Polyols yog polyhydric cawv (polyalcohols): khoom, ntau lawm thiab kev siv

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Polyols tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam niaj hnub. Cov no yog cov khoom ntawm cov organic keeb kwm nrog ntau yam khoom muaj txiaj ntsig. Polyols yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov polymers, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tawg, tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab khoom noj khoom haus.

Txhais thiab cov khoom dav dav ntawm polyalcohols

Polyalcohols, lossis polyols, yog cov organic tebchaw uas nws cov molecules muaj ntau dua ib pawg hydroxyl. Lwm lub npe rau polyalcohols yog polyol thiab polyhydric cawv. Cov tshuaj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog polyols - dihydric ethylene glycol thiab trihydric glycerol.

Txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb kom tau txais cawv yog kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom siv raw. Hauv qhov xwm txheej, polyols tuaj yeem pom muaj nyob hauv cov khoom siv ntawm cov quav ciab, phev whale roj thiab lwm yam khoom zoo sib xws hauv cov khoom sib xyaw. Cov no yog cov esters ntawm cov organic acids, los ntawm cov polyhydric cawv tau yooj yim cais.

Lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov cawv ntau dua

Cawv muaj ob lossis ntau pawg hydroxyl muaj tag nrho cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw nrog ib pawg hydroxyl. Ib qho tshwj xeeb cov cuab yeej yog tsim cov xiav complexes thaum tooj liab hydroxide thiab polyol ua ke - qhov no yog ib qho zoo heev cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau polyhydric alcohols.

Cov cawv ntau dua oxidize sai dua cov tebchaw uas tsis muaj molecular. Lub teeb thiab kev sib cuag nrog huab cua ua kom cov txheej txheem oxidation.

Cawv uas muaj txog li 11 carbon atoms yog cov kua uas muaj ntau cov pa roj carbon atom - cov khib nyiab uas yaj hauv ether thiab ethanol.

Industrial applications

Polyalcohols yog siv nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua qhov chaw lag luam. Kuj ceeb tias, kev siv tib yam tshuaj hauv kev lag luam nyob deb heev ntawm ib leeg. Yog li, glycerin yog siv hauv cosmetology thiab hauv kev tsim cov khoom tawg. Yog tsis muaj polyols, zus tau tej cov yas, xim thiab varnishes, polyurethanes, thermosetting polymer resins, antifreezes yog tsis yooj yim sua.

Hauv kev tsim cov yas, polyalcohols tuaj yeem ua kom elasticity, tiv thaiv deformation, thiab ua kom cov khoom ruaj khov.

Cov neeg siv khoom txaus siab tshwj xeeb rau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev siv cov cawv polyhydric hauv kev lag luam khoom noj. Cov tshuaj no muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb uas tso cai rau lawv ntxiv rau cov zaub mov kom ua tiav qhov qab zib. Polyols yog cov khoom qab zib zoo nrog ntau yam txiaj ntsig:

• non-toxic;
• ua tiav los ntawm tib neeg lub cev;
• low-calorie;
• tsis ua rau caries;
• tuaj yeem noj tau los ntawm cov ntshav qab zib.

Kev siv cawv hauv cov zaub mov tsis tas yuav nqustso tawm cov tshuaj insulin, yog li ntawd, qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm lawv cov kev siv hauv kev tsim cov khoom lag luam ntshav qab zib yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb. Yog li, nrog kev siv polyalcohols, zom cov pos hniav, qhob noom xim kasfes, dej qab zib, cov khoom qab zib qab zib tau tsim.

Qee cov khoom qab zib muaj txiaj ntsig zoo uas tsis cuam tshuam nrog lub peev xwm ntxiv qab zib rau cov khoom noj. Yog li, glucite (lub npe thib ob ntawm sorbitol) yog siv nyob rau hauv pharmacology raws li ib tug flavoring tus neeg sawv cev thiab thickener rau kua ntau npaum cov ntaub ntawv. Xylitol suav nrog hauv cov tshuaj rau kev noj zaub mov hauv cov hlab ntsha.

Tsis tas li, sorbitol yog siv los ua cov khoom siv hygroscopic hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv nqaij ua tiav los ua kom lub txee lub neej ntawm cov khoom. Tib yam khoom ntawm khaws cia noo tso cai rau kev siv sorbitol hauv cosmetology hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj pleev, tshuaj pleev thiab tshuaj txhuam hniav.

Kev hloov qab zib. Polyols hauv kev lag luam khoom noj

Cov khoom qab zib nto moo tshaj plaws yog sorbitol thiab xylitol. Cov no yog cov khoom uas tau txais los ntawm cov khoom nyoos zaub, uas ua rau lawv muaj txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb hauv qhov muag ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Sorbitol thiab xylitol ntawm pob khoom raug xaiv los ua zaub mov ntxiv E420 thiab E967. Nyob rau hauv lawv daim ntawv ntshiab, lawv yog crystalline tshuaj nrog ib tug qab zib saj.

Sorbitol thiab xylitol yog tsim los ntawm pob kws, siv paj rwb pov tseg, qee cov ntoo tawv.

Hais txog qhov qab zib, cov khoom qab zib muaj ntau dua 50% qis dua cov qab zib li niaj zaus. Tab sis lwm yam zoo ntawm polyols tshaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv ntawm flavoring.kev xav:

• tsis ua mob rau lub plhaub ntawm cov hniav - tiv thaiv kab mob;
• siv hauv cov zaub mov noj - cov ntsiab lus calorie tsawg;
• nqus los ntawm lub cev yam tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm insulin - cov khoom noj ntshav qab zib;
• muaj cov nyhuv laxative me me - siv kho mob.

Ntxiv rau qhov qab zib, qhov ua kom txias yog ntxiv rau qhov saj, uas ua rau kev siv sorbitol thiab xylitol tsis haum rau kev ntxiv rau qee yam khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, cov teebmeem tib yam no tseem ceeb rau kev zom cov pos hniav.

Chocolate nrog polyols

Lub txias thiab qab qab zib muaj nyob hauv sorbitol thiab xylitol tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov saj ntawm cov khoom lag luam cocoa. Tias yog vim li cas, feem ntau, cov neeg mob ntshav qab zib chocolate muaj cov saj tshwj xeeb thiab qhov seem txias txias ntawm tus nplaig.

Qhov tseeb no tsis tau txhais hais tias polyols hauv chocolate yuav tsum raug zam. Siv beets ua raw khoom rau zus tau tej cov polyols, ib yam khoom xws li isom alt yog synthesized. Cov khoom no yog indistinguishable los ntawm cov suab thaj zoo tib yam, tab sis yog tsawg caloric thiab haum rau diabetics. Pom E953 qhob noom xim kasfes ntawm cov khoom xyaw, tus neeg yuav khoom tuaj yeem paub tseeb tias nws yuav tau txais cov khoom lag luam nrog cov khoom qab zib ntshiab thiab nplua nuj.

Kev cuam tshuam ntawm polyalcohols rau tib neeg. Cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev phom sij

Nrog kev txaus siab rau kev noj zaub mov ntau ntxiv los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom txaus siab rau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog polyols. Nws yog dab tsi, teeb meem los tsis, ntau xav paub. Hais txog cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm polyhydric cawv, hauvthawj yam uas yuav tsum xav txog yog cov khoom siv los ua zaub mov additives.

Raws li tau hais los saum no, sorbitol, xylitol thiab isom alt yog cov piam thaj hloov hauv cov khoom noj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv cov txiaj ntsig zoo li tshuaj tua kab mob, ntshav qab zib, kev noj haus thiab kev tiv thaiv yog pom tseeb. Sorbitol thiab xylitol muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm txoj hnyuv thiab siv los ua cov tshuaj laxative.

Qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau tib neeg lub cev yog nyob ntawm qhov ntau thiab siv ntau zaus. Kev noj haus tsis tu ncua ntawm cov koob tshuaj ntau ntawm cov piam thaj hloov pauv raws li polyols tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv plab hnyuv, ua rau mob cholecystitis, ua rau xeev siab, thiab mob taub hau. Nws tsis pom zoo kom siv cov khoom qab zib rau cov neeg uas muaj lub siab lossis lub raum tsis ua haujlwm, kab mob hauv plab thiab kab mob siab ntev.

Xylitol yog qhov phom sij rau dev. Tus tsiaj lub cev siv txawm tias qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj rau qab zib thiab ua rau muaj zog tso tawm ntawm insulin. Qhov tshwm sim yog glycemia nrog qhov kev cia siab tu siab.

Ntiaj teb thiab Lavxias polyol lag luam

Polyalcohols rau kev xav tau kev lag luam yog tsim los ntawm txhua lub tebchaws tsim hauv ntiaj teb. Cov ntim uas twb muaj lawm ntawm kev tsim muaj peev xwm ntawm cov cawv ntau dua hauv peb lub tebchaws tsis txaus los ua kom tag nrho lub khw. Yog li ntawd, feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raw yog imported los ntawm lwm lub teb chaws. Qhov piv ntawm kev tsim khoom hauv tsev rau kev xa khoom ntawm polyols yog 1: 3. Qhov no feem ntau siv rau cov khoom siv petrochemical.

Kev tsim khoom hauv tsev ntawm polyols hauv Russianqa tawm nyob rau hauv ntim sib xws rau tiag tiag thov. Feem ntau ntawm cov polyols rau zus tau tej cov ntaub ntawv polymeric nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws yog siv rau kev tsim cov roj hmab ua npuas ncauj, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw thib ob yog cov kev xav tau ntawm kev lag luam tsheb thiab kev tsim kho.

Lub khw muag cawv qab zib hauv Russia yog 90% ntshuam. Tus kheej tsim cov khoom noj polyols los ntawm cov khoom siv raw khoom tau tsim tawm ntawm ib tsob ntoo - Marbiopharm LLC.

Kev ntsuas qhov kev thov rau polyhydric cawv unambiguously kwv yees kev loj hlob ntawm kev thov hauv txhua qhov kev lag luam hauv txhua lub tebchaws. Qhov no txhais tau tias kev tsim cov polyols yuav tsim thiab nce ntim thoob ntiaj teb.