Roj siab: muaj pes tsawg leeg, ntau lawm, daim ntawv thov

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

siab roj yog tsim los ntawm kraft pulping. Fatty acids, uas tau los ntawm cov roj crude, tau siv dav: kev tsim cov xab npum, cov ntaub ntawv pleev xim, epoxy resins, adhesives, siv los ua cov khoom siv ntxiv hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv (rubber, qhob, ntawv thiab lwm yam).

Kev piav qhia

Tall (sulfate) roj yog cov kua sib tov ntawm cov organic compounds (feem ntau yog cov roj fatty thiab resin acids), uas muaj xim tsaus thiab tsw ntxhiab.

Cov tshuaj muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg hauv qab no:

• viscosity (ntawm t=40 ° C) - los ntawm 410 txog 1660 cSt;
• ntom ntawm +20 °С - 994-1001 kg / m 3;
• tshav kub muaj peev xwm - los ntawm 1.6 txog 4.1 kJ / (kg K);
• acid naj npawb - 158-163;
• flash point - 221 °C;
• autoignition kub - 304-311 ° C;
• thermal conductivity ntawm qhov kub thiab txias - 0.13-0.15 W / (m K).

Cov khoom ntawm cov roj siab (nws qhov taw tes khov kho, viscosity) tau txhim kho los ntawm kev ntxiv cov tshuaj ntxiv los ntawm phenol-formaldehyde resins, cawv thiab lwm yamkev sib txuas.

Density, resin acid cov ntsiab lus, acid naj npawb thiab saponification naj npawb nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov ntoo nyoos (nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txo qhov nqi ntawm cov ntsuas):

• conifers;
• sib tov ntawm softwood thiab hardwood;
• tawv.

Ntshav roj siab acids hu ua tallates.

Tau txais

Sulfate pulping yog ua los ntawm kev kho cov ntoo chips nrog cov tshuaj aqueous ntawm sodium hydroxide thiab sodium sulfide. Tam sim no, qhov kev siv tshuab no yog ib qho ntawm cov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov pulp. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov saum toj no reagents, resin thiab fatty acids yog saponified. Lawv hloov mus rau hauv dej cawv dub, uas yog ib tug sulfate xab npum. Cov tom kawg yog siv los ua cov roj siab.

Evaporation ntawm cawv ua rau kev sib cais ntawm ib feem ntawm qhov ntom ntom, uas ntab mus rau saum npoo. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom yog nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 100-140 kg ib tuj ntawm raw khoom. Crude siab roj yog tsim los ntawm 2 txoj kev:

1. Lub sijhawm. Cov xab npum sulfate tau muab tso rau hauv lub reactor qhov twg nws raug rau 30% H₂SO₄ kua. Cov txheej txheem decomposition kav 2-3 teev, tom qab ntawd tib lub sijhawm, qhov sib tov sib xyaw ncaj qha rau hauv lub reactor. Cov kua yog stratified rau hauv 3 txheej, sab saum toj txheej muaj roj. Nws yog siv los ntxuav thiab ziab ntxiv.
2. Txuas ntxiv. Ua ntej, cov xab npum yog ntxuav nrog kev daws ntawm lye, tom qab ntawd dhau los ntawm homogenizer thiab lim los ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab impurities. Kev sib xyaw nrog H₂SO₄ yog nqa tawm tsis tu ncua hauv lub twj tso kua mis. Kev sib cais ua feem yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug cais, los ntawm uas tag nrho cov Cheebtsam raug tshem tawm sai sai rau tanks.

Tus nqi ntawm cov roj siab tsim nyob ntawm ob peb yam. Nov yog:

• khoom siv;
• humidity ntawm sulfate xab npum;
• qhov zoo ntawm nws ntxuav;
• ceev faj sib cais ntawm cov feem (qhov nruab nrab feem, muaj lignin, tuaj yeem noj txog 50% ntawm cov roj nrog nws);
• decomposition technology.

Composition

Cov yam tseem ceeb hauv qab no cuam tshuam cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov roj:

• hom ntoo thiab nws hom;
• sijhawm ntawm lub xyoo thaum cov khoom raw tau sau;
• sijhawm thiab txoj hauv kev khaws ntoo;
• txheej txheem txheej txheem.

Cov roj siab siab muaj cov tshuaj hauv qab no:

• resin, lossis rosin, acids (palustral, abietic, neoabietic, dihydro- thiab tetrahydroabietic) - 40-45%;
• unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, stearic, linolenic, linoleic, palmitic) - 40%;
• cov khoom tsis zoo (aliphatic, diterpene hydrocarbons, stearin, phytosterol, cawv thiab lwm yam) - 12%;
• hydroxycarboxylic acids - txog 5%.

Ntxhais tsis tau distillation

Cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov roj siab yog cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws. Kev sib cais ntawm fatty acids thiab lwm cov khoom xyaw yog ua nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev:

• sivCov kuab tshuaj thiab lawv cov khoom sib tov (kua propane, furfural, diacetone cawv, roj av hydrocarbons thiab lwm yam);
• reacting with urea;
• decarboxylation (yog tias tsuas yog fatty acids yuav tsum tau cais);

Distillation

Hauv kev lag luam, kev faib ua feem yog ua los ntawm kev siv ob theem:

1. Distillation. Thaum rhuab mus rau 200 ° C, cov khoom tsis zoo yog distilled tawm ntawm cov roj siab.
2. Rectification (sib tov sib cais vim huab hwm coj thiab tshav kub pauv nrog chav).

Lwm txoj hauv kev los hloov cov roj yog oligomerization, uas ua rau muaj cov roj fatty acid dimers. Ntawm cov nroj tsuag thev naus laus zis hauv Asmeskas, cov txheej txheem no tau ua tiav ntawm qhov kub ntawm 230-250 ° C, nyob rau hauv siab thiab nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug catalyst - montmorillonite. Nyob rau hauv Russia, oligomerization yog nqa tawm los ntawm txoj kev autoxidation. Cov roj siab yog rhuab mus rau 195 ° C, thaum tsis tu ncua hla huab cua los ntawm nws.

Daim ntawv thov

Tom qab distillation thiab rectification, ntau hom organic tebchaw tau txais, uas tau siv dav:

• Tall roj fatty acids mus txog 97% ntshiab (xim thiab luam ntawv kev lag luam).
• Tall rosin (paper thiab xab npum ntau lawm, tsim cov nplaum rau daim duab los qhia thiab ntawv, kev lag luam cable).
• Distilled siab roj (xws li ua xab npum, tsim cov kua roj vanish, resins, xim, emulsifiers, linoleum; roj hmab regeneration, taw qhia raws li ib tug khi rau hauv xuab zeb-av nplaum castingforms).
• Tall suab (asph alt, fiberboard ntau lawm).

Roj hauv nws daim ntawv nyoos, undistilled yog siv rau cov laj thawj hauv qab no:

• Fibreboard impregnation rau hardening thiab hydrophobization;
• ntxiv rau kev tsim cov pob zeb hauv av thiab iav ntaub plaub (kev txhim kho lub zog ntawm cov av noo);
• tsim cov khoom flotation-foaming agents;
• softener rau roj hmab;
• tsim cov resins thiab xim thiab varnishes (xim, varnishes), plasticizers;
• lubricants thiab lubricants rau kev ua textile;
• ntxiv rau bitumen los txhim kho nws cov khoom nplaum.

Tallates yog siv los tsim cov tshuaj hauv qab no:

• roj pleev xim thiab cov kua roj vanish (ntxiv kom ua kom lawv qhuav);
• catalysts rau tshuaj tiv thaiv;
• tus neeg saib xyuas;
• asph alt thiab wax hardeners;
• waxed ntawv rau kev tiv thaiv corrosion.

Cov roj siab tseem muaj cov sterols siab (txog 3%) piv rau lwm cov roj zaub. Cov tshuaj no muaj kev lom zem thiab cog lus rau kev siv tshuaj, cosmetology thiab kev lag luam zaub mov.