Pyrotechnic muaj pes tsawg leeg: kev faib tawm, cov khoom siv, daim ntawv thov

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Ib pyrotechnic muaj pes tsawg leeg yog ib yam khoom los yog sib tov ntawm cov khoom tsim los tsim cov nyhuv ntawm cov cua sov, lub teeb, suab, roj, pa luam yeeb, los yog ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke, raws li nws tus kheej txhawb nqa exothermic tshuaj tiv thaiv uas. coj qhov chaw tsis muaj detonation. Cov txheej txheem zoo li no tsis yog nyob ntawm cov pa oxygen los ntawm lwm qhov chaw.

Kev faib tawm ntawm pyrotechnic compositions

Lawv tuaj yeem faib los ntawm kev ua:

• Zoo heev.
• Smoke.
• Dynamic.

Thawj ob pawg tuaj yeem muab faib ua hom me me.

Fiery: illuminating, teeb liab hmo ntuj, taug qab thiab qee qhov incendiary.

Cov pa luam yeeb suav nrog cov khoom sib xyaw rau nruab hnub nrig thiab npog (fog).

hom pyrotechnics

Cov nyhuv saum toj no (lub teeb, suab, thiab lwm yam) tuaj yeem tsim siv cov khoom siv no:

• Powder flash - kub hnyiab tau sai heev, ua rau tawg lossis tawg ci ntsa iab.
• Gunpowder - hlawv qeeb dua hmoov, eits ntau cov pa roj.
• Tsev propellant - tsim ntau cov vapors kub siv los ua qhov chaw ntawm lub zog kinetic rau foob pob hluav taws thiab qhov projectiles.
• Pyrotechnic pib - tsim cov cua sov ntau, nplaim taws lossis cov nplaim hluav taws kub siv los ua rau lwm cov khoom sib xyaw.
• Kev Them Nqi - hlawv sai sai, tsim cov roj ntau hauv lub sijhawm luv, siv los tso cov khoom thauj los ntawm cov thawv.
• Cov nqi tawg - hlawv sai, tsim cov roj ntau hauv lub sijhawm luv luv, siv los tsoo lub thawv thiab pov tseg nws cov ntsiab lus.
• Smokes compositions - hlawv maj mam, ua pos huab (dawb los yog xim).
• Kev tsheb ciav hlau ncua - blazes ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm, siv los qhia qeeb rau hauv qhov hluav taws kub.
• Pyrotechnic tshav kub - emit ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm tshav kub thiab xyaum tsis kis gases, qeeb hlawv, feem ntau thermite-zoo li.
• Sparklers - tsim cov paj dawb lossis xim dawb.
• Flashes - hlawv maj mam, tsim kom muaj ntau lub teeb, siv rau teeb pom kev lossis teeb liab.
• Cov nplaim taws muaj yeeb yuj - tsim lub teeb, dawb lossis ntau xim.

Daim ntawv thov

Qee lub thev naus laus zis ntawm cov khoom siv pyrotechnic thiab cov khoom siv hauv kev lag luam thiab kev dav hlau los tsim cov pa roj ntau (piv txwv li, hauv airbags), nrog rau ntau yamfastenings thiab lwm yam zoo sib xws. Lawv kuj tau siv rau hauv kev lag luam tub rog thaum muaj suab nrov, lub teeb lossis infrared tawg ntau. Piv txwv li, decoy rockets, flares, thiab stun grenades. Ib chav kawm tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab tam sim no tab tom tshawb fawb los ntawm cov tub rog.

Ntau cov pyrotechnic tebchaw (tshwj xeeb yog cov uas muaj txhuas thiab perchlorates) feem ntau rhiab heev rau kev sib txhuam, poob siab thiab hluav taws xob zoo li qub. Txawm tias me me li 0.1 txog 10 millijoules ntawm lub txim tuaj yeem ua rau qee yam teebmeem.

phom phom

Nov yog cov hmoov dub nto moo. Nws yog cov khoom tawg yooj yim tshaj plaws uas paub txog, suav nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm sulfur (S), charcoal (C) thiab potassium nitrate (salpeter, KNO 3). Thawj ob yam khoom siv ua roj, thiab qhov thib peb yog oxidizer. Vim nws cov khoom incendiary thiab tus nqi ntawm cov cua sov thiab cov pa uas nws tsim, hmoov phom yog dav siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv cov phom thiab cov phom loj. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov foob pob hluav taws, foob pob hluav taws thiab cov cuab yeej tawg hauv kev quarrying, mining thiab kev tsim kho.

Indicators

Phom phom tau tsim nyob rau hauv Suav teb xyoo pua 7th thiab kis thoob plaws feem ntau ntawm Eurasia thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. Keeb kwm tsim los ntawm Taoists rau kev siv tshuaj, cov hmoov tau siv rau kev ua rog nyob ib ncig ntawm 1000 AD.

Phom phom yog cais rau hauvraws li qhov tawg me me vim nws qhov decomposition qeeb qeeb thiab qis brisance.

Explosive Power

Kev kub nyhiab ntawm cov hmoov phom ntim tom qab qhov projectile tsim kom muaj lub siab txaus ua rau lub muzzle hluav taws kub ceev, tab sis tsis muaj zog txaus los tawg rab phom. Yog li, cov hmoov phom yog cov roj zoo, tab sis nws tsis tsim nyog rau kev rhuav tshem pob zeb los yog fortifications vim nws tsis tshua muaj zog tawg. Los ntawm kev hloov lub zog txaus (los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws kub mus rau qhov loj ntawm cov phom loj, thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm nws mus rau lub hom phiaj ntawm cov mos txwv cuam tshuam), tus foob pob tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv.

Cov hmoov phom tau dav siv los sau cov plhaub thiab tau siv hauv kev ua haujlwm mining thiab civil engineering mus txog rau lub sijhawm thib ob ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, thaum thawj cov khoom tawg tau raug sim. Cov hmoov no tsis siv rau niaj hnub riam phom thiab kev lag luam siv vim nws qhov ua tau zoo (piv rau lwm txoj hauv kev tshiab xws li dynamite thiab ammonium nitrate lossis roj roj). Niaj hnub no rab phom phom feem ntau txwv rau kev yos hav zoov, tua phom.

Pyrotechnic tshav kub qhov chaw

Pyrotechnic compositions yog ib qho khoom siv raws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas muaj qhov tsim nyog igniter. Lawv lub luag hauj lwm yog los tsim ib tug tswj tus nqi ntawm tshav kub. Pyrotechnic cov peev txheej feem ntau yog ua raws li thermite-zoo li (los yog muaj pes tsawg leeg-retarding) roj oxidizers nrog tus nqi qis,siab tso zis ntawm qhov xav tau qhov kub thiab tsawg los yog tsis muaj roj tsim.

Lawv tuaj yeem qhib tau ntau txoj hauv kev. Kev sib tw hluav taws xob thiab lub kaus mom cuam tshuam yog qhov ntau tshaj plaws.

Pyrotechnic tshav kub qhov chaw feem ntau yog siv los qhib cov roj teeb, qhov chaw uas lawv ua haujlwm rau yaj cov electrolyte. Muaj ob hom kev tsim qauv loj. Ib tug siv lub fuse strip (muaj barium chromate thiab hmoov zirconium hlau nyob rau hauv ceramic ntawv). Thermal pyrotechnic granulation compositions khiav raws nws ntug kom pib combustion. Lub sawb feem ntau yog pib nrog hluav taws xob igniter lossis ntsaws siv tam sim no.

Tus tsim thib ob siv lub hauv paus hauv lub pob roj teeb rau hauv qhov uas lub tshuab hluav taws xob muaj hluav taws xob siab tso tawm cov roj hluav taws xob sib xyaw thiab cov roj teeb incandescent. Cov qauv tsim nrog lub qhov nruab nrab tuaj yeem txo lub sijhawm ua kom muaj zog (tsawg milliseconds). Rau kev sib piv, peb nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv nrog ib tug ntug strip, qhov taw qhia no yog pua pua milliseconds.

Kev siv lub roj teeb kuj tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog rab phom zoo li cuam tshuam primer. Nws yog ntshaw tias qhov chaw ntawm qhov raug yuav tsis muaj roj. Feem ntau, cov txheej txheem sib xyaw ntawm pyrotechnic tov muaj hlau hmoov thiab poov tshuaj perchlorate. Hauv qhov hnyav piv, cov no yog 88/12, 86/14 thiab 84/16. Cov qib perchlorate siab dua, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau dua (nominally 200, 259 thiab 297 calories / grams). Qhov loj thiab tuab ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj hlau-perchlorate muaj kev cuam tshuam me ntsis ntawm qhov kub hnyiab, tab sis lawv uaCov teebmeem ntawm qhov ntom ntom, muaj pes tsawg leeg, qhov loj me thiab tuaj yeem siv los kho qhov xav tau kev tso cua sov profile.

Lwm qhov sib xyaw siv yog zirconium nrog barium chromate. Lwm qhov sib xyaw muaj 46.67% titanium, 23.33% amorphous boron, thiab txog 30% barium chromate. Kuj muaj 45% tungsten, 40.5% barium chromate, 14.5% potassium perchlorate, thiab 1% vinyl cawv thiab binder acetate.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los tsim cov khoom sib txuas ntawm cov pyrotechnic muaj pes tsawg leeg, xws li zirconium nrog boron, tuaj yeem siv tau thaum ua haujlwm tsis muaj roj, tsis yog hygroscopic tus cwj pwm thiab kev ywj pheej los ntawm ambient siab yog xav tau.

Qhov chaw kub

Nws tuaj yeem yog ib feem ncaj qha ntawm cov pyrotechnic muaj pes tsawg leeg, piv txwv li, hauv cov tshuaj oxygen generator xws li cov khoom siv nrog ntau tshaj ntawm oxidizer. Thaum tshav kub kub combustion yog siv rau thermal decomposition. Nrog rau kev kub hnyiab, cov khoom sib xyaw yog siv los tsim cov pa luam yeeb lossis tshuaj tsuag cov tshuaj aerosol xws li tshuaj tua kab lossis CS roj, muab cov cua sov ntawm sublimation ntawm qhov xav tau.

Theem retardation tivthaiv ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, uas ua ke nrog cov khoom combustion tsim ib tug sib tov nrog ib tug txawv theem hloov kub, yuav siv tau los stabilize lub nplaim qhov siab.

khoom

Pyrotechnic compositions feem ntau yog homogenized sib tov me meroj particles thiab oxidizers. Cov yav tas yuav yog nplej los yog flakes. Feem ntau, qhov siab dua ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom, qhov siab dua ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab combustion. Rau qee lub hom phiaj, cov binders yog siv los tig cov hmoov rau hauv cov khoom siv.

Roj

Hom hom yog raws li cov hmoov hlau los yog metalloid hmoov. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav qhia tau ntau hom roj. Qee tus kuj tuaj yeem ua tus khi.

Metals

Cov roj siv dav suav nrog:

• Aluminium yog cov roj ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntau chav sib xyaw, nrog rau kev tswj hwm ntawm combustion instability. Cov nplaim hluav taws kub kub nrog cov khoom uas cuam tshuam nrog cov tsos ntawm dyes, reacts nrog nitrates (tshwj tsis yog ammonium) los tsim oxides ntawm nitrogen, ammonia thiab cua sov (kev tshwm sim qeeb ntawm chav tsev kub, tab sis tsausmuag siab tshaj 80 ° C, tej zaum nws tus kheej-ignite).
• Magnalium yog ib qho txhuas-magnesium alloy uas ruaj khov thiab tsis tshua kim dua li ib qho hlau. Tsawg reactive tshaj magnesium, tab sis ntau flammable tshaj txhuas.
• Iron - ua golden sparks, ib qho khoom siv feem ntau.
• Steel yog cov hlau thiab cov pa roj carbon uas ua rau cov ceg daj-txiv kab ntxwv sparks.
• Zirconium - Tsim cov khoom kub uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov nplaim hluav taws sib xyaw, xws li NASA tus qauv pib, thiab txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev sib kis tsis ruaj khov.
• Titanium - tsim cov pyrotechnics kub thiab sib txuas, nce ntxivrhiab heev rau kev poob siab thiab kev sib txhuam. Qee zaum Ti4Al6V alloy yog siv uas ua rau me ntsis ci ntsa iab dawb. Ua ke nrog poov tshuaj perchlorate, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv ib co pyrotechnic igniters. Cov hmoov ntxhib ua rau cov ceg zoo nkauj xiav-dawb sparks.
• Ferrotitanium yog cov hlau-titanium alloy uas tsim cov ci ntsa iab siv hauv cov hnub qub pyrotechnic, foob pob ua ntxaij, comets thiab cov kwj deg.
• Ferrosilicon yog cov khoom siv hlau-silicon siv hauv qee qhov sib xyaw, qee zaum hloov calcium silicide.
• Manganese - siv los tswj tus nqi hlawv, piv txwv li, hauv kev sib xyaw nrog ncua sijhawm.
• Zinc - siv qee cov pa luam yeeb ua ke nrog rau cov sulfur, uas yog siv los ua cov roj ua haujlwm rau cov foob pob hluav taws, nrog rau cov hnub qub pyrotechnic. Sensitive rau ya raws. Tej zaum ignite spontaneously. Tsis tshua muaj siv los ua cov roj tseem ceeb (nrog rau kev zam ntawm cov pa luam yeeb), nws tuaj yeem siv los ua ib qho ntxiv.
• Copper - siv los ua xim xiav nrog rau lwm hom.
• Brass yog ib qho hlau ntawm zinc thiab tooj liab siv hauv qee cov qauv foob pob hluav taws.
• Tungsten - siv los tswj thiab txo qis tus nqi ntawm kev sib xyaw.

Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias nws yog qhov txaus ntshai los ua cov tshuaj pyrotechnic nrog koj tus kheej tes.