History of the creation of paper. Ntawv ntau lawm

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov ntawv muaj ntau tshaj li ib txhiab xyoo, thiab txog rau niaj hnub no nws tseem yog cov feem ntau txhais tau tias ntawm kev xa cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ib tug duab los yog cim. Tab sis nws kuj tau pom nws siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub, raws li ib tug ntim khoom, nyob rau hauv lub sab hauv tsim thiab huv si lub hom phiaj.

Nrog nws txoj kev pab, cov duab nraaj tau kis los ntawm kev kos duab. Yog tias yav dhau los cov no tuaj yeem yog thawj cov duab kos duab kos duab ntawm cov khoom thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig, tam sim no cov duab ntxaws ntxaws tau luam tawm rau ntawm daim ntawv, qhia txog qhov muaj tiag nyob ib puag ncig kom ze li sai tau.

Tab sis yog peb tham txog kev sau ntawv, nws tshwm sim sai dua li daim ntawv tshwm sim. Yav dhau los, cov khoom siv no muaj ntau yam kev xaiv. Ib txhia ntawm lawv, ua ncaj ncees, tau ntev npaum li cas. Tab sis daim ntawv kuj muaj nws qhov zoo, uas tso cai rau nws los ua ntau yam. Cov txheej txheem no yog heterogeneous heev. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj lawv paub txog cov ntawv txawm ua ntej peb era, ces European civilizations koom nws nyob rau hauv nruab nrab hnub nyoog.

Papermaking hloov nrog lub advent ntawmtshiab technologies. Ntxiv mus, qhov no tau txiav txim siab ob qho tib si los ntawm cov kev cai ntawm cov tshuab luam ntawv tshiab, thiab los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm nws cov khoom. Yog tias ua ntej nws yog qhov tsim nyog los ua cov ntaub npuag rau nws cov khoom, tom qab ntawd nrog kev tshwm sim ntawm Industrial Revolution thiab kev tshawb pom ntawm cellulose, txhua yam hloov pauv.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm daim ntawv hauv kev txhim kho hauv zej zog tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees - los ntawm cov ntawv tseeb thiab kev tshawb fawb. Kev muaj cov phau ntawv tau ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv kev kawm, uas tau ua kom muaj kev vam meej hauv kev lag luam.

Tam sim no, lub luag haujlwm ntawm daim ntawv poob qis, tab sis txawm tias muaj kev tswj hwm cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob, txhua cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb muaj lawv cov khoom siv, txawm tias lawv yog cov ntawv nyiaj txiag lossis cov ntawv pov thawj.

Daim ntawv twg yog rau

Nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, peb siv cov khoom siv ntawv hauv peb lub neej txhua hnub, qee zaum tsis xav txog nws. Peb ntsib nws tom tsev thiab tom haujlwm. Nws yog siv rau kev tshaj tawm, nws luam cov ntawv txais nyiaj rau cov khoom yuav khoom, thiab, tom qab tag nrho, ntau zaus peb them rau kev yuav khoom nrog daim ntawv banknotes.

Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yog tsim los siv los khaws thiab hloov kev paub. Tam sim no lub luag haujlwm no tau muab rau cov phau ntawv, daim ntawv qhia, ntawv xov xwm thiab lwm yam khoom lag luam luam tawm.

Rau lub hom phiaj kho kom zoo nkauj, ntawv yog siv rau phab ntsa ntawv, luam ntawv duab, thiab ua lub hauv paus rau paintings thiab prints.

Daim ntawv cardboard yog siv los ua cov khoom ntim. Nws yog siv los ua ob lub thawv loj rau thauj khoom, thiab cov hnab me me ntawm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo lossis mis nyuj.

Daim ntawv nrog dej cimcov paib thiab lwm yam kev tiv thaiv qib yog siv rau cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb uas tau muab rau hauv ib daim qauv: ntawv hla tebchaws, daim ntawv pov thawj, ntawv tso cai, thiab lwm yam. Kev tsim cov ntawv siv cov thev naus laus zis zoo sib xws kuj tseem siv los ua cov ntawv txhab nyiaj.

Daim ntawv hauv daim kab xev yog siv los nyeem cov ntsuas ntsuas hauv tshuaj thiab kev tshawb fawb. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom siv uas tsis tsim los ua haujlwm nrog cov xov xwm digital.

Saib yav dhau los

Ancient dluab ntawm cov tsiaj thiab yos hav zoov rau lawv, ua los ntawm cov pab pawg neeg thaum ub, tuaj yeem pom ntawm phab ntsa ntawm qhov tsua. Thawj tus neeg Iyiv sau ntawv uas tau nqis los rau peb kuj tau sau rau ntawm pob zeb slabs. Lawv hnyav, thiab ua hauj lwm nrog lawv yuav tsum tau ib yam txuj ci los ntawm tus tswv. Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm metallurgy, hlau daim hlau pib siv, tab sis cov ntawv nyeem yuav tsum tau siv rau lub casting pwm txhua zaus, uas kuj tsis yooj yim.

Hauv Mesopotamia lawv tuaj nrog cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim dua rau kev kaw. Cov Sumerians siv cov ntsiav tshuaj av nplaum rau lawv cov ntawv sau cuneiform. Nws yog ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim dua: cov av nplaum mos yog qhov yooj yim los sau, cov ntsiav tshuaj qhuav yog lub teeb. Tab sis lawv tau yooj yim heev.

Tab sis cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub nyob rau xyoo pua peb xyoo BC tau tsim papyrus, uas tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog tus thawj ntawm daim ntawv. Nws tau tsim los ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntawm tib lub npe, loj hlob tawm ntawm ntug dej ntawm Nile. Rau kev tsim khoom ncaj qha, sab hauv fibrous yog siv, uas tau muab cais los ntawm qia. Cov txheej txheem fiber ntau sib cais tau siv transversely txheeb ze rau ib leeg.phooj ywg thiab muab tso rau hauv siab. Ob lub kua txiv ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab cov av nkos Nile, nplua nuj nyob rau hauv silt deposits thiab av nkos, thiab softened qhob cij crumb ua raws li ib tug khi khoom. Cov nplooj ntawv resulting tau glued ua ke rau hauv ib tug scroll. Nws yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo los khaws cov ntaub ntawv, papyrus yog lub teeb, yooj yim rau kev thauj mus los, thiab nws tuaj yeem sau cov ntawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus loj ntawm nws.

Yim daim ntawv

Kev tsim thawj daim ntawv los ntawm Suav silk tshwm sim ua ntej peb lub sijhawm. Tab sis nws qhov tseeb ntawm keeb kwm thiab lub sijhawm tshwm sim tsis paub. Archaeological excavations tau unearthed scraps ntawm daim ntawv nyob rau hauv ib lub qhov ntxa yos rov qab mus rau lub pre-Han Dynasty era. Tab sis thawj daim ntawv, ib yam li papyrus, yog kim heev. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, cov ntsiav tshuaj ntoo muaj ntau dua, uas cov ntawv nyeem tau raug hlawv nrog cov cwj mem rhuab.

Nws yog qhov paub tseeb tias nyob rau hauv 105, tus huab tais tus kws pab tswv yim Cai Lun tau txais lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus thawj coj thiab lwm yam kev qhuas rau nws txoj kev koom tes rau kev txhim kho cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis. Tsuas yog tsis lees paub silkworm cocoons los yog ntaub scraps tau los ntawm bast ntawm mulberry ntoo tau siv rau nws cov khoom. Lawv tau muab faib ua me me, tom qab uas lawv tau crushed nyob rau hauv ib lub mortar yuav luag mus rau lub xeev ntawm hmoov. Lub resulting loj yog tov nrog dej ntshiab mus rau hauv ib homogeneous gruel, uas yog ces nteg tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug tsim xyoob sieve. Cov thav duab ntawm nws sab teeb tsa qhov loj ntawm daim ntawv, thiab lub qhov tau pab ua kom qhov cua, cua ntws thiab, vim li ntawd, ceev ceev.ziab tawm. Yuav kom du tawm cov qauv mesh, daim ntawv tau muab tso rau ntawm ob lub pob zeb polished. Yog li, nws tig tawm du thiab nyias tib lub sijhawm.

Tom qab qhov kev tsim kho ntawm txoj kev no, cov txheej txheem ntxiv ntawm kev tsim cov ntawv txhim kho sai heev. Nyob rau hauv cov cuab yeej tsim khoom, tshwj xeeb binders raws li cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab thiab cov kua nplaum ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb tau pib siv, uas ua rau cov ntawv siv tau ntev dua. Thiab lub hauv paus tsis yog tsuas yog txhob lo lo ntxhuav fiber ntau xwb, tab sis kuj muaj lwm yam paj rwb thiab linen fabrics, thiab hemp xov, uas feem ntau yog siv los ua ropes.

Ib yam rau daim ntawv

Ua ke nrog kev qhia txog kev cai dab qhuas los ntawm Tuam Tshoj, cov phau ntawv tau muab faib rau Kaus Lim Kauslim thiab Nyij Pooj, uas tau sib raug zoo nrog nws, raws li, lawv kuj tau txais kev paub txog kev tsim cov ntawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tsim cov ntawv thiab thev naus laus zis ntawm nws txoj kev tsim tau mastered los ntawm cov teb chaws nyob sib ze ntawm Central Asia thiab Middle East. Tab sis daim ntawv tuaj rau Tebchaws Europe tsuas yog tom qab kev kov yeej ntawm Spain los ntawm Arabs.

Tau kawg, ua ntej nws faib, lwm cov ntaub ntawv tau siv los sau cov ntawv. Txij li thaum ancient sij hawm, papyrus kim heev tau hloov nrog parchment thiab wax ntsiav tshuaj.

Cov tom kawg yog cov phaj ntoo uas siv quav ciab rau hauv ib txheej nyias. Cov cuab yeej sau ntawv yog ib lub zog hlau nplaum, ib sab ntawm cov ntawv uas tau muab khi rau kev sau ntawv, thiab qhov thib ob, tiaj tus, tau muab pov tseg, tom qab ntawd cov ntawv tuaj yeem sau dua. Txoj kev no tau siv dav rau kev qhia sau ntawv thiab tsim cov ntaub ntawv ib ntustus cwj pwm mus txog rau Hnub Nyoog Nrab.

Rau kev siv sijhawm ntev, parchment ua los ntawm cov tawv nqaij ntawm cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb tau siv. Hauv kev lag luam tawv, cov tawv nqaij ntawm yaj lossis tshis tau soaked hauv lye, softened thiab nias. Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm parchment yog tias nws tso cai sau rau ntawm ob sab. Yog li ntawd, thawj phau ntawv nyob sab Europe tau tsim los ntawm nws.

Birch bark tau siv nyob rau hauv ancient Russia. Tab sis, hmoov tsis, tsuas yog me me ntawm cov ntawv sau rau nws tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no.

Predecessors ntawm niaj hnub ntawv

Keeb kwm ntawm ntawv nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv niaj hnub tsis muaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. Lub tshuab ntawm nws cov khoom sib txawv nyob ntawm cov khoom siv, txawm tias nws yog rags lossis ntoo.

Kev sim siv ntoo fibers ncaj qha tsis tau txais txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb. Txawm hais tias xyoob tau ntse siv hauv Suav teb thaum kawg ntawm thawj txhiab xyoo ntawm peb lub sijhawm.

Cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau phau ntawv yog cov ntawv pov tseg qub thiab hnav khaub ncaws canvas. Cov khoom pheej yig dua, piv txwv li, straw, mus rau ntawv xov xwm. Nws tau mus txog qhov tsis txaus ntawm lawv, qee lub tebchaws tau tshaj tawm txoj cai txwv tsis pub xa tawm ntawm rags. Thiab nyob rau hauv Amelikas, qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim thaum phau ntawv luam ntawv muag cov phau ntawv tsuas yog rau cov uas coj lawv cov ntaub ntawv raw rau kev ua haujlwm. Raws li qhov kev xav tau nrawm, nws cov nqi tau nce, uas ua rau muaj kev tshwm sim ntawm kev lag luam dub.

Cov khoom nyoos crushed tau muab tso rau hauv lub vat loj dej, tom qab ntawd lawv ua tib zootov kom txog rau thaum lub xeev ntawm kev ncua, thaum cov hais tau muab tso rau hauv cov sib tov ntau los yog tsawg uniformly. Thaum xub thawj, kev siv tes ua haujlwm tau siv, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub scooper tau txais kev hwm heev. Nws tau ua kom paub tseeb tias cov khoom lag luam ib nrab tiav mus txog rau lub xeev xav tau, tom qab ntawd nws tso cov gruel rau ntawm ib lub sieve tshwj xeeb.

Me ntsis tom qab, cov zeb tau tshwm sim, lub log dej uas tau teeb tsa lub zog. Nws lub zog siv hluav taws xob tau hloov mus rau kev sib tsoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raw rau daim ntawv pulp. Txhua lub zeb siv cov ntawv sau los yog cov cim dej los qhia qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm nws cov khoom. Ntawm ib daim hlau mesh, ib qho kos npe tau sewn nrog hlau, uas tshwm rau ntawm daim ntawv pulp tom qab ziab.

Los ntawm Spain, ntawv lag luam tsiv mus rau lwm lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe. Italian masters tau kawm sim nrog tshuaj reagents. Daim ntawv dawb tau txais los ntawm tshuaj dawb nrog cov tshuaj chlorine, thiab kev siv cov kua nplaum organic los ntawm cov pob txha tsiaj ua rau nws tsis tuaj yeem nqus cov number case.

Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ua ntej Petrine, peb lub tebchaws tau yuav daim ntawv los ntawm Fabkis thiab Ltalis, thiab tsuas yog xyoo 1714 thawj lub tshuab dej tau muab tso rau kev tsim khoom siv tshuab. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias qee qhov poob qis dua Europe los ntawm Asia, nws yog qhov uas lawv tuaj nrog txoj hauv kev los tsim cov ntawv stamped nrog cov cim dej, uas tsis yog Suav lossis Arabs muaj.

Pulp thiab Industrial Revolution

keeb kwm ntawm kev ua ntawv tau hloov pauv zoo tom qab kev kawm txog cov ntoo thiab cov tsos ntawm cov ntawv yob tsis muaj kabmesh.

Kev tshawb pom ntawm cellulose hauv xyoo 1719 yog los ntawm Fab Kis kws tshuaj René Réaumur. Nws yog nws thawj zaug tau thov nws siv hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Cellulose yog ib txheej tuab ntawm polymeric qabzib molecules uas tsim ib qho kev tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv lub cell phab ntsa. Cov txheej txheem ntawm nws kev cais tawm ntawm ntoo los yog nyom fiber ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm reagents uas zom cov tshuaj tsis ruaj khov uas ua rau cov hlwb. Qhov siab dua cov ntsiab lus cellulose hauv cov nroj tsuag, cov ntawv denser yuav tau txais los ntawm nws. Tab sis nws tsuas yog nrog lub tswv yim ntawm lub tshuab ntawv uas cov khoom siv raw no tau siv dav.

thawj lub tshuab ua cov ntawv zoo yam tsis muaj kab mesh tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Askiv. Tab sis rau lub sijhawm tam sim no, nws tseem yog tsim los ntawm cov ntaub linen siv, uas yog hauv av hauv ib lub cuab yeej tshwj xeeb hu ua "roll". Daim ntawv loj tau nteg tawm tsis nyob rau ntawm ib tug hlau sieve, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb ntaub ntawm ntom weaving. Cov ntawv txheeb tau raug hu ua "daim ntawv kos duab" hauv kev hwm ntawm tus tswv ntawm lub Hoobkas, lawv tau txais cov yam ntxwv roughness thiab velvety. Qhov no tso cai rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem xim dej rau kev pleev xim, txav mus rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm canvas thiab roj pleev xim.

Tab sis qhov kev thov rau daim ntawv loj heev. Txhawm rau kom nws kom muaj nuj nqis, cov tshuab ntawv sawv. Rolls crushed sawdust, woodworking pov tseg, uas yog ces muab tso rau hauv ib tug acidic los yog alkaline ib puag ncig, qhov twg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm splitting ntoo fibers coj qhov chaw thiab cellulose raug tso tawm. Lub resulting loj ntawm daim ntawv semi-tiav khoom swelled,absorbing dej zoo. Tom qab ntawd, nws tuaj yeem raug suav hais tias yog daim ntawv nyoos. Tab sis kom muab cov duab, lub gruel tau dov ntawm ob lub oppositely rotating shafts nrog ib tug tooj liab mesh. Yog li ntawd, daim ntawv nyob rau hauv yob tau yug los. Thiab tsuas yog daim ntawv tau txais tom qab txiav nws nrog riam tshwj xeeb. Cov txheej txheem no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov ntawv ntawm ib qho me me thiab qhov hnyav ntawm tus nqi loj hauv txoj kev yuav luag tsis siv neeg.

Nyob ntawm nws lub hom phiaj, cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb tau qhia rau hauv daim ntawv pulp. Piv txwv li, daim ntawv tshwj xeeb "daim duab" tau ua tiav nrog lub teeb-sensitive Cheebtsam, uas yog vim li cas txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov duab tau ua nyob rau hauv ib chav tsev nrog lub teeb liab. Thiab cov dyes muab cov nplooj ntawv xav tau ntxoov ntxoo.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm daim ntawv hauv kev txhim kho tib neeg

Rau lub sijhawm ntev ntawm cov ntawv tsim tawm tseem yog kev lag luam zais cia ntawm lub voj voog txwv ntawm cov tswv. Cov txheej txheem ntawm nws cov chaw tsim khoom yog heev laborious. Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, nrog rau kev siv, yog qhov tsim nyog ntawm cov chav kawm muaj nyiaj, uas tau sau ntawv, nyeem phau ntawv, thiab txhim kho lawv cov kev kawm qib siab.

Cov ntawv xov xwm nkag tau ntau dua tau dhau los, qhov nrawm dua ntawm kev tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tshiab los ntawm ntau tus neeg tau nce. Piv txwv li, Marco Polo tau sau ib phau ntawv hais txog nws txoj kev mus ncig, ntau txhiab tus neeg nyeem nws, thiab lawv daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig lawv nthuav dav. Darwin piav txog nws cov lus xaus txog keeb kwm ntawm cov tsiaj uas tuaj rau nws thaum nws tseem hluas thaum nws mus ncig ua si ntawm lub nkojBeagle.

Qhov no yog li cas qib kev kawm ntawm tib neeg tau nce, uas tsis ncaj qha coj theem kev loj hlob tam sim no los ze dua. Phau ntawv luam tawm tau tsim, qhov xav tau ntawm cov ntawv sau tes ploj, tom qab ntawd cov tshuab luam ntawv tau tshwm sim, thiab hauv computer hnub nyoog - tshuab luam ntawv.

hom ntawv niaj hnub

Keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim daim duab kos tsis tau hloov pauv ntau. Rau kev muaj tswv yim, cov ntawv ntxhib ntawm phau ntawv thiab kev tsim khoom lag luam tseem nyob hauv kev thov. Thaum xaiv nws, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lawv coj mus rau hauv tus account dab tsi lub peev xwm absorbent, yuav ua li cas cov fibers tau crushed. Qhov lawv loj dua, cov ntawv yuav ntau dua thaum khawb.

Chaw ua haujlwm lub teeb yuag daim ntawv feem ntau tsim los rau laser lossis cartridge luam ntawv. Kev luam tawm yog ua los ntawm kev siv tshuab zoo sib xws. Tab sis ua ntej cov ntawv carbon tau siv rau lub hom phiaj no, ib sab ntawm uas yog them nrog ib txheej nyias ntawm cov xim xim. Tam sim no nws tsuas yog siv rau kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov ntawv sau ntawm daim ntawv pov thawj thiab daim ntawv txais nyiaj.

Kev luam ntawv ntawm cov duab digital tau cuam tshuam zoo li daim ntawv. Cov duab luam tawm ntawm nws muaj ob qho tib si glossy nto thiab matte tiav. Raws li seb lub tshuab luam ntawv laser lossis inkjet, xaiv ntau hom ntawv los ntawm qhov ceev. Tsis tas li, daim ntawv zoo yuav tsum raug txiav txim siab thaum siv qee cov inks rov qab rau hauv daim cartridge.

Cov ntaub ntawv pov tseg pov tseg yog qhov ua tau zoo dua li lawv cov ntaub ntawv. Dov daim ntawv tso quav tso tau tsim rau ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo. Thiab nyob rau hauv America muaj ib rooj plaub thaumes tsis txhob yob, ntim cov paj huam pheej yig ua los ntawm cov ntawv mos tau tsim rau kev tu cev. Qee qhov xav tsis thoob los ntawm qhov no, tab sis cov chaw tsim khoom tau npaj los ua ke ob txoj haujlwm no.

Daim ntawv corrugated cardboard yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom pheej yig pheej yig - straw. Lub zog yog tiav los ntawm accordion-folded txheej nyob nruab nrab ntawm ob nplooj ntawv ntawm cardboard. Yog li, lub siab exerted los ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm cov khoom yog dispersed vim elastic txheej resistant rau deformations. Tab sis xws li cov duab los qhia tau pom muaj cov fibers, vim yog qhov ntxeem tau, cov thawv los ntawm nws tau deformed nyob rau hauv cov dej, txawm tias nyob rau hauv tag nrho lwm yam lawv yog heev yooj yim rau kev thauj mus los.

Tetra Pak tshuab siv rau ntim khoom noj. Lub puab txheej ntawm lub hnab, uas yog nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog ib tug ntub ib puag ncig, yog them nrog ib tug nyias txheej ntawm zaub mov. Thiab sab nrauv yog ib daim duab los qhia ci nrog lub ntsej muag glossy, uas siv lub npe, muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab lwm yam.

Prospects

Cov ntawv xov xwm dhau los dhau los lawm. Txawm hais tias kev nyeem ntawv tseem nrov heev, cov ntawv ntawv, ntawv xov xwm thiab ntawv xov xwm tau raug yuav tsawg thiab tsawg. Lawv maj mam hloov los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.

Kev ntsuas kev nyeem tau nce ntxiv hauv hluav taws xob. Yog lawm, thiab nws yooj yim dua los tsim cov ntaub ntawv hauv daim ntawv digital, thiab tom qab ntawd lees paub lawv qhov tseeb siv daim ntawv pov thawj.

Tab sis kev siv cov ntawv ua cov khoom ntim tau loj hlob tas li: lub thawv, ntau lub ntim, cov ntawv qhwv….

Txog thaum nws poobnws qhov tseem ceeb tshaj tawm los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm. Flyers, banners, posters, flyers, free gift calendars tsis xav tau kev nqis peev loj, tab sis lawv ua kom muaj kev paub txog kev lag luam zoo.

Nyob hauv txhua qhov kev lag luam uas siv cov khoom thauj khoom yuav pheej yig dua, ntawv yuav pom nws qhov chaw. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis txhob hnov qab txog nws daim ntawv thov hauv kev kos duab. Txawm tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov duab kos duab hauv computer, cov duab kos duab uas kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv, feem ntau, tseem sau rau ntawm daim ntawv lossis canvas.

Thaum ntawv ploj ntawm qee qhov chaw ntawm lub neej, nws tseem xav tau ntau hauv lwm tus.