Lub dav hlau nyob qhov twg? Aircraft keel: tsim

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Txawm tus neeg uas tsis tau pom hiav txwv tej zaum kuj paub lo lus parting: "Seven feet under the keel." Thiab tsis muaj lus nug ntawm no. Lub keel ntawm lub nkoj yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv uas muaj ntau qhov chaw ntawm nws lub nkoj txuas. Tab sis leej twg puas paub qhov keel ntawm lub dav hlau nyob qhov twg thiab nws ua haujlwm rau dab tsi?

Qhov no yog dab tsi?

Qhov no yog "lub cev" ntawm kev ruaj ntseg, uas tso cai rau koj khaws lub dav hlau mus rau hauv chav kawm. Tsis zoo li cov nkoj, lub keel ntawm ib lub dav hlau yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm tus Tsov tus tw ntsug. Hauv qab ntawm lub fuselage, tsis muaj keel rau aircraft! Tab sis muaj ib tug subtlety. Qhov tseeb yog tias qhov no yog nruj nreem txuas nrog lub zog ntawm lub fuselage, thiab yog li ntawd tseem muaj ib yam dab tsi zoo sib xws hauv hiav txwv thiab huab cua. Yog li ntawd lub keel ntawm lub dav hlau nyob qhov twg? Yooj yim muab, qhov no yog qhov ntsug ntawm tus Tsov tus tw.

Nws yog muab tso rau hauv motionless, tsau ntawm peb lub ntsiab lus, symmetrical rau hauv nruab nrab kab ntawm lub dav hlau. Nyob rau hauv tsos, qhov nthuav dav no muaj cov duab ntawm ib qho zoo tagnrho trapezoid. Raws li txoj cai, keel ntawm ib lub dav hlau muaj spars, tav thiab daim tawv nqaij. Cov txheej txheem no yog classic, me ntsis hloovtxij li cov tsos ntawm thawj aircraft. Lub spar pem hauv ntej yog muab tso rau obliquely (raws li txoj cai).

Layouts

Feem ntau, cov keel yog ib leeg, tab sis qee zaum nws tau ua ob npaug thiab triple (ntawm cov foob pob tawg). Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub tom kawg, qhov no yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg siab ntawm lub tshuab hnyav. Los ntawm txoj kev, txhua lub dav hlau tau muab faib ua peb hom raws li qhov chaw ntawm lub keel:

• Ua hauv tus qauv ib txwm. Xws li, piv txwv li, yog keel ntawm lub dav hlau A321.
• "ducks", uas yog, dav hlau uas kab rov tav ntawm lub keel nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm tis.
• "Tailless". Los ntawm keel, tsuas yog tus Tsov tus tw ntsug nkaus xwb, kab rov tav ailerons tsis muaj kiag li.

Tau kawg, ob hom tom kawg yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm "cov zej zog" ntawm cov tub rog dav hlau, vim tias qhov kev tso kawm ntawm keel yog qhov tsim nyog los muab lub dav hlau tshwj xeeb siab maneuverability.

Qee zaum, txawm siv cov qauv siv ntau dua. Piv txwv li, under-keel crests (lawv kuj yog ventral keels). Lawv tau siv rau qee lub dav hlau supersonic uas tswj kev ruaj ntseg zoo thaum lub sijhawm ya yog qhov tseem ceeb. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub keel ntawm lub dav hlau (qhov no yog qhov twg, peb twb pom lawm) muaj ib tug ntxiv thiab loj influx. Ib qho xwm txheej ntau dua yog thaum kab rov tav plumage ntawm tus Tsov tus tw feem ntau yuav tsum tau hloov mus rau sab saum toj ntawm keel. Qhov no tshwm sim yog tias cov cav tau nruab rau hauv qab ntawm lub dav hlau. Xws li daim duab tuaj yeem pom, piv txwv li, hauvdomestic cargo-neeg nrog caij dav hlau "Il".

Nws yog dab tsi?

Raws li koj paub, huab cua txias yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg uas tshwm sim tsis pub dhau ob peb zaug hauv ib xyoos. Feem ntau, muaj cua, thiab nws lub zog thiab kev taw qhia tuaj yeem sib txawv heev. Thaum lub dav hlau ya, cua daj cua dub tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev taw qhia thiab kev kawm. Lub dav hlau yuav tsum tau tsim kom rov qab mus rau qhov chaw ruaj khov ntawm nws tus kheej. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no thiaj li muaj kev nyab xeeb ya mus.

Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb

Txoj cai tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim lub keel yog muab tso rau hauv txoj kev uas nws tsis, nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, poob rau hauv lub wake ntawm tis. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev ua txhaum loj ntawm kev taw qhia kev ruaj ntseg yog ua tau, thiab nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej hnyav tshaj plaws, lub cev deformation thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm tag nrho lub cev lub cev. Yog li, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm lub keel yog kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg.

Kev tsim ntawm ntau lub dav hlau zoo li qhov no yog txav tau. Los ntawm kev kho lub keel deflection, cov neeg coob tswj cov kev taw qhia. Qhov tshwj xeeb yog cov tub rog dav hlau, uas cov cav nrog lub zog tswj hwm lub luag haujlwm yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev hloov cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub davhlau. Nyob rau hauv lawv cov ntaub ntawv, ua ib tug movable keel ntawm lub aircraft (muaj ib tug yees duab ntawm nws nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm) yog ruam, vim hais tias lub overloads thaum maneuvering yog xws li hais tias nws yuav tsuas vau.

Yuav ua li cas kom ruaj ntseg ua keel muab?

Muaj peb hom kev ruaj ntseg, rau qhov uas lub keel suav nrog hauv kev tsim ntawm lub dav hlau:

• Track.
• Longitudinal.
• Kev hloov pauv.

Cia li nrog txhua yam no kom ntxaws ntxiv. Yog li, kev taw qhia stability. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm poob ntawm longitudinal stability ntawm lub fuselage nyob rau hauv lub davhlau, lub aircraft tseem tseem yuav ya mus rau pem hauv ntej ib co sij hawm vim inertial quab yuam. Tom qab ntawd, huab cua ntws pib khiav mus rau hauv qab ntawm lub dav hlau, uas nyob tom qab qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus. Lub keel nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug rotating quab yuam uas yuam lub aircraft tig ib ncig ntawm nws axis.

Longitudinal stability. Nco ntsoov tias lub dav hlau ya nyob rau hauv ib txwm hom, qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus coincides nrog rau qhov chaw ntawm siab thov rau nws lub fuselage. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, cov tub rog multidirectional tseem ua haujlwm ntawm nws lub fuselage, uas zoo li xa tawm lub cev ntawm lub dav hlau. Lift thiab lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ua ib txhij. Lub keel ntawm lub dav hlau (koj yuav pom ib daim duab ntawm qhov no hauv tsab xov xwm) muab qhov sib npaug, uas nyob rau hauv qhov tshwj xeeb no tsis ruaj khov. Lub davhlau ib txwm tsis muaj tus Tsov tus tw, keel thiab stabilizers tsis yooj yim sua.

Lwm yam kev ruaj ntseg

Shear stability. Feem ntau, qhov tseem ceeb no yog ib qho laj thawj txuas ntxiv ntawm cov cuab yeej yav dhau los. Thaum multidirectional rog ua rau lub tis thiab lateral stabilizers ntawm keel, lawv "sim" overturn lub aircraft. Cov duab ntawm cov tis tawm tsam qhov no: yog tias koj saib lawv los ntawm qhov deb, lawv zoo ib yam li tsab ntawv "U" nrog rau sab sauv "horns". Daim ntawv no muab kev kho tus kheej ntawm txoj haujlwmaircraft nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Lub keel pab kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg sab nraud.

Nco ntsoov tias lub dav hlau swept tis tsis xav tau keel ntau npaum li … ntawm kev kub ceev. Yog hais tias nws ntog, ces qhov kev loj hlob ntawm counteraction rog tshwm sim exponentially. Yog li ntawd, rau cov cav tov no, feem ntau ruaj thiab hnav keel yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev, uas yuav tiv taus xws li loads siab. Thiab koj tuaj yeem tau txais nws li cas? Wb tham txog qhov no.

Txoj kev tsim cov dav hlau niaj hnub

Tam sim no, Rosaviation cov kws tshaj lij thiab lawv cov npoj yaig txawv teb chaws tab tom tsom mus rau kev tsim cov khoom siv dav hlau (xws li cov keel) los ntawm cov khoom loj uas ua los ntawm cov khoom siv tshiab.

Qhov feem ntawm cov tebchaw no hauv kev tsim cov dav hlau niaj hnub no tsis tu ncua. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij, lawv cov khoom ntim tau nce mus txog 25% txog 50%, thiab cov dav hlau me me tuaj yeem muaj cov yas thiab cov khoom sib xyaw los ntawm 75%. Vim li cas txoj kev no thiaj li nthuav dav hauv aviation? Qhov tseeb yog tias tib keel ntawm lub dav hlau Boeing, ua los ntawm polymer "alloys", muaj qhov hnyav heev, muaj zog heev thiab cov peev txheej uas yooj yim tsis muaj tseeb kom ua tiav siv cov khoom siv txheem.

Main Materials

Qhov kev siv ncaj ncees tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib xyaw hauv kev tsim ntawm tsis yog tsuas yog tus Tsov tus tw, tab sis kuj yog lub tis thiab lub cev muaj zog, uas yuav tsum tsis yog tsuas yog muaj zog heev, tab sis kuj txaus.hloov tau. Txwv tsis pub, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov qauv nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub davhlau loads tsis tuaj yeem txiav tawm.

Tab sis nws tsis yog ib txwm zoo li no. Yog li ntawd, kev txaus siab ntawm kev lag luam ntawm Soviet aircraft, Tu-160 aircraft, kuj hu ua White Swan los yog Blackjack, muaj keel ua los ntawm … titanium alloys. Xws li cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb thiab kim heev tau raug xaiv vim muaj kev ntxhov siab loj uas tau muab tso rau ntawm tus tsim ntawm lub tshuab no, uas rau hnub no tuav lub npe ntawm lub foob pob hnyav tshaj plaws hauv kev pabcuam. Tab sis tseem, txoj hauv kev zoo li no los tsim cov keel yog qhov tsawg, thiab yog li niaj hnub no cov neeg tsim qauv yuav tsum tau cuam tshuam nrog cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw yooj yim dua ntau zaus.

Koj ntsib teeb meem dab tsi thaum tsim cov keel sib xyaw?

Thaum lub sijhawm txhim kho, cov neeg tsim qauv hauv tsev yuav tsum tau daws tag nrho cov haujlwm nyuaj:

• Kev tsim cov khoom loj ntawm keel thiab lwm yam khoom siv carbon-fiber siv txoj kev infusion tau ua tiav.
• Kuj yuav luag tag rov xav dua thiab rov kho cov theem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim khoom, uas tsis yog tsim los rau kev siv cov khoom sib xyaw.

Lwm yam nta

Qhov tseeb software (FiberSim) tau nkag mus rau hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, uas tso cai rau kom ua tiav qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm automation. Tsis tas li ntawd, tam sim no lub keel ntawm lub dav hlau, tus tsim ntawm uas tau piav nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, yuav ua tau siv technologies nyob rau hauv uas tsis muaj kev xyaum tsis muaj drawings. Kev tsim cov ntu no nrog rau txoj hauv kev no yog raws li hauv qab noway:

• Tsim lossis xaiv tus qauv tiav. Niaj hnub no, lub keel yog (feem ntau) tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug tag nrho automatic hom, tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm "tib neeg" developers.
• Kev txiav cov khoom siv, kuj ua tiav hauv hom tsis siv neeg.
• Nyob rau hauv hom tsis siv neeg, cov khoom siv raw siv los tsim cov keel thiab nws cov qauv tsim tau nteg tawm.
• Txhim txheej yog ua los ntawm cov tshuab neeg hlau tswj los ntawm lub khoos phis tawj program.

Ntxiv rau, txoj hauv kev niaj hnub rau kev tsim cov keels qhia cov hauv qab no:

• Nruam tsim cov qauv uas tau sim nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej nyuaj tshaj plaws.
• Cov thev naus laus zis uas tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj yog tsim los uas tso cai rau kev soj ntsuam tas li ntawm lub xeev ntawm keel ntawm lub dav hlau.

Txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los tsim lub tail unit ntawm MS-21 aircraft

Nyob rau yav dhau los tsis deb li ntawd, kev lag luam aviation tau xav tsis thoob los ntawm kev tshaj tawm ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom hauv tsev tias lawv tab tom tsim lub dav hlau tshiab, MS-21. Nws qhov txawv txav yog tias yuav luag peb lub xyoo dhau los no yog thawj lub tsheb hauv tsev rau kev ya davhlau hauv lub tebchaws. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim khoom, ntau cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tau sim, uas cuam tshuam loj rau cov yam ntxwv tshiab ntawm lub keel thiab tag nrho lub rooj sib txoos.

Tsim thiab tsim cov caisson ntawm keel ntawm lub dav hlau MS-21, cov kws tshaj lij hauv tsev tau ua tiav cov hauv qab no:

• Puv automation ntawm kev txiav ntawm txhua qhov chaw thiab cov khoom siv raw siv hauv kev tsim khoom. Vim li no, nws muaj peev xwm ua tiav yam tsawg kawg 50% txo tus nqi ntawm tag nrho tus Tsov tus tw thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog keel.
• ProDirector software yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov tail unit, uas tso cai rau koj kom ua tiav qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev ua cov khoom. Qhov no ua rau nws tuaj yeem tsim tsis tau tsuas yog muaj zog, tab sis kuj tseem ceeb heev keels.
• Tsis tas li, keel ntawm lub dav hlau niaj hnub yog tsim los siv ob txoj kev nkhaus. Ua tsaug rau lawv, nws muaj peev xwm ua tiav ntau txoj kev tuab hauv cov cheeb tsam uas xav tau kev txhawb nqa ntxiv (hauv qab keel ntawm lub dav hlau).
• Txawm qhov loj ntawm keel hnub no tuaj yeem "kib" hauv cov autoclaves tshwj xeeb. Qhov tshwm sim yog cov khoom muaj zog heev thiab nruj heev uas tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov hnyav ntawm txhua qib.
• Kev tswj cov geometry ntawm qhov chaw kuj yog tswj los ntawm cov tshuab computer nyuaj.

Lwm yam nta

Vim yog siv cov thev naus laus zis tshiab thiab cov tswv yim, kev siv zog ntawm kev tsim lub tail unit thiab keel raug txo los ntawm 50-70%. Niaj hnub no, ntau tshaj li plaub txhiab feem ntawm keel thiab tail unit tau dhau lub xeev cov kev xeem.

Qhov kev ua tiav tseem ceeb yog kev txhim kho cov cuab yeej siv tau yooj yim thiab yooj yim rau kev tsim cov keel lub thawv qhov ntsuas 7.6 x 2.5 m. Tam sim no, lawv twb tau pib xa mus rau Irkutsk Aviation Plant. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub sib xyaw, thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov txheej txheem no twb tau nyiam cov neeg ua lag luam txawv teb chaws ntawm cov khoom siv dav hlau.

Ntawm Teebmeem

Vim li cas peb thiaj siv sijhawm ntau los tham txog txoj hauv kev niaj hnub tsim thiab tsim lub keel? Qhov tseeb yog tias txij li xyoo 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem dhau los nws tau dhau los ua qhov tseeb tias qhov kev nce ntxiv hauv kev ua tau zoo ntawm lub dav hlau tuaj yeem ua tau tsuas yog tias lawv lub zog nce ntxiv thiab tag nrho cov khoom siv polymeric tshiab tau nkag mus rau hauv kev tsim khoom. Qhov teeb meem nrog lub dav hlau ntawm cov tiam tshiab yog tias lawv tsim (thiab cov keel tshwj xeeb) muaj kev cuam tshuam rau "kev qaug zog". Vim li no, txog li ntawm 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, ntau txoj hauv kev los saib xyuas tus mob ntawm lub tis thiab tus Tsov tus tw tau tsim.

Cov kev xav tau ntau lawm kuj siab. Txhua batch ntawm qhov chaw yog raug rau cov overloads hnyav tshaj plaws ntawm kev vibration stands, kuaj los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Thiab qhov no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, vim qhov tawg me ntsis yog tom qab fraught nrog kev tuag ntawm ntau pua tus neeg caij tsheb.

Yog li koj pom tias lub dav hlau keel nyob qhov twg thiab nws yog rau dab tsi!