Aviation aluminium: yam ntxwv

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Vim nws lub teeb, ductility thiab tiv thaiv corrosion, aluminium tau dhau los ua cov khoom siv tsis tau hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam. Aviation aluminium yog ib pawg ntawm cov alloys uas muaj zog ntxiv nrog kev suav nrog magnesium, silicon, tooj liab thiab manganese. Lub zog ntxiv yog muab rau cov alloy nrog kev pab los ntawm lub npe hu ua. "aging effect" - ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj kev ntawm hardening nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ib tug nruj atmospheric ib puag ncig rau lub sij hawm ntev. Lub alloy tau tsim nyob rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, hu ua duralumin, tam sim no kuj hu ua "avial".

Definition. Keeb kwm excursion

pib ntawm keeb kwm ntawm aviation aluminium alloys yog suav tias yog xyoo 1909. Tus German metallurgical engineer Alfred Wilm tau sim tsim tias yog ib qho txhuas alloy nrog me ntsis ntxiv ntawm tooj liab, manganese thiab magnesium tom qab quenching ntawm qhov kub ntawm 500 ° C thiab ceev ceev txias yog khaws cia ntawm qhov kub ntawm 20-25 degrees rau 4-5 hnub., nws maj mam ua nyuaj thiab muaj zog tsis poob ductility. Cov txheej txheem hu ua "aging" lossis "maturing". Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm xws hardening, tooj liab atoms sauntau thaj tsam me me ntawm thaj tsam nplej. Txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub atom tooj liab yog me dua li ntawm txhuas, yog li ntawd, ib tug compressive kev nyuaj siab tshwm sim, vim hais tias ntawm lub zog ntawm cov khoom nce.

Thawj zaug, cov hlau tau ua tiav ntawm German factories Dürener Metallwerken thiab tau txais lub cim lag luam Dural, yog li lub npe "duralumin". Tom qab ntawd, American metallurgists R. Archer thiab V. Jafris tau txhim kho qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg los ntawm kev hloov cov feem pua, feem ntau ntawm magnesium. Cov hlau tshiab tau muaj npe hu ua 2024, uas tau siv dav hauv ntau yam kev hloov kho txawm tias tam sim no, thiab tag nrho tsev neeg ntawm alloys hu ua Avial. Cov hlau no tau txais lub npe "aviation aluminium" yuav luag tam sim tom qab nws tshawb pom, txij li nws hloov tag nrho cov ntoo thiab hlau hauv cov qauv dav hlau.

hom thiab yam ntxwv

Muaj peb pawg tseem ceeb:

• Aluminium-manganese (Al-Mn) thiab aluminium-magnesium (Al-Mg) tsev neeg. Lub ntsiab yam ntxwv yog siab corrosion kuj, NW nyuam qhuav inferior rau ntshiab txhuas. Xws li cov alloys qiv lawv tus kheej zoo rau soldering thiab vuam, tab sis tsis zoo txiav. Tsis tawv los ntawm kev kho cua sov.
• Corrosion-resistant alloys ntawm aluminium-magnesium-silicon (Al-Mg-Si) system. Lawv hardened los ntawm kev kho cua sov, uas yog, hardening ntawm ib tug kub ntawm 520 ° C, ua raws li los ntawm ceev ceev txias nrog dej thiab tej yam ntuj tso aging rau txog 10 hnub. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv no yog lawv cov kev tiv thaiv corrosion siab thaum ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj kev ntxhov siab.
• Structural aluminium-copper-magnesium alloys (Al-Cu-Mg). Lawv lub hauv paus yog aluminium alloyed nrog tooj liab, manganese thiab magnesium. Los ntawm kev hloov cov proportions ntawm alloying ntsiab, aircraft-qib aluminium tau txais, cov yam ntxwv ntawm uas yuav txawv.

Cov khoom ntawm pab pawg kawg muaj cov khoom siv zoo, tab sis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau corrosion ntau dua li thawj thiab thib ob tsev neeg ntawm alloys. Lub degree ntawm susceptibility rau corrosion nyob ntawm seb hom kev kho deg, uas tseem yuav tsum tau kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cov xim los yog anodizing. Corrosion kuj yog ib feem nce los ntawm kev qhia txog manganese rau hauv cov khoom ntawm cov alloy.

Ntxiv rau peb hom tseem ceeb ntawm cov alloys, tseem muaj forging alloys, tshav kub-resistant, high-strength structural thiab lwm yam alloys uas muaj cov khoom tsim nyog rau ib qho kev thov.

kos npe ntawm aviation alloys

Nyob rau hauv cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb, thawj tus lej ntawm aviation aluminium marking qhia cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau:

• 1000 - ntshiab aluminium.
• 2000 - duralumins, alloys alloyed nrog tooj liab. Nyob rau hauv ib tug tej lub sij hawm - lub feem ntau aerospace alloy. Ntau ntxiv los ntawm 7000 series alloys vim muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev ntxhov siab corrosion.
• 3000 - alloying element - manganese.
• 4000 - alloying element - silicon. Alloys tseem hu ua silumins.
• 5000 - alloying element - magnesium.
• 6000 yog cov hlau nplaum tshaj plaws. Alloying cov ntsiab lus yog magnesium thiab silicon. Yuav ua kom sov-hardened kom muaj zog, tab sis qhov noqhov parameter yog qis dua 2000 thiab 7000 series.
• 7000 - thermally hardened alloys, feem ntau ruaj aviation txhuas. Lub ntsiab alloying ntsiab yog zinc thiab magnesium.

Tus lej thib ob ntawm lub cim yog tus lej ntawm kev hloov kho ntawm cov txhuas alloy tom qab tus thawj - tus lej "0". Qhov kawg ob tus lej yog tus lej ntawm cov hlau nws tus kheej, cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws cov purity los ntawm impurities. Yog tias muaj kev paub txog alloy, qhov thib tsib "X" ntxiv rau qhov cim.

Hnub no, cov qib feem ntau ntawm aviation aluminium: 1100, 2014, 2017, 3003, 2024, 2219, 2025, 5052, 5056. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau no yog: lightness, ductility, zoo zog, tsis kam mus fittings., corrosion thiab siab loads. Hauv kev lag luam dav hlau, feem ntau siv alloys yog 6061 thiab 7075 aircraft aluminium.

Composition

Lub ntsiab alloying ntawm aviation aluminium yog: tooj liab, magnesium, silicon, manganese, zinc. Qhov feem pua ntawm cov ntsiab lus no los ntawm qhov hnyav hauv cov hlau yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov yam ntxwv xws li lub zog, kev hloov pauv, kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo rau kev ntxhov siab, thiab lwm yam. Lub hauv paus ntawm lub alloy yog aluminium, lub ntsiab alloying ntsiab yog tooj liab (2.2-5.2% los ntawm qhov hnyav), magnesium (0.2-2.7%) thiab manganese (0.2-1%).

Ib tsev neeg ntawm aviation alloys ntawm txhuas nrog silicon (4-13% los ntawm qhov hnyav) nrog cov ntsiab lus me me ntawm lwm cov alloying ntsiab - tooj liab, manganese, magnesium, zinc, titanium, beryllium. Siv los ua qhov nyuaj, tseem hu ua silumin lossis cam khwb cia aluminium alloy. aluminium-magnesium alloy tsev neeg(1-13% huab hwm coj) nrog rau lwm cov khoom muaj ductility siab thiab corrosion kuj.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm tooj liab hauv aircraft aluminium

Lub xub ntiag ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm aviation alloy pab txhawb rau nws hardening, tab sis tib lub sij hawm muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau nws corrosion kuj. Tso tawm ntawm cov ciam teb thaum lub sij hawm quenching txheej txheem, tooj liab ua rau cov hlau raug rau pitting, kev nyuaj siab corrosion, thiab intergranular corrosion. Copper-nplua nuj thaj chaw muaj ntau dua galvanically cathodic tshaj qhov nyob ib puag ncig aluminium matrix thiab yog li ntawd muaj kev pheej hmoo ntau dua rau galvanic corrosion. Kev nce ntawm tooj liab cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv qhov loj ntawm cov alloy mus txog 12% nce lub zog zog vim dispersion ntxiv dag zog rau lub sij hawm laus. Nrog rau cov ntsiab lus tooj liab ntau dua 12%, cov hlau ua nkig.

thaj chaw thov

Aluminium alloys yog cov feem ntau nrhiav tom qab hlau muag. Lub teeb yuag ntawm aircraft-qib aluminium thiab nws lub zog ua rau cov hlau no yog qhov kev xaiv zoo rau ntau qhov kev lag luam los ntawm lub dav hlau mus rau cov khoom siv hauv tsev (cov xov tooj ntawm tes, headphones, flashlights). Aluminium alloys yog siv nyob rau hauv shipbuilding, automotive, kev tsim kho, railway thauj, thiab kev lag luam nuclear.

Alloys nrog cov ntsiab lus tooj liab nruab nrab yog xav tau (2014, 2024 thiab lwm yam). Profiles ua los ntawm cov alloys muaj siab corrosion kuj, zoo machinability, thiab qhov chaw weldability. Lawv tau siv los ua cov qauv tseem ceeb rau dav hlau, tsheb hnyav, khoom siv tub rog.

Aircraft-qib aluminium txuas nta

Vuam ntawm aviation alloys yog nqa tawm tshwj xeeb hauv kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig ntawm inert gases. Cov roj uas nyiam tshaj yog: helium, argon lossis sib tov ntawm no. Helium muaj ntau dua thermal conductivity. Qhov no txiav txim siab qhov ntsuas kub zoo dua ntawm qhov chaw vuam, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tau yooj yim txuas cov txheej txheem tuab-walled. Kev siv cov roj sib xyaw tiv thaiv ua rau muaj kev tshem tawm cov pa ua kom tiav. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov tshwm sim ntawm pore tsim nyob rau hauv lub weld yog ho txo.

Aircraft applications

Aviation aluminium alloys tau tsim tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim cov khoom siv dav hlau. Aircraft lub cev, cav qhov chaw, chassis, roj tso tsheb hlau luam, fasteners, thiab lwm yam. yog tsim los ntawm lawv.

2xxx series aluminium alloys yog siv rau kev tsim cov khoom raug kub kub. Cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv me me, roj, hydraulic thiab roj tshuab yog ua los ntawm 3xxx, 5xxx thiab 6xxx alloys. Alloy 7075 tau txais daim ntawv thov dav tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam dav hlau, cov ntsiab lus yog tsim los ntawm nws rau kev ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev thauj khoom, tsis tshua muaj kub thiab siab tiv thaiv corrosion. Lub hauv paus ntawm cov hlau yog aluminium, thiab lub ntsiab alloying ntsiab yog magnesium, zinc thiab tooj liab. Lub zog profiles ntawm cov qauv dav hlau, cov khoom tawv nqaij yog tsim los ntawm nws.