Cov ceg tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam teeb hauv Russia

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev siv khoom siv, kev lag luam teeb tsis yog qhov kawg. Cov ceg no tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim cov ntaub, khaub ncaws, khau, thiab lwm yam. Ntxiv nrog rau cov khoom siv npaj txhij, lub teeb kev lag luam tsim cov khoom ua tiav ib nrab, qhov khoob thiab cov khoom siv rau lwm lub lag luam. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem yog cov log tsheb, cov khoom siv lim dej, cov cores rau cov hlua hlau.

Tseem muaj ceg ntawm lub teeb kev lag luam hauv Russia nyob hauv ntau lub nroog. Muaj ob peb lub chaw loj ntawm cov khoom lag luam zoo li no. Kev tsim kho kev tshawb fawb tas li tseem tab tom ua ntawm no, ntau yam tshiab sub-sector tau tshwm sim.

yam ntxwv dav dav

Kev lag luam teeb pom kev niaj hnub yog kev lag luam uas muab cov khoom tsim khoom rau kev noj ntau. Qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg kev ua ub no suav nrog tag nrho lub voj voog ntawm kev tsim khoom. Nws pib nrog kev rho tawm cov ntaub ntawv raw thiab xaus nrog kev muag khoom npaj-rau-siv.

Qhov kev lag luam no ua haujlwm los muab qib uas yuav tsum tau uacov cim qhia ntawm kev muab cov khoom lag luam uas tau siv ntau heev los ntawm cov neeg. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom tiav yuav tsum txaus siab rau qhov kev thov ntawm cov pej xeem rau lawv.

Txhua cov haujlwm uas yog ib feem ntawm kev lag luam teeb pom kev zoo tuaj yeem muab faib ua 3 pawg. Thawj ntawm cov no suav nrog kev lag luam rau kev tsim cov khoom siv raw. Cov pab pawg thib ob suav nrog cov chaw tsim khoom uas tsim cov khoom seem thiab cov khoom ua tiav. Lawv ua haujlwm los muab lawv cov khoom rau ob qho tib si kev lag luam teeb pom kev lag luam thiab lwm yam lag luam. Pab pawg thib peb suav nrog kev tsim cov khoom kawg.

Raw light industries nyob rau hauv Russia ua cov tawv nqaij, extraction ntawm paj rwb, thiab semi-tiav lawm ntau lawm muaj xws li spinning, textile ua hauj lwm. Cov ceg ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov khoom tsim tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim cov khau, khaub ncaws, ntaub pua plag, thiab lwm yam. Cov lag luam ntawm pab pawg no tuav feem ntau ntawm txhua qhov kev lag luam teeb pom kev lag luam.

Ntse

Kev lag luam zaub mov thiab teeb pom kev lag luam tuav tus tsov ntxhuav feem hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv. Lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau tag nrho kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws.

Lub teeb kev lag luam muaj ntau yam nta. Nws cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm thawj pab pawg, uas tshwj xeeb hauv kev rho tawm cov ntaub ntawv raw, nyob ze rau qhov chaw ntawm nws cov concentration. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov khoom kawg, tus kheej theem ntawm lub voj voog tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv cov chaw tsim khoom sib txawv. Kev lag luam puv voj voog tsis tshua muaj nyob ntawm no.

Kev mloog zoo tau them rau cov txheej txheem tiav. Cov tsos ntawm cov khoom plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Yog li ntawd, mus rau recruitmentCov kev cai muaj feem xyuam (piv txwv li, saj) thov.

Kev lag luam hauv qhov haujlwm no feem ntau yog me me. Lawv ua hauj lwm dynamically, tas li hloov lawv assortment. Qhov no yog vim qhov hloov pauv tas li ntawm kev zam, cov neeg siv khoom nyiam. Cov poj niam feem ntau ua haujlwm hauv cov lag luam no. Cov neeg siv khoom kawg yog feem ntau yog ib tus neeg. Cov yam ntxwv no raug coj mus rau hauv tus account hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov voj voog ntau lawm.

Kev cia siab rau kev nqis peev

Kev lag luam zaub mov thiab teeb pom kev hauv peb lub tebchaws muaj peev xwm zoo rau kev nqis peev. Qhov no yog vim muaj ntau ntawm cov khoom siv uas tsis siv ntau lawm. Nws kuj tseem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov tub ua lag luam los nqis peev lawv cov nyiaj hauv kev tsim khoom vim tias muaj kev lag luam loj ntawm kev nqis peev thiab lawv cov nyiaj rov qab sai. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev lag luam sawv cev tsis tas yuav tsum muaj peev txheej loj. Nws muaj peev xwm ua kom tiav ntau tshaj ob lub voj voog ua tiav hauv ib xyoos. Nws kuj hais txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev nqis peev.

Koj tuaj yeem txuas cov khoom siv hauv ob peb lub hlis xwb. Yog li ntawd, thawj xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm, xws li kev lag luam tuaj yeem ua tau nyiaj. Cov neeg lag luam tuaj yeem nqis peev lawv cov nyiaj pub dawb ib ntus hauv ntau dua 30 qhov sib txawv ntawm cov haujlwm. Muaj ntau yam tshiab thiab zoo heev.

Cov khoom siv raw rau lub teeb kev lag luam hauv peb lub teb chaws yog tsim tau zoo. Nws txaus siab rau cov kev xav tau ntawm kev lag luamnyob rau hauv wool, linen, tib neeg tsim threads thiab fibers, tawv thiab plaub. Cov khoom siv raw yog muab los ntawm kev lag luam ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb, tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam. Nws tus nqi yog txais. Qhov no tso cai rau peb los tsim cov khoom lag luam uas pheej yig rau ntau pawg ntawm cov neeg siv khoom.

Kev lag luam teeb pom kev lag luam muab ntau lub sijhawm rau cov tub ua lag luam. Ua lag luam nyob rau hauv qhov kev taw qhia yog cog lus.

qauv

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam teeb pom kev zoo suav nrog ntau dua 30 qhov sib txawv. Lawv raug muab tso ua ke rau hauv 3 pawg loj. Thawj qhov yog kev lag luam textile. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog cov paj rwb thiab linen ntau lawm. Nws kuj suav nrog cov lag luam hauv cov ntaub plaub, knitwear thiab silk sub-sectors. Cov chaw lag luam ntawm pab pawg no tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua thawj coj ntawm cov khoom siv raw, tsim ntau hom ntaub ntawv (woven, non-woven).

Kev lag luam khaub ncaws yog nyob rau pawg thib ob ntawm kev lag luam. Nws tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua cov ntaub thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv ntawm kev lag luam textile, tawv, pluab, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom no suav nrog ob qho tib si kev lag luam nrog kev ruaj khov (tsim cov khaub ncaws ua haujlwm) thiab ntau txoj kev lag luam, kev lag luam dynamic (tailoring ntawm designer khaub ncaws). Qhov no yog ib pab pawg neeg heterogeneous. Nws cov tuam txhab muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab muaj cov ntsiab cai sib txawv ntawm qhov chaw.

Pab pawg thib peb suav nrog cov plaub hau, tawv tawv, khau ua ntu ntu. Kev tsim tawm ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no sib koom tes nrog ib leeg.

Chaw Nyob

Cov ceg tseem ceeb ntawm cov zaub mov thiab kev lag luam teeb tsis muaj kev qhia meej meej tshwj xeeb hauv thaj chaw. Hauv yuav luag txhua cheeb tsam muaj qee yam kev tsim tawm ntawm pab pawg no. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev lag luam textile, cov cheeb tsam tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam tseem tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas.

Yog li, thaj tsam Tver thiab Ivanovo tsim cov khoom lag luam paj rwb ntau heev. Yog tias peb xav txog Central Economic Thaj Tsam, peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab txog qhov concentration ntawm cov kev lag luam ntawm no.

Ntau tshaj 55% ntawm tag nrho cov paj rwb ntaub yog tsim nyob rau hauv thaj av Ivanovo. Cov kev lag luam tsawg tsawg yog nyob hauv Moscow (11%) thiab cheeb tsam Vladimir (7%). Nyob rau hauv Moscow ncaj qha, 6% ntawm tag nrho cov paj rwb fabrics nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no yog tsim.

Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb hauv kev tso chaw ntawm kev lag luam teeb pom kev zoo yog xyaum tsis txawv ntawm lwm qhov haujlwm. Lawv feem ntau ntxiv cov complex ntawm lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag, thiab kuj txaus siab rau cov kev xav tau nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam.

Nyob rau hauv

Tsis muaj kev pom zoo ntawm qhov chaw tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom lag luam sawv cev. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj peb pawg tseem ceeb ntawm cov xwm txheej cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem no. Lub teeb kev lag luam tuaj yeem nyob rau hauv tus account qhov concentration ntawm cov khoom siv raw, cov neeg siv khoom lossis cov peev txheej ua haujlwm. Yav dhau los, cov lag luam nyob rau hauv no sphere ntawm lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag yog heev nyob ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub zog lag luam. Niaj hnub no, ua tsaug rau qhov muaj cov peev txheej, qhov no tau dhau los uame.

Tus neeg siv khoom cuam tshuam cuam tshuam rau cov tuam txhab tsim cov khoom siv raw. Lawv cov khoom muaj qee zaum tsis zoo thauj mus los ntev. Yog li ntawd, xws li cov lag luam yog concentrated nyob ze ntawm lub factories ua raw khoom.

Tsis tas li, cov tuam txhab ua lag luam tseem ceeb nyob ze ntawm cov chaw muab paj rwb, chaw ua liaj ua teb, thiab lwm yam. Qhov no txo qis cov nqi tsim khoom thiab nce nws cov txiaj ntsig.

Kev Ua Haujlwm kuj yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv qhov chaw ntawm cov lag luam. Feem coob ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm no yog poj niam. Yog li ntawd, nws yog advisable mus tsim factories ntawm nthuav tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nrog hnyav kev lag luam qhauj. Lawv feem ntau ntiav cov txiv neej. Qhov no tso cai rau kev siv tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov peev txheej ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam.

Textiles

Textile ntau lawm yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub teeb kev lag luam. Nws tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim cov ntaub rau cov pej xeem thiab lwm yam kev lag luam (ko taw, khaub ncaws, kev lag luam zaub mov, engineering, thiab lwm yam).

Cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm no yog kev lag luam paj rwb. Nws yog tsom rau cov khoom siv raw khoom txawv teb chaws (muab lub teb chaws ntawm Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Syria).

Kev lag luam linen kuj yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam textile. Nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv, zus tau tej cov fabrics technical yog tseem ceeb tshaj li cov khoom hauv tsev.

thawj qhov chaw hauv kev lag luam textile hais txog kev tsim khoom tag nrho yog nyob los ntawm cov lag luam los ntawmkev ua ntaub plaub. Qhov no yog vim tus nqi siab ntawm cov khoom siv raw. Tus nqi ntawm cov cuab tam ruaj yog siab dua tsuas yog hauv kev lag luam paj rwb. Xws li cov tuam txhab tsim cov xov, ntaub, thiab cov khoom tiav.

Kev lag luam silk yog ¾ ntawm cov mills. Lawv tshwj xeeb hauv cocoon winding, weaving, spinning, finishing operations. Fabrics thiab threads tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim, cov fibers, nrog rau kev sib xyaw ntawm ntau hom xov.

khaub ncaws kev lag luam

Kev lag luam khaub ncaws ntawm kev lag luam lub teeb yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv ntau tshaj plaws. Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv raw ntawm no tuaj yeem ncav cuag 80%. Kev ua haujlwm ntxiv ntawm fabrics, linens, knitwear, tawv tawv thiab plaub yuav tshwm sim ntawm no.

Kev lag luam no ua txog 4/5 ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv hauv tsev. Qhov no yog kev lag luam heterogeneous. Nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv, yooj yim zus tau tej cov distinguished, assortment ntawm uas tsis hloov mus rau lub sij hawm ntev. Lawv tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim cov khaub ncaws ua haujlwm. Ntau txoj kev lag luam yog concentrated hauv cov nroog loj. Lawv assortment yog hloov pauv tas li nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev zam tiam sis.

Nyob rau xyoo tas los no, cov tuam txhab lag luam ntawm kev lag luam khaub ncaws hauv tsev tau koom tes nrog cov tuam txhab txawv teb chaws. Qib siab ntawm kev cob qhia kev tshaj lij thiab cov nqi ua haujlwm tsawg pab kom nyiam cov tuam txhab txawv teb chaws. Kev tsim khoom hauv tsev txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm lawv cov khoom. Txais kev paub dhau los ntawm cov tuam txhab tsim khoom hauv ntiaj teb, cov tuam txhab tsoos tsho pib tsimCov khoom sib tw uas tuaj yeem muab tau rau lub ntiaj teb ua lag luam.

Kev lag luam khaub ncaws ua lag luam tau muab faib sib npaug thoob plaws hauv Russia. Lawv raug txhais nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua cheeb tsam. Cov khoom zoo li no feem ntau muab kev thov hauv zos rau khaub ncaws thiab lwm yam khoom.

Tawv, khau kev lag luam

Cov khoom lag luam teeb pom kev lag luam yuav ua tsis tiav yam tsis muaj tawv, khau thiab khoom plaub. Nws ua cov tawv nqaij thiab cov tawv nqaij, plaub, tawv yaj, cov ntaub ntawv zaj duab xis. khau, khoom tawv tawv, khaub ncaws, thiab lwm yam.

Raws li cov khoom tsim tawm, peb lub tebchaws nyob qib 8 hauv ntiaj teb. Daim duab no tau poob qis me ntsis hauv xyoo tas los no. Cov plaub hau ntau lawm tsis muaj analogues hauv ntiaj teb. Nws yog export oriented.

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam yog kev tsim cov khau, nrog rau cov tawv tawv. Tsis tas li ntawd hauv cheeb tsam ntawm kev tswj hwm, cov khoom siv dag siv tau siv. Nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev tsim khoom, North-Western thiab Central economic cheeb tsam yog cov thawj coj. Cov lag luam loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov lag luam sub-sector yog concentrated ntawm no. Lawv feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab St. Petersburg.

Kev lag luam khau khau yog cov khoom siv siab thiab siv zog ua haujlwm. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau lub sub-sector los ntxiv dag zog rau nws tus kheej raw khoom puag. Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom lag luam semi-tiav thiab cov khoom siv tau nce mus tas li. Qhov no suav nrog kev tsim cov khoom kim, tsis muaj kev sib tw ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua lag luam.

Cov khoom tawv yog nthuav tawm raws lihnab, hnab looj tes, rooj plaub, nrog rau cov pob thiab lwm yam khoom.

Cov teeb meem kev lag luam

Kev lag luam ntawm kev lag luam teeb pom kev lag luam muaj ntau qhov txwv. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias lub zog ntawm kev loj hlob ntau lawm yog qhov zoo, cov khoom ntawm domestic qhauj tsuas yog 20% ntawm tag nrho cov turnover. Qhov no yog vim muaj ntau yam.

Cov nyiaj hli ntawm cov kws tshaj lij uas tsim nyog tau qis heev. Qhov no ua rau poob ntawm kev txaus siab ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom kawg raug txo qis, uas ua rau tsis muaj kev sib tw txawm nyob hauv kev lag luam hauv tsev.

Nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov cuab tam ruaj, ntau dua 50% yog nyob ntawm cov khoom siv tsis siv lawm. Nws tau ua haujlwm rau ntau tshaj 10 xyoo, uas tsis tso cai rau kev nce cov khoom lag luam, los tsim cov khoom siv niaj hnub. Nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws tsim, tus nqi ntawm obsolescence ntawm taag cuab tam tsis tshaj qhov pib ntawm 15%.

Tsis muaj peev txheej tiv thaiv kev lag luam los ntawm kev nthuav dav thiab tsim cov thev naus laus zis tshiab. Cov no feem ntau yog cov chaw tsim khoom me me uas tsim cov khoom lag luam rau cov neeg siv khoom tsawg.

Xyaum nyob rau hauv txhua ceg tseem ceeb ntawm lub teeb kev lag luam muaj monopolization. Nws yog qhov nyuaj heev rau cov lag luam tshiab los daws lawv. Yog tias tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa los ntawm tsoomfwv, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam teeb pom kev zoo hauv peb lub tebchaws yog qhov teeb meem loj heev. Nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau faib cov nyiaj pab thiab nyiaj pab rau cov lag luam tshiab, txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim ntawm monopoly nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov sub-sectors. Kev nqis peev ntau ntxiv yuav txhawb nqa cov khoom siv kho dua tshiab thiabntau lawm technologies. Qhov no yuav pab cov tuam txhab lag luam nkag mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam thiab tsim cov khoom sib tw.

Tom qab tau tshuaj xyuas cov ceg tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam teeb pom kev zoo, nrog rau lawv cov yam ntxwv, peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab txog kev txhim kho ntawm thaj chaw no ntawm lub teb chaws ntau lawm. Cov teeb meem uas twb muaj lawm thiab kev txwv yuav tsum raug tshem tawm los ntawm txoj cai lij choj thiab los ntawm kev nyiam cov peev txheej los ntawm cov neeg ua lag luam hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws.