Synthetic fibers. Synthetic polyamide fiber ntau

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Synthetic fibers tau pib tsim tawm hauv xyoo 1938. Tam sim no, twb muaj ob peb lub kaum os. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam uas cov khoom pib yog cov tsis tshua muaj molecular hnyav tebchaw uas hloov mus rau hauv polymers los ntawm cov tshuaj synthesis. Los ntawm dissolving los yog melting lub resulting polymers, ib tug spinning los yog spinning tov yog npaj. Lawv yog molded los ntawm mortar los yog yaj thiab ces tiav.

Ntau yam

Nyob ntawm cov yam ntxwv uas qhia txog cov qauv ntawm macromolecules, hluavtaws fibers feem ntau muab faib ua heterochain thiab carbochain. Cov yav tas muaj xws li cov tau los ntawm polymers, nyob rau hauv uas nws macromolecules, ntxiv rau carbon, muaj lwm yam - nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, thiab lwm yam. Cov no muaj xws li polyester, polyurethane, polyamide thiabpolyurea. Carbon-chain hluavtaws fibers yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lawv cov saw tseem ceeb yog tsim los ntawm carbon atoms. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile, polyolefin, polyvinyl cawv thiab fluorine-muaj.

Cov polymers uas ua lub hauv paus rau kev tau txais heterochain fibers yog tau los ntawm polycondensation, thiab cov khoom yog molded los ntawm melts. Carbochains tau txais los ntawm cov saw hlau polymerization, thiab kev tsim feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm kev daws teeb meem, nyob rau hauv tsawg zaus los ntawm melts. Koj tuaj yeem xav txog ib qho hluavtaws polyamide fiber ntau, uas yog hu ua siblon.

Tsim thiab siv

Cov lus zoo li siblon hloov mus ua tsis tau zoo rau ntau tus, tab sis ua ntej ntawm cov ntawv sau khaub ncaws ib tus tuaj yeem pom cov ntawv luv luv VVM, nyob rau hauv uas lub high-modulus viscose fiber tau muab zais. Lub sijhawm ntawd, nws zoo li cov tuam txhab lag luam uas lub npe zoo li no yuav zoo nkauj dua li siblon, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog nylon thiab nylon. Hom hluavtaws fiber ntau no yog tsim los ntawm tsob ntoo Christmas, txawm nws zoo li cas.

Ntse

Siblon tau tshwm sim thaum ntxov 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Nws yog ib qho kev txhim kho viscose. Nyob rau hauv thawj theem, cellulose yog tau los ntawm ntoo, nws yog cais nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv. Nws qhov loj tshaj plaws yog pom nyob rau hauv paj rwb - txog 98%, tab sis zoo heev threads tau los ntawm paj rwb fibers txawm tsis muaj nws. Yog li ntawd, rau zus tau tej cov cellulosentoo yog siv ntau dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog coniferous, qhov twg nws muaj 40-50%, thiab tus so yog cov khoom tsis tsim nyog. Lawv yuav tsum muab pov tseg thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov hluavtaws fibers.

txheej txheem tsim

Synthetic fibers yog tsim nyob rau hauv theem. Nyob rau thawj theem, cov txheej txheem ua noj yog nqa tawm, thaum lub sij hawm tag nrho cov khoom ntau dhau raug xa tawm los ntawm cov ntoo chips rau hauv cov tshuaj, thiab cov hlua polymer ntev tau tawg mus rau hauv cov khoom sib cais. Lawm, tsuas yog dej kub tsis txaus ntawm no, muaj ntau yam reagents ntxiv: natron thiab lwm yam. Tsuas yog pulping nrog ntxiv ntawm sulphates ua rau cov nqaij mos uas tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov siblon, vim nws khaws cov impurities tsawg dua.

Thaum lub pulp twb zom lawm, nws raug xa mus rau bleaching, ziab thiab nias, thiab ces tsiv mus rau qhov chaw uas nws xav tau - qhov no yog zus tau tej cov ntawv, cellophane, cardboard thiab fibers, uas yog, lub ntsiab ntau lawm.. Yuav ua li cas rau nws tom ntej?

Post-processing

Yog tias koj xav tau cov hluavtaws thiab ntuj fibers, ces koj yuav tsum xub npaj cov tshuaj spinning. Cellulose yog ib yam khoom uas tsis yooj yim rau yaj. Yog li ntawd, nws feem ntau yog hloov mus rau hauv dej-soluble dithiocarbonic acid ester. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov mus rau hauv cov khoom no yog ntev heev. Ua ntej, cellulose yog kho nrog kub alkali, ua raws li los ntawm kev nyem, thiab tib lub sijhawm,cov khoom tsis tsim nyog. Tom qab squeezing, lub loj yog crushed, thiab ces muab tso rau hauv tshwj xeeb chamber, qhov twg pre-ripening pib - lub cellulose molecules yuav luag halved vim oxidative degradation. Tom ntej no, alkali cellulose reacts nrog carbon disulfide, uas ua rau nws tau txais xanthate. Qhov no yog cov txiv kab ntxwv-xim ua khob noom cookie zoo li pawg, ib qho ester ntawm dithiocarbonic acid thiab cov khoom pib. Cov tshuaj no hu ua "viscose" rau nws cov viscosity.

Ua raws li kev pom kom tshem tawm cov impurities kawg. Cov cua yaj yog tso tawm los ntawm "boiling" ether hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev. Tag nrho cov haujlwm no ua rau lub fact tias xanthate ua zoo li cov tub ntxhais hluas zib mu - daj thiab khov. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, cov tshuaj spinning yog npaj txhij.

Cov tshuaj yog nias los ntawm cov spinnerets. Artificial hluavtaws fibers tsis yog spun nyob rau hauv ib txwm txoj kev. Qhov kev ua haujlwm no nyuaj rau kev sib piv nrog cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim, nws yuav yog qhov tseeb dua hais tias nws yog cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg uas tso cai rau ntau lab tus kwj ntawm cov kua viscose los ua cov khoom fibers. Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Russia, viscose thiab siblon tau txais los ntawm cellulose. Qhov thib ob hom fiber ntau yog ib thiab ib nrab lub sij hawm muaj zog tshaj thawj, yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntau dua rau alkalis, fabrics ua los ntawm nws yog hygroscopic, tsawg shrinkage thiab wrinkling. Thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ntawm viscose thiab siblon tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm tshiab "yug" hluavtaws fibers nyob rau hauv da dej nag tom qab cov spinnerets.

Chemistry to help

Kom tau txais viscose, sulfuric acid yog nchuav rau hauv da dej. Nws yog tsim los decompose cov ether, uas ua rau cov ntshiab cellulose fibers. Yog tias tsim nyog kom tau txais ib lub siblon, zinc sulfate yog ntxiv rau hauv da dej, uas ib feem tiv thaiv hydrolysis ntawm ether, yog li cov xov yuav muaj xanthate residual. Thiab nws muab dab tsi? Cov fibers yog ces ncab thiab zoo li tus. Thaum muaj xanthate residues nyob rau hauv lub polymer fibers, nws hloov tawm mus stretch lub polymer cellulose chains raws lub axis ntawm lub fiber, thiab tsis teem lawv randomly, uas yog zoo tib yam rau viscose zoo tib yam. Tom qab kos duab, lub pob ntawm fibers yog txiav rau hauv spatulas 2-10 millimeters ntev. Tom qab ob peb txheej txheem ntxiv, cov fibers yog nias rau hauv bales. Ib tuj ntawm ntoo yog txaus los tsim 500 kilograms ntawm pulp, los ntawm uas 400 kilograms ntawm siblon fiber yuav raug tsim. Pulp spinning yuav siv sij hawm li ob hnub.

Siblon yog dab tsi?

Nyob rau xyoo 1980, cov hluavtaws fibers no tau siv los ntxiv rau cov paj rwb kom cov xov spun zoo dua thiab tsis tawg. Siblon tau siv los ua substrates rau tawv tawv, thiab nws kuj tau siv los ua cov khoom lag luam asbestos. Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, cov kws tshaj lij tsis txaus siab los tsim ib yam dab tsi tshiab, yuav tsum muaj fiber ntau ntau li ntau tau los siv txoj kev npaj.

Thiab nyob rau sab hnub poob thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, cov khoom siv viscose high-modulus tau siv los tsim cov ntaub uas pheej yig thiab ruaj khov piv raupaj rwb, tab sis tib lub sij hawm nqus dej noo zoo thiab ua pa. Tam sim no Russia tsis muaj nws cov paj rwb cheeb tsam, yog li kev cia siab zoo tau pinned ntawm siblon. Tsuas yog qhov kev thov rau nws tseem tsis tau siab heev, txij li yuav luag tsis muaj leej twg yuav cov ntaub thiab khaub ncaws ntawm kev tsim khoom hauv tsev.

Polymer fibers

Lawv feem ntau muab faib ua ntuj tsim, hluavtaws thiab dag. Ntuj yog cov fibers, tsim uas yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob. Lawv feem ntau yog cais raws li lawv lub hauv paus chiv keeb, uas txiav txim siab lawv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, rau hauv cov tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag. Cov qub muaj cov protein, uas yog carotene. Nws yog silk thiab ntaub plaub. Cov tom kawg yog tsim los ntawm cellulose, lignin thiab hemicellulose.

Cov hluavtaws hluavtaws yog tau los ntawm kev ua tshuaj lom neeg ntawm polymers uas muaj nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej. Cov no suav nrog acetate, viscose, alginate thiab protein fibers. Cov khoom siv raw rau lawv cov khoom yog sulfate lossis sulfite ntoo pulp. Tib neeg tsim fibers yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm textile thiab qaum threads, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm staple fiber, uas yog ua tiav ua ke nrog rau lwm cov fibers nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov fabrics.

Synthetic polyamide fiber ntau yog tau los ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws polymers. Raws li cov khoom noj khoom haus hauv cov txheej txheem no, cov fibers polymer yog siv, tsim los ntawm cov macromolecules hloov tau yooj yim ntawm cov kab me me los yog cov qauv kab, uas muaj qhov loj loj - ntau dua 15,000 atomic.units ntawm huab hwm coj, raws li zoo raws li ib tug heev nqaim molecular hnyav tis. Nyob ntawm hom, hluavtaws fibers muaj peev xwm muaj lub siab ntawm lub zog, ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo rau elongation, elasticity, tsis kam mus rau ntau yam loads, tsawg residual deformations thiab ceev ceev rov qab tom qab tshem tawm cov load. Yog vim li ntawd, ntxiv rau kev siv hauv textiles, lawv tau siv los ua cov khoom txhawb zog thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov khoom sib xyaw, thiab tag nrho cov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm hluavtaws fibers.

Zaj lus

Nyob rau hauv ob peb xyoos dhau los, ib tus tuaj yeem soj ntsuam qhov kev nce qib ntawm cov kev nce qib hauv kev tsim cov fibers tshiab polymer, tshwj xeeb, para-aramid, polyethylene, tshav kub-resistant, ua ke, core-plhaub qauv, heterocyclic polymers, uas suav nrog ntau yam, xws li nyiaj lossis lwm yam hlau. Tam sim no nylon tsis yog qhov siab ntawm engineering lawm, vim tam sim no muaj ntau cov fibers tshiab.