Cov qib carbon steel. Classification, GOST, daim ntawv thov

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Hlau yog cov khoom siv hlau metallurgy, cov khoom siv tseem ceeb. Nws yog siv los tsim cov fittings, dov hlau ntawm ntau yam profiles, kav dej, qhov chaw, mechanisms thiab cov cuab yeej.

Steel production

Ferrous metallurgy yog koom nrog kev tsim cov hlau thiab hlau. Cam khwb cia hlau yog cov khoom siv tawv tab sis tsis ruaj khov. Hlau yog ib qho muaj zog, txhim khu kev qha, ductile, alloy-prone hlau siv nyob rau hauv foundry, dov, forging thiab stamping.

Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los ua hlau:

1. Converter. Khoom siv: oxygen converter. Them (cov ntaub ntawv raw): dawb cam khwb cia hlau, steel seem, limestone. Tsuas yog carbon steels yog tsim.
2. Martenovsky. Khoom siv: open-hearth cub. Tus nqi: kua npua hlau, steel seem, hlau ore. Universal rau ob qho tib si carbon thiab alloy steels.
3. Hluav taws xob arc. Khoom siv: hluav taws xob arc rauv. Kev them nyiaj: steel seem, cam khwb cia hlau, coke, limestone. Generic method.
4. Induction. Khoom siv: induction rauv. Nqe: steel thiab cam khwb cia hlau seem hlau, ferroalloys.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem steel yog txo qis cov tshuaj tsis zoo hauv cov tshuaj kom tau txais cov hlau uas nrov hu ua "hlau", lossis theej, cov hlau-carbon alloy nrog cov ntsiab lus carbon tsis ntxiv. tshaj 2.14%.

Deoxidation txheej txheem

Rau cov hlau nyob rau theem kawg ntawm smelting, cov txheej txheem boiling yog yam ntxwv, uas yog cuam tshuam los ntawm nitrogen, hydrogen, thiab carbon oxides muaj nyob rau hauv nws. Xws li ib tug alloy nyob rau hauv lub solidified lub xeev muaj ib tug ntxeem tau qauv, uas yog muab tshem tawm los ntawm dov. Nws yog mos thiab du, tab sis tsis muaj zog txaus.

txheej txheem ntawm deoxidation muaj nyob rau hauv lub deactivation ntawm boiling impurities los ntawm kev qhia ferromanganese, ferrosilicon, thiab txhuas rau hauv cov hlau. Nyob ntawm seb cov roj seem seem thiab cov khoom deoxidizing, cov hlau tuaj yeem ua ib nrab ntsiag to lossis quiescent.

Tiav hlau ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau muaj qib ntawm deoxidation yog nchuav rau hauv pwm rau crystallization thiab siv tom ntej txheej txheem hauv kev tsim cov khoom hlau tiav.

Kev faib cov pa roj carbon steel

Txhua cov hlau uas muaj nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam tuaj yeem muab faib ua carbon thiab alloy. Txhua qib ntawm carbon steel tau muab faib ua pawg sib txawv thiab cov qauv tsim.

Raws li cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb, lawv paub qhov txawv:

1. Carbon structural steels. Lawv muaj tsawg dua 0.8% carbon. Lawv yog siv los ua rebar, dov khoom thiab castings.
2. Cov cuab yeej carbon steel uas muaj cov pa roj carbon hauv0.7% mus rau 1.3%. Lawv siv rau cov cuab yeej, cov cuab yeej ntsuas.

Los ntawm txoj kev deoxidation:

• boiling - deoxidizing cov ntsiab lus (RE) hauv cov ntsiab lus tsawg dua 0.05%;
• semi-kub - 0.05%≦RE≦0.15%;
• calm - 0.15%≦RE≦0.3%.

By chemical muaj pes tsawg leeg:

• qis carbon (0.3%≦C);
• nruab nrab carbon (0.3≦C≦0.65%);
• siab carbon (0.65≦C≦1.3%).

Steels uas muaj cov pa roj carbon ntau dua 1.3% tsis siv hauv kev lag luam.

Nyob ntawm microstructure:

• hypoeutectoid - hauv cov hlau zoo li no, cov ntsiab lus carbon tsawg dua 0.8%;
• eutectoid - cov no yog cov hlau nrog cov ntsiab lus carbon ntawm 0.8%;
• hypereutectoid - steels nrog cov ntsiab lus carbon ntau dua 0.8%.

Quality:

1. Nyob zoo. Sulfur ntawm no muaj tsawg dua 0.06%, phosphorus - tsis ntau tshaj 0.07%.
2. Quality steels. Lawv tsis muaj ntau tshaj 0.04% sulfur thiab phosphorus.
3. zoo heev. Cov sulfur ntawm no tsis pub tshaj 0.025%, thiab phosphorus - tsis ntau tshaj 0.018%.

Raws li tus qauv tseem ceeb, qib carbon steel tau muab faib ua:

• Kev tsim kho tsis tu ncua;
• kev tsim kho zoo;
• Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg;
• Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg.

Txoj kev kos cov qauv hlau ntawm qhov zoo tib yam

Cov hlau zoo tib yam muaj: Los ntawm - mus rau0.6%, S - txog 0.06%, P - txog 0.07%. Cia peb saib yuav ua li cas cov pa roj carbon hlau no cim. GOST 380 txhais cov nuances hauv qab no ntawm kev xaiv:

• A, B, C - pab pawg; A - tsis qhia hauv cov nyiaj muas;
• 0–6 tom qab cov ntawv "St" - tus lej xov tooj uas cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab (lossis) cov khoom siv kho tshuab raug encrypted;
• G - lub xub ntiag ntawm Mangan Mn (manganese);
• kp, ps, cn - degree ntawm deoxidation (boiling, semi-ceev, calm).

Tus lej ntawm 1 txog 6 tom qab qib deoxidation los ntawm kev khiav ceev yog pawg. Hauv qhov no, thawj qeb tsis tau qhia nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev.

Cov ntawv M, K thaum pib ntawm lub hom tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yog hom kev tsim khoom siv hlau: qhib-hearth lossis oxygen-converter. Los ntawm txoj kev, carbon steels ntawm zoo tib yam yog sawv cev los ntawm ib tug ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov qib, kwv yees li 47 pieces.

Kev faib tawm ntawm cov qauv zoo tib yam steels

Cov pa roj carbon zoo yog muab faib ua pawg.

• Pab Pawg A: cov hlau uas yuav tsum tau ua raws nraim li cov khoom siv kho tshuab. Lawv tau muab rau cov neeg siv khoom feem ntau hauv daim ntawv thiab cov khoom siv ntau ntu (cov ntawv, tees, I-beams, fittings, rivets thiab rooj plaub). Qib: St0, St1 - St6 (kp, ps, sp), qeb 1-3, suav nrog St3Gps, St5Gps.
• Pab pawg B: cov hlau uas yuav tsum tau tswj hwm los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg tsim nyog thiab cov khoom. Casting thiab dov khoom yog tsim, uas yuav raug rau machining ntxivkub siab (forging, stamping). Cov cim: Bst0, Bst1 (kp-sp), Bst2 (kp, ps), Bst3 (kp-sp, suav nrog Bst3Gps), Bst4 (kp, ps), Bst 6 (ps, sp), qeb 1 thiab 2.
• Pab pawg B: cov hlau uas yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov khoom siv tshuaj, lub cev, kev siv tshuab thiab thev naus laus zis. Cov pab pawg no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ntau qib los ntawm cov khoom siv yas, cov khoom siv ruaj khov rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, qhov tseem ceeb (bolts, ceev, qag, piston pins). Tag nrho cov khoom ntawm cov khoom sib txawv, cov khoom thiab qib ntawm cov pab pawg no tau koom ua ke los ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis zoo. Qib: VSt1-VSt6 (kp, ps, sp), VSt5 (ps, sp), suav nrog VSt3Gps, qeb 1-6.

Cov qauv hlau zoo tib yam yog cov hlau uas muaj ntau yam siv hauv kev lag luam.

kos npe carbon zoo steel

Cov ntsiab lus carbon hauv cov hlau ntawm lub npe zoo yog los ntawm 0.05% txog 0.6%. Smelting ntawm hlau ntawm pab pawg neeg no tshwm sim los ntawm kev qhib-hearth los yog hluav taws xob arc txoj kev. Ntau yam ntawm cov pa roj carbon diversifies lub zog txhua yam: tsawg-carbon - ductile, nruab nrab-carbon - muaj zog.

Cov hlau zoo carbon muaj cov ntsiab lus S thiab P tsis ntau tshaj 0.04%, feem.

Marking (GOST 1050-88):

• tus lej 05-60 - encrypted muaj cov pa roj carbon (yam tsawg kawg - 0.05%, siab tshaj - 0.6%));
• kp, ps, cn - qib ntawm deoxidation ("sp" tsis yogqhia);
• G, Yu, F - muaj manganese, aluminium, vanadium.

Kev zam txim

Carbon zoo steels muaj kev zam hauv lawv cov cim:

• 15K, 20K, 22K - cov hlau zoo, siv tau hauv lub tsev boiler;
• 20-PV - carbon - 0.2%, hlau yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov kav dej los ntawm kev kub dov, hauv boiler lub tsev thiab kev teeb tsa cov cua sov, muaj tooj liab thiab chromium;
• OSV - steel rau kev tsim cov wagon axles, muaj nickel, chromium, tooj liab.

Rau txhua qib ntawm cov hlau zoo, qhov yuav tsum tau siv thermal (piv txwv li, normalization) thiab kev kho tshuaj-kub (piv txwv li, carburizing) yog ib txwm.

Kev faib cov pa roj carbon zoo steels

Cov pa roj carbon zoo li no tuaj yeem muab faib ua 4 pawg:

1. Cov khoom siv yas siab heev siv tau rau kev ua haujlwm txias (dov), daim ntawv thiab cov yeeb nkab dov. Qib - steel 08ps, steel 08, steel 08kp.
2. Hlau siv rau hauv kub dov thiab stamping uas yuav ua tau raws li thermally aggressive. Qib - los ntawm steel 10 mus rau steel 25.
3. Steel siv hauv kev tsim cov khoom tseem ceeb, suav nrog cov springs, springs, couplings, bolts, shafts. Qib - los ntawm steel 60 rau steel 85.
4. Steels uas xav tau kev lag luam txhim khu kev qha hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav (piv txwv li, cov saw ntawm lub tsheb laij teb kab ntsig). Qib steel 30, steel 50, steel 30G, steel 50G.

Nws tseem tuaj yeem faib txhua yam ua 2 pawgCov qib paub zoo ntawm cov pa roj carbon steel los ntawm cov chav kawm zoo: cov qauv ua qauv thiab cov qauv manganese.

Daim ntawv thov ntawm cov qauv hlau

qib steel los ntawm qhov zoo	Brand	Daim ntawv thov
zoo ib yam	St0	reinforcement, sheathing
	St1	tas, I-beams, channels
	St3Gsp	tsim steel
	St5sp
	St6ps	khoom seem
	ST4kp	zoo li tus, daim ntawv, cov khoom ntev rau cov qauv ruaj khov
zoo	Steel10	pipe rau boilers, stampings
	Steel15	siab ductility qhov chaw, cams, bolts, ceev
	Steel18kp	welded structures
	Steel 20ps	axles, diav rawg, pins, fittings, kav
	Steel50	gears, clutches
	Steel60

Cov cuab yeej carbon steel muaj lub zog siab thiab tawv. Lawv yuav tsum raug kev kho cua sov ntau theem.

Cov ntsiab lus carbon hauv steel: 0.7 - 1.3%. Rau cov khoom zoo - txog 0.03%, phosphorus - mus txog 0.035%. Thiab rau instrumentalzoo: sulfur - txog 0.02%, phosphorus - mus txog 0.03%.

Hom npe (GOST 1435-74):

• U - carbon instrumental;
• 7 -13 - cov ntsiab lus carbon hauv nws yog 0.7-1.3%, feem;
• G - muaj manganese;
• A yog qhov zoo.

Kev zam rau cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev kos cov cuab yeej carbon steel yog cov khoom siv rau qhov chaw ntawm saib txav A75, ASU10E, AU10E.

Yuav tsum tau rau cov cuab yeej carbon steels

Raws li GOST, cov cuab yeej hlau yuav tsum ua raws li tus lej ntawm tus yam ntxwv.

Yuav tsum muaj lub cev, tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab: cov ntsuas zoo ntawm hardness, cuam tshuam lub zog, lub zog, tiv taus kub hloov thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm (thaum txiav, drilling, poob siab loads), corrosion resistance.

Tswj yam khoom tshwj xeeb:

• resistance rau cov txheej txheem tsis zoo ntawm kev txiav tshuab (chip sticking, hardening);
• zoo tig thiab sib tsoo machinability;
• susceptibility rau kev kho cua sov;
• overheat resistance.

Txhawm rau txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej thiab thev naus laus zis, cov cuab yeej hlau tau raug kho rau ntau theem:

• annealing ntawm raw khoom ua ntej ua cov cuab yeej;
• hardening (txias hauv ntsev tov) thiab tom qab tempering ntawm cov khoom tiav (tsuas yog qis tempering).

Tau txaisCov khoom yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov txiaj ntsig microstructure: martensite nrog cementite thiab austenite inclusions.

Siv cov cuab yeej carbon steels

Cov lus piav qhia yog siv rau kev tsim khoom ntawm txhua yam cuab yeej: txiav, percussion, auxiliary.

• Steel U7, U7A - hammers, chisels, axes, chisels, sledgehammers, chisels, fishhooks.
• Steel U8, U8A, U8G - saws, ntswj ntsia hlau, nruab nrab punches, countersinks, cutters, pliers.
• Steel U9, U9A - metalwork tool, ntoo txiav.
• Steel U10, steel U10A, U11, U11A - rubs, taps, twist xyaum, pab cov cuab yeej rau xuas nrig ntaus thiab sizing.
• U 12, U12A - reamers, kais, ntsuas cov cuab yeej.
• U13, U13A - cov ntaub ntawv, shaving thiab phais instruments, stamping punches.

Kev xaiv xaiv ntawm carbon steel qib, thev naus laus zis ntawm nws cov kev kho cua sov, kev nkag siab ntawm nws cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv yog tus yuam sij rau lub neej ua haujlwm ntev ntawm cov qauv lossis cov cuab yeej tsim, ua tiav lossis siv.