lag luam kev lag luam txhua yam haujlwm cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntau yam khoom ntawm cov khoom (khoos phis tawj, lub cev, thiab lwm yam), thiabuas ua rau cov khoom tshiab.

Kev ua haujlwm subsystems muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:

• muaj cov khoom lag luam (cov khoom siv, cov khoom siv, cov khoom ua tiav, cov khoom siv) uas twb tau raug rau qee yam kev ua haujlwm yav dhau los;
• yog lub hauv paus rau kev ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv zej zog;
• txiav txim siab theem ntawm kev tsim kho kev lag luam ntawm lub xeev (kev lag luam);
• nthuav qhia kev loj hlob ntawm cov qauv ntawm ib qho kev lag luam;
• cuam tshuam txog kev lag luam;
• pab kom txhawb kev txhim kho kev lag luam;
• ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau qib kev thov rau cov khoom hauv lub xeev, thiab lwm yam.

Kev faib tawm tseem ceeb

Thaum lub sijhawm txhim kho kev lag luam tsim khoom, ntau qhov kev faib tawm sib txawv tau raug txiav txim siab nyob ntawm qhov kev taw qhia thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuab tsim khoom. Yog li ntawd, cov pab pawg hauv qab no tshwm sim:

• theem kev txhim kho ntawm kev tsim khoom siv tshuab;
• yam khoom;
• muag khoom;
• nplai ntawm cov peev txheej xav tau rau kev tsim khoom;
• hom raw khoom;
• tso rau hauv qhov chaw.

Differentiation of structural elements in terms of the degree of the technology development is based on the tense of scientific research (kev loj hlob) thiab cov feem pua ntawm cov nqi hauv tag nrho cov khoom lag luam hauv lub tebchaws (GDP).

Los ntawm qhov thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, muaj peb pawg ntawm subsystems (kev lag luam) ntawm kev tsim khoom lag luam:

• high-tech industries (tshaj 4% GDP);
• kev lag luam nrog cov thev naus laus zis nruab nrab (1-4%) nrog kev faib cov lag luam raws li qib sib txawv ntawm kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis;
• kev lag luam thev naus laus zis qis (tsawg dua 1%).

Nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsim khoom, nws yog kev cai hais txog cov chav kawm hauv qab no:

• kev lag luam ntawm qhov tseem ceeb hauv zos;
• kev lag luam ntawm cov khoom siv dav;
• major lossis main industries;
• manufacturing and assembly industries.

khoom muag txhais cov lag luam xws li:

• ntau lawm taw qhia rau kev lag luam xa tawm;
• tuam txhab lag luam koom nrog kev xa khoom.

Qib kev siv peev txheej pab qhia cov pab pawg hauv qab no:

• tuam txhab lag luam uas muaj kev paub ntau hauv lawv cov dej num;
• kev lag luam, vim qhov peculiarities ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, yog cov peev txheej-intensive;
• Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg.

Ntxiv rau cov pab pawg saum toj no, kev ua lag luam ntawm hom kev lag luam (ferrous metallurgy) thiab kev ua liaj ua teb (qab zib, nplej) sawv tawm. Hauv qhov no, lub ntsiab lus txhais yog hom khoom noj.

Kev cuam tshuam ntawm thaj chaw faib khoom

Ib qho tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau cov qauv ntawm kev tsim khoom lag luam yog qhov chaw ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom siv raw. Nco ntsoov tias qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lawv ncaj qha cuam tshuamntawm qhov nyuaj ntawm kev teeb tsa cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, kev thauj mus los infrastructure, ceev cov txheej txheem ntau lawm thiab tus nqi.

Kev tshuaj xyuas qhov chaw tso cai rau koj los txiav txim siab txog kev lag luam uas:

• nyob ze li qhov ua tau rau cov peev txheej pheej yig zog;
• txhim kho tsuas yog los ntawm cov khoom siv raw;
• gravitate rau thaj chaw ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab;
• siv zog rau thaj chaw neeg siv khoom.

Modern stage

Russia kev lag luam tsim khoom ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam. Cov chaw tsim kho tshaj plaws yog kev tsim kho tshuab (cov cuab yeej siv tshuab thiab lwm yam khoom siv), roj refining, metallurgy thiab khoom noj khoom haus. Cov cuab yeej siv tau siv thoob plaws hauv CIS. Metallurgy yog sawv cev los ntawm cov lag luam loj loj - Chelyabinsk thiab Magnitogorsk metallurgical nroj tsuag, Cherepovets, thiab lwm yam. Cov roj refining kev lag luam ntiav ntau tshaj 100 refineries ntawm loj thiab me muaj peev xwm, cia Russia nyob rau hauv lub sab saum toj tsib nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm no raw cov ntaub ntawv. khoom.

Zaj lus

Kev txhim kho ntawm cov kev lag luam sawv cev yog daim iav ntawm qib kev lag luam ntawm lub xeev. Raws li kev paub dhau los, cov thev naus laus zis siab tshaj plaws, nrog rau cov nqi tsim khoom siab tshaj plaws, muaj nyob hauv kev lag luam ntawm thaj chaw tshwj xeeb no.