Siv niobium. Niobium ntau lawm hauv Russia

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Nws tsim nyog pib nrog qhov tseeb tias niobium yog inextricably txuas nrog cov khoom xws li tantalum. Qhov no txawm hais tias cov ntaub ntawv no tsis tau qhib tib lub sijhawm.

Niobium yog dab tsi

hnub no paub dab tsi txog cov khoom xws li niobium? Nws yog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg uas nyob hauv pawg 5 ntawm lub rooj sib tham, muaj tus lej atomic ntawm 41, nrog rau cov atomic loj ntawm 92.9. Zoo li ntau lwm yam hlau, cov khoom no yog cov xim hlau-grey luster.

Ib qho ntawm lub cev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlau no yog nws cov refractoriness. Nws yog vim li no tus yam ntxwv uas siv niobium tau dhau los ua thoob plaws hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam. Lub melting point ntawm cov khoom no yog 2468 degrees Celsius thiab lub boiling point yog 4927 degrees Celsius.

Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov khoom no kuj nyob rau theem siab. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qib siab ntawm kev tiv thaiv qhov kub tsis zoo, nrog rau feem ntau qhov chaw nruj heev.

Production

Nws tsim nyog hais tias muaj cov ore uas muaj cov ntsiab lus Nb (niobium) ntau dua li ntawm tantalum, tab sis qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub caij nws tus kheej hauv cov ore no.

Feem ntau, txhawm rau kom tau txais cov khoom no, cov txheej txheem txo cov cua sov yog ua tiav, uas muaj txhuas lossis silicon koom nrog. Raws li kev ua haujlwm no, ferroniobium thiab ferrotantaloniobium tebchaw tau txais. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias cov khoom ntawm ib tug metallic version ntawm cov tshuaj no yog nqa tawm los ntawm tib ore, tab sis ib tug complex technology yog siv. Niobium crucibles thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua tau zoo heev.

Txoj kev kom tau txais niobium

Tam sim no, ib qho ntawm cov chaw tsim kho tshaj plaws kom tau txais cov khoom siv no yog aluminothermic, sodium-thermal thiab carbothermal. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hom no kuj yog nyob rau hauv cov precursors uas yog siv los txo niobium. Wb hais tias K2NbF7 yog siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev sodium thermal. Tab sis, piv txwv li, hauv txoj kev aluminothermic, niobium pentoxide yog siv.

Yog tias peb tham txog txoj kev tau txais carbothermic, ces qhov kev siv tshuab no txhais tau tias kev sib xyaw ntawm Nb nrog cov kua qaub. Cov txheej txheem no yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias thiab ib puag ncig hydrogen. Raws li kev ua haujlwm no, niobium carbide yuav tau txais. Qhov thib ob theem yog qhov nruab nrab hydrogen yog hloov los ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev, thiab qhov kub thiab txias yog tswj. Hauv qhov no, mus rau niobium carbidenws cov oxide ntxiv thiab cov hlau nws tus kheej tau txais.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov hlau tsim, niobium hauv ingots yog heev. Cov khoom no yog npaj rau kev tsim cov hlau hauv paus alloy, nrog rau ntau yam khoom siv ua tiav.

Ib lo ntawm cov khoom siv no tuaj yeem tsim tau, uas tau muab faib ua ob peb pawg nyob ntawm qhov purity ntawm cov khoom. Qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm impurities muaj nyob rau hauv tus pas nrig sau NBSh-00. NBSh-0 chav kawm yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov muaj ntau dua ntawm cov khoom xws li hlau, titanium thiab tantalum silicon. Cov qeb uas muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws impurity yog NBSh-1. Nws tuaj yeem ntxiv tau tias niobium hauv ingots tsis muaj qhov kev faib tawm.

Lwm txoj kev tsim khoom

Lwm txoj hauv kev suav nrog crucibleless electron beam tsam melting. Cov txheej txheem no ua rau nws ua tau kom tau txais ib qho crystals ntawm Nb. Niobium crucibles yog tsim los ntawm txoj kev no. Nws belongs rau hmoov metallurgy. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav xub tau ib tug alloy ntawm cov khoom no, thiab ces nws cov ntshiab qauv. Lub xub ntiag ntawm txoj kev no tau ua rau cov kev tshaj tawm rau kev yuav khoom ntawm niobium muaj ntau heev. Txoj kev no ua rau nws siv tsis tau cov ore nws tus kheej, uas yog ib qho nyuaj heev rau extract, los yog ib tug mloog zoo los ntawm nws, tab sis lwm yam raw cov ntaub ntawv kom tau cov ntshiab hlau.

Lwm txoj kev tsim khoom ntxiv yog dov niobium. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias feem ntau ntawm cov tuam txhab sib txawv muabnyiam yuav rods, hlau los yog ntawv hlau.

Foil los ntawm cov khoom siv no yog cov khoom siv ua tiav ib nrab. Nws yog daim ntawv nyias nyias ntawm cov khoom no. Cov khoom siv raw no yog siv rau kev tsim khoom ntawm qee yam khoom thiab qhov chaw. Niobium ntawv ci yog tau los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntshiab los ntawm txias dov Nb ingots. Cov khoom uas tau tshwm sim yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov kev ntsuas xws li kev ua haujlwm siab rau corrosion, aggressive ib puag ncig, thiab kub kub. Lub dov ntawm niobium thiab nws cov ingots kuj muab cov yam ntxwv xws li hnav tsis kam ntawm cov khoom, siab ductility, thiab zoo machinability.

Cov khoom tau txais los ntawm txoj kev no feem ntau yog siv hauv thaj chaw xws li kev tsim dav hlau, foob pob hluav taws kev tshawb fawb, tshuaj (kev phais), xov tooj cua engineering, hluav taws xob engineering, nuclear zog, nuclear zog. Cov ntawv niobium tau ntim rau hauv coils thiab khaws cia rau hauv qhov chaw qhuav, tiv thaiv los ntawm ya raws, thiab nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw tiv thaiv los ntawm txhua yam cuam tshuam los ntawm sab nraud.

Daim ntawv thov hauv electrodes thiab alloys

Kev siv niobium yog dav heev. Nws tuaj yeem siv tau, xws li chromium thiab npib tsib xee, ua cov khoom siv uas yog ib feem ntawm cov hlau alloy siv los ua cov electrodes. Vim lub fact tias niobium, zoo li tantalum, muaj peev xwm tsim ib tug superhard carbide, nws yog feem ntau siv los tsim superhard alloys. Koj tuaj yeem ntxiv yam tam sim no tau sim nrog cov khoom siv noTxhim kho cov khoom ntawm cov alloys tau los ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau.

Vim tias niobium yog cov khoom siv raw uas muaj peev xwm tsim cov ntsiab lus carbide, nws, zoo li tantalum, yog siv los ua kev sib xyaw ua ke hauv cov hlau ntau lawm. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias ntev siv niobium raws li ib tug impurity rau tantalum yog suav tias yog ib tug tsis zoo tshwm sim. Txawm li cas los xij, niaj hnub no qhov kev xav tau hloov pauv. Nws tau pom tias Nb tuaj yeem ua qhov hloov pauv rau tantalum, thiab muaj kev vam meej, vim tias vim qhov qis atomic loj, cov khoom siv tsawg dua tuaj yeem siv, thaum khaws tag nrho cov qub nta thiab cov teebmeem ntawm cov khoom.

daim ntawv thov hluav taws xob

Nws yog qhov tsim nyog hais tias kev siv niobium, zoo li nws tus kwv tij tantalum, muaj peev xwm ua tau nyob rau hauv rectifiers, vim tias lawv muaj cov khoom ntawm unipolar conductivity, uas yog, cov tshuaj no dhau hluav taws xob tam sim no hauv ib qho kev coj.. Nws tuaj yeem siv cov hlau no los tsim cov khoom siv xws li anodes, uas yog siv rau hauv cov tshuab hluav taws xob siab thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob.

Nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kev siv niobium tau mus txog kev lag luam hluav taws xob nuclear. Hauv kev lag luam no, cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov khoom no yog siv los ua cov khoom siv. Qhov no yog ua tau vim tias muaj Nb nyob rau hauv cov khoom ua rau lawv tiv taus cua sov thiab tseem ua rau lawv zoo heev ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm lub cev ntawm cov hlau no tau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias nws tau siv dav hauv tshuab foob pob hluav taws, hauv dav hlauaircraft, hauv gas turbines.

Niobium ntau lawm hauv Russia

Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov reserves ntawm no ore, ces muaj txog 16 lab tons nyob rau hauv tag nrho. Qhov loj tshaj plaws deposit, nyob kwv yees li 70% ntawm tag nrho cov ntim, yog nyob rau hauv Brazil. Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Russia, txog 25% ntawm cov reserves ntawm no ore nyob. Qhov ntsuas no suav tias yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho cov niobium reserves. Qhov loj tshaj plaws deposits ntawm cov khoom no yog nyob rau hauv Eastern Siberia, thiab nyob rau hauv lub Far East. Txog rau hnub tim, lub tuam txhab Lovozersky GOK tau koom nrog hauv kev rho tawm thiab tsim cov tshuaj no nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm Lavxias Federation. Nws tuaj yeem pom tias lub tuam txhab Stalmag kuj tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov niobium hauv Russia. Nws tab tom txhim kho Tatar tso nyiaj ntawm cov ore no, tab sis raug kaw hauv 2010.

Nws tseem tuaj yeem ntxiv tau tias Solikamsk magnesium cog tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov niobium oxide. Lawv tau txais los ntawm kev ua cov loparite concentrate. Lub tuam txhab tsim tawm los ntawm 400 mus rau 450 tons ntawm cov khoom no, feem ntau yog xa tawm mus rau lub tebchaws xws li Tebchaws Meskas thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Ib feem ntawm cov oxide seem mus rau Chepetsky Mechanical Plant, uas ua rau ob qho tib si ntshiab niobium thiab nws cov alloys. Muaj peev xwm tseem ceeb uas tso cai rau tsim tau txog li 100 tons ntawm cov khoom hauv ib xyoos.

Niobium hlau thiab nws tus nqi

Txawm hais tias lub peev txheej ntawm cov khoom no yog qhov dav heev, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog qhov chaw thiab kev lag luam nuclear. Vim li no, Nb tau muab faib ua cov khoom siv tswv yim.

Lub ntsiab tsis muajcuam tshuam tus nqi ntawm niobium:

• alloy purity, ntau ntawm impurities txo tus nqi;
• khoom xa tuaj;
• ntim khoom;
• qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw txais ore (cov cheeb tsam sib txawv xav tau cov nqi sib txawv, thiab yog li tus nqi sib txawv).

kwv yees cov npe ntawm cov khoom siv hauv Moscow:

• niobium qib NB-2 tus nqi ntawm 420-450 rubles ib kg;
• niobium chips nqi ntawm 500 txog 510 rubles ib kg;
• Stab NBSh-00 tus nqi ntawm 490 txog 500 rubles ib kg.

Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias, txawm tias tus nqi loj ntawm cov khoom no, qhov kev thov rau nws tsuas yog nce.