Txoj cai ntawm cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov khoom siv emission. Kev txiav txim ntawm cov khoom muag thiab qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom muag commission

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Cov khoom pov tseg pov tseg rau hauv cov huab cua yog txheej txheej ntawm cov dej num uas ua los ntawm cov neeg siv xwm txheej, suav nrog kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov pa phem, kev txheeb xyuas lawv qhov chaw, kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov paib ntsuas. Nyeem ntxiv txog yuav ua li cas cov txheej txheem no mus thiab yuav ua li cas cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov khoom emission tau ua tiav.

Terminology

chaw nres tsheb ntawm emissions yog txhua qhov chaw ntawm cov pa phem emissions nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm lub tuam txhab tshuaj xyuas. Lawv tau muab faib ua ob hom:

• organized (emission yog nqa tawm los ntawm cov kav dej thiab cov kav dej);
• fugitive (emission nkag mus rau hauv huab cua vim yog cov khoom siv tsis raug).

Cov qeb kawg kuj suav nrog tsheb siv, tank ua liaj ua teb,railway and road overpasses.

Zoos

Cov khoom lag luam ntawm qhov chaw emissions rau hauv huab cua yog ua nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm:

• defining emission standard;
• ntsuas ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis rau lawv ua raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua;
• sib piv cov nqi emission nrog cov cai ntawm cov cai;
• tsim cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov chaw emissions ntawm cov khoom.

Cov txheej txheem nws tus kheej yog ua raws li Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Txoj Cai "Rau Kev Tiv Thaiv Huab Cua". Raws li txoj cai lij choj no, cov koom haum uas muaj cov pa phem yuav tsum tau: tswj cov emissions, xyuas kom meej thiab koom nrog kev tsim cov qauv tsim nyog.

khoom lag luam

• Kev faib cov pa phem.
• Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa phem (Pollutants).
• Kev soj ntsuam ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm emissions rau ib puag ncig.
• Kev txiav txim siab qib kev ua haujlwm huv.
• Kev txheeb xyuas tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov peev txheej siv los ntawm kev lag luam.

Cov khoom lag luam yog ua los ntawm txhua lub lag luam uas nws txoj haujlwm cuam tshuam nrog kev tso tawm pov tseg. Thaum lub sijhawm tshuaj xyuas, koj yuav tsum xav txog:

• qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm emissions ntawm qhov chaw tsim khoom;
• khoom ntawm qhov chaw gravitational;
• tag nrho cov pa phem;
• cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas yav dhau los.

Tim sijhawm

Lub koom haum ua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas yuav tsum ua raws li cov cai tam sim no. Yog tias txoj haujlwm tau ua los ntawmtus kheej faib, ces koj tsis tas yuav muab daim ntawv tso cai los coj lawv. Cov khoom lag luam ntawm huab cua emission qhov chaw rau qhov tshiab, niaj hnub yuav tsum tau nqa tawm txhua ob xyoos txij li hnub teeb meem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau cov khoom siv. Rau qhov chaw emission tam sim no 1 zaug rau:

• 4 xyoo - rau cov khoom muab rau qeb 1;
• 5 ntawm lub xyoo - rau cov khoom faib hauv qeb thib 2 thiab thib 3;
• 6 xyoo - rau cov khoom ntawm qeb 4;
• 10 xyoo - rau cov khoom ntawm qeb 5.

Cov chaw txawb ntawm cov pa paug tawm, nrog rau cov khoom nruab nrog lub tshuab tswj tsis siv neeg uas nyob hauv kev txuag, tsis raug rau kev txheeb xyuas.

Kev pov thawj yog ua raws li hauv qab no:

• preparation;
• examination;
• receiving and processing results.

Cia peb xav txog txhua theem hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv.

Cov ntaub ntawv

Ua ntej cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov pa paug paug tawm mus, ib lub koom haum yuav tsum:

• kho lub qhov cua thiab muab daim ntawv hla tebchaws rau nws;
• npaj cov ntsiab lus xaiv raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm;
• npaj daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tswj cov cuab yeej thev naus laus zis;
• npaj cov txheeb cais ntawm kev tsim khoom txhua xyoo, tus nqi ntawm txhua hom khoom siv raw thiab cov khoom siv pabcuam tau siv.

Muab kev pab:

• cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj;
• process diagrams;
• pib thiab tso zis xajkhoom siv;
• lwm cov ntaub ntawv xav tau kom nkag siab txhua yam ntawm kev ua haujlwm.

Kev npaj

Nyob rau theem no, yuav tsum ua ntau yam haujlwm:

- Tsim ib txoj haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Txoj hauj lwm no yog nrog lub taub hau ntawm kev pabcuam ib puag ncig thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov koom haum koom nrog hauv txheej txheem.

- Tshaj tawm daim ntawv xaj khoom, ib qho piv txwv uas yuav nthuav tawm hauv qab no. Nws qhia txog cov neeg muaj lub luag haujlwm los ua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas hauv tag nrho lub koom haum thiab hauv ib chav tsev tshwj xeeb.

- Tshawb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm rau cov ntaub ntawv raw siv hauv kev tsim khoom. Cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb yuav tsum txheeb xyuas cov pa phem tawm hauv cov txheej txheem. Ua li no, lawv tau paub txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev xeem dhau los ntawm cov khoom siv raw thiab cov khoom siv. Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg yog muab rau lub taub hau ntawm kev pabcuam hauv kev pom zoo nrog tus kws tshaj lij.

- Pom pom cov chaw tswj hwm roj (GOU), txiav txim siab qhov chaw, qhov loj me, qhov chaw, kev taw qhia ntawm emissions. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev txheeb xyuas, qhov kev ua haujlwm, lub sijhawm ntawm lawv qhov kev siv, qhov tsim nyog muab rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus piv txwv thiab ntsuas ntsuas tau txiav txim siab.

- Txheeb xyuas qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub tshuab ua pa, GOU.

Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm daim tshev, ib daim ntawv teev npe tau kos, daim ntawv tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev pabcuam ib puag ncig. Nws xaus rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv. Cov ntaub ntawv tau kos npe los ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm pawg thawj coj. Yog tias pom muaj kev sib txawv, cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub koom haum raws li kev taw qhia ntawmmechanics (zog) thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm ib tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm kev pabcuam ib puag ncig ua haujlwm kom tshem tawm lawv. Tom qab ntawd rov kuaj xyuas dua. Yog tias qhov haujlwm tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm lub sijhawm kawg, lawv raug suav nrog hauv cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov khoom siv emission. Cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog lub sijhawm kawg, kho qhov yuav tsum tau rov kuaj xyuas dua thiab ntsuas tam sim no.

Cov Khoom Muag Khoom Sample

ABC LLC

g. Moscow 21.12.2016

Order

txog kev ntim khoom

Txhawm rau ua qhov tseeb _ ib qho haujlwm raug xaiv los ntawm:

Chairman: Lub npe tag nrho Tus neeg ua haujlwm kos npe

Cov tswv cuab: Lub npe tag nrho Cov neeg ua haujlwm Kos Npe

Yuav kom paub tseeb _.

khoom muag pib hnub tim 2016-20-12 thiab xaus rau 2016-25-12

Cov khoom ntawm cov khoom muag yuav tsum muab xa mus rau Rosprirodnazor los ntawm Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 28, 2016.

Head Ivanov I. I.

Examination

Nyob rau theem no, ua tiav:

• Kev xeem Aerodynamic ntawm GOU raws li GOSTs lees txais.
• Sau cov qauv emissions, lawv tsom xam rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa phem. Rau lub hom phiaj no, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm rau qhov kev tswj xyuas yog nqa tawm thaum lub sij hawm ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis. Thaum muaj xwm txheej kub ntxhov uas yuav cuam tshuam rau qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm emissions, kev sim ntxiv tau ua tiav.
• Txiav txim siab qhov ua tau zoo ntawm GOU los ntawm kev sau cov ntawv nyeem hauv cov ntawv ua haujlwm.

Cov koom haum uas sivcov khoom siv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub nroog, kos ib qho kev cai ntawm cov khoom muag ntawm cov emissions cais rau txhua qhov chaw. Tus nqi emissions raug txiav txim raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev siv roj thiab lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm cov pa phem rau xyoo dhau los.

Cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov pa paug paug muab rau kev soj ntsuam ntawm qeb ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom saum huab cua. Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem ua tiav raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm daim tshev kawg:

• rau cov khoom raug xa mus rau pawg 4 thiab 5 nrog cov khoom ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov phom sij tsawg dua 0, 1, ua kom zoo dua cov pa phem suav nrog, lawv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig tau tsim;
• Rau cov khoom faib hauv pawg 1-3 nrog qhov ntsuas qhov phom sij ntawm cov khoom ntawm ntau dua 0, 1, daim duab sib npaug ntawm lub zog ntws tau muab tso ua ke rau xyoo dhau los, qhia txog cov khoom siv raw, hluav taws xob, roj, tus nqi ntawm cov khoom tsim.

Kuj nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem, kev tswj hwm ntawm qhov chaw tso tawm cov tshuaj raug txiav txim. Daim ntawv tso cai sib raug rau daim duab qhia chaw tsim khoom siv rau cov khoom. Lawv raug muab tso rau ib zaug thiab tsis hloov ntawm cov tshev tom ntej.

Cov peev txheej tau suav nrog 0001-5999 thiab cov peev txheej tsis koom nrog yog tus lej 6001-9999. Cais, qhov chaw ntawm cov pa phem emission raug xaiv thiab kawm, cov kev suav uas yog ua los ntawm instrumental-calculation method, thiab GOC uas lawv tsim. Thaum lub sijhawm ua pov thawj, qhov ntsuas geometric ntawm cov emissions raug txiav txim. Kev suav yog ua raws li cov xwm txheej ntawm kev teem caij thauj khoom ntawm cov khoom siv, suav nrog cov qauv kev ua haujlwm thiab raws li kev ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj.

Cov ntaub ntawv tau txais

Nyob rau theem kawg, lawv muab cov txiaj ntsig kev ntsuas ntsuas, kos cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom siv kuaj xyuas, sau cov ntawv txheeb xyuas thiab ua raws li cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov pa tawm. Cov ntaub ntawv raug kos rau hauv ob daim ntawv theej. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib daim ntawv piav qhia uas muaj cov lej emissions raug txuas nrog. Cov ntawv luam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raug xa mus rau chav haujlwm ntawm Rosprirodnadzor. Pawg neeg saib xyuas kev lees paub cov txiaj ntsig ntawm daim tshev, lossis xa cov npe ntawm cov lus pom, tom qab tshem tawm qhov kev txiav txim siab tawm.

Kev ua tiav suav nrog:

• tsim ntawm lub rooj nrog cov npe ntawm cov tsis muaj, lawv cov yam ntxwv;
• systematization ntawm cov txiaj ntsig kev xeem, suav ntawm kev tso tawm ntau ntawm txhua yam khoom;
• kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb ntawm emissions rau hauv huab cua los ntawm kev suav cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txhua yam pa phem;
• npaj cov duab qhia chaw tshiab ntawm qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov pawg summation, ntawm qhov chaw tsim khoom thiab hauv cheeb tsam ntawm nws qhov chaw.

Daim duab kos duab ntawm pawg summation tau muab tso ua ke ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm 1: 25000, qhov chaw tsim khoom - 1: 500. Tib lub sijhawm, lawv yuav tsum muaj cov npe hauv qab no:

• lus qhia;
• muab kev tswj hwm qhov system;
• hulls thiab tsev, chaw nres tsheb ntau, txoj kev;
• site ciam teb;
• ntaus thiab ciam teb ntawm emission source;
• ciam teb ntawm thaj chaw thiabthaj chaw tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb.

Ua hloov pauv

Thaum lub sijhawm siv tau ntawm txoj cai, cov neeg tsim khoom yuav tsum kho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev txheeb xyuas rau ib tus neeg muaj kuab paug yog:

• muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev tsim khoom, qhov zoo ntawm cov roj siv;
• kev tsim kho thiab kho cov cuab yeej;
• Qhov chaw ntxiv ntawm kev faib cov pa phem tau tshwm sim;
• hom kev ua haujlwm tsis suav nrog tau teeb tsa;
• hloov qhov chaw ntawm cov cuab yeej ua rau nce (los ntawm 10% lossis ntau dua) ntawm cov yam ntxwv zoo thiab ntau yam;
• Txoj cai tshiab tswj cov txheej txheem rau kev txiav txim siab emissions tau pib siv.

Kho cov txiaj ntsig tau ua nyob rau hauv rau lub hlis ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov xwm txheej no.

Lub luag haujlwm

Rau ua txhaum txoj cai lij choj hauv thaj chaw tiv thaiv huab cua, cov neeg ua txhaum cai ris lub luag haujlwm hauv qab no:

• Ncua tseg, distortion, untimely muab tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub xeev ntawm ib puag ncig, qhov chaw ntawm cov pa phem, hluav taws xob xwm txheej, lub xeev ntawm av, lub cev dej entails nplua 500-1000 rubles (rau pej xeem), 1-2 txhiab rubles. (rau cov tub ceev xwm), 10-20 txhiab rubles. (rau cov koom haum raug cai).
• Kev tso tawm tsis raug cai ntawm cov tshuaj phem rau hauv huab cua yuav raug nplua ntawm 2-2.5 txhiab rubles. (rau cov pej xeem), 4-5 txhiab rubles. (rau ib tus neeg ua lag luam), 40-50 txhiab rubles. lossis ncua kev ua haujlwm rau 90 hnub (rau cov koom haum raug cai).
• Kev ua txhaum cai ntawm kev sivemissions entails tus nqi ntawm kev nplua nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 1.5-2 txhiab rubles. (rau cov pej xeem), 3-4 txhiab rubles. (rau cov tub ceev xwm), 30-40 txhiab rubles. (rau cov koom haum raug cai).