US spaceports: nta thiab duab

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Kev ya davhlau ya mus tau yooj yim dua thiab nkag tau yooj yim dua txhua hnub. Rau cov neeg uas tau npaj txhij los tawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo heev rau ob peb feeb luv luv siv sab nraum cua, Tebchaws Meskas Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Aviation Administration tau tshaj tawm ib daim ntawv qhia ua ke uas qhia tag nrho US spaceports. Cov npe ntawm cov chaw tseem ceeb hauv tsoomfwv tau ntxiv nrog cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov chaw ntiag tug uas npaj rau kev tsim lub dav hlau.

spaceports yog dab tsi?

Launch pads yog siv los tso lub tsheb orbital lossis suborbital rau hauv qhov chaw. Lawv muab kev koom ua ke ntawm cov khoom xa tawm, muab roj, tswj cov dav hlau thiab nruab cov khoom thauj rau lawv. Spaceports muab lub sijhawm los ua ntsug thiab kab rov tav takeoff thiab tsaws. Los ntawm qhov chaw tso tawm, lub tsheb txav mus los ntawm thaj chaw hu ua qhov chaw xa tawm, uas feem ntau yog nruab nrog cov cuab yeej nrhiav thiab telemetry. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev saib xyuastsheb kom txog thaum nws tau ua tiav rau hauv orbit lossis xa rov qab mus rau lub ntiaj teb. Cov tshuab no kuj tseem siv tau los nrhiav cov kauj ruam rov siv tau.

Tebchaws Asmeskas Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Aviation thiab Chaw Tswj Xyuas Chaw Ua Lag Luam tau tso cai rau lub teb chaws tus kheej tso tawm pads.

Muaj pes tsawg lub chaw nres nkoj nyob hauv Asmeskas?

Raws li thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 2015, muaj 19 lub chaw pib ua haujlwm hauv Tebchaws Meskas, ntawm 8 yog tsoomfwv, 9 yog kev lag luam, ua haujlwm los ntawm tsoomfwv cov koomhaum koom tes nrog cov tuam txhab ntiag tug, thiab ib qho yog los ntawm tsev kawm qib siab.. Ntawm no, 4 yog tsim los rau kev xa mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb qis orbit, 9 tsuas yog siv rau suborbital launches thiab 5 yog universal.

Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj 3 qhov chaw tsis muaj ntawv tso cai los ntawm cov tsheb uas muaj ntawv tso cai lossis tso cai tuaj yeem tsim tawm. Txij li cov tuam txhab uas muaj cov chaw nres nkoj no siv foob pob hluav taws ntawm lawv tus kheej tsim, lawv tsis tas yuav tau txais kev tso cai rau qhov chaw tso tawm. Cov no suav nrog:

• Odyssey platform ntawm Sea Launch program siv Zenit 3SL missiles;
• SpaceX's McGregor spaceport hauv Texas, qhov twg Falcon 9R raug sim;
• Blue Origin site ze Van Horn, Texas.

US spaceports uas tam sim no muaj tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg loj. Lawv nyob rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Pacific, nyob rau sab qab teb-sab hnub poob, thiab nyob raunruab nrab thiab sab qab teb Atlantic ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub tebchaws.

Pacific Group

US spaceports nyob rau hauv Pacific yog nyob rau ntawm ob lub tso pa tawm. Thawj qhov ntawm cov no yog Hiav Txwv Launch platform, uas yog thawj zaug sib koom ua ke Norwegian-Lavxias-Ukrainian-American platform. Tom qab kev poob lag luam xyoo 2009, lub foob pob hluav taws ntiag tug thiab chaw lag luam Energia los ntawm Russia tau los ua nws tus tswv tseem ceeb. Teb Chaws Asmeskas tau siv lub platform rau qee lub sijhawm los tso cov satellites lag luam.

Qhov thib ob, Reagan Test Site, nyob hauv Marshall Islands. Lub chaw tso tawm yog nyob rau ntawm Kwajalein thiab Aur atolls, nrog rau Wake Island. Nws yog siv los ua qhov chaw sim rau missiles, missile tiv thaiv systems, chaw thiab huab cua kev tshawb fawb cov kev pab cuam, thiab nrhiav satellites. Omelek Island tuav lub chaw lag luam chaw lag luam rau SpaceX.

Alaska Launch Complexes

Alaska kuj muaj US spaceports. Lub Kodiak Launch Complex, uas tshwj xeeb hauv kev xa cov satellites rau hauv lub ncov qaumteb qabteb lub ntiaj teb, thiab Poker Flat tshawb fawb qhov chaw, muaj los ntawm University of Alaska Geophysical Institute, tso foob pob hluav taws nrog cov cuab yeej tshawb fawb los ntsuas hauv huab cua sab saud.

Kodiak Launch Complex

Kodiak, nrog thaj tsam ntawm 1500 hectares, yog tib lub chaw ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Ntawm 54th latitude ntawm Kodiak Island, Narrow yog nyob - lub cape ntawm US spaceport, uas tshwj xeeb hauvPolar launches siv los tso satellites rau hauv lub orbit. Qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov tsiaj muaj xws li ob qhov chaw (ib qho rau kev ya davhlau thiab ib qho rau kev sib tw suborbital), lub tsev 17-zaj dab neeg rau foob pob hluav taws, thiab chav huv si rau kev npaj satellite. Lub complex yog nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm lub thib peb theem, uas yuav tso cai rau incredibly ceev launches - tsis pub dhau 24 teev yuav dhau los ntawm kev xa mus rau lub community launch.

California launch pads

Ntxiv rau ob lub US Air Force Bases Vandenberg thiab Edwards, uas kuj tau siv rau kev sim, muaj ob lub chaw nres nkoj hauv California, California thiab Mojave. Thiab lawv yeej impressive! Hauv xyoo 2004, thawj qhov kev lag luam ntiag tug tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm SpaceShipOne tau tshwm sim los ntawm Mojave. Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Chaw Hauv California kuj tseem nyob hauv California, uas tau xyaum tsis muaj hwj chim thiab vim li no thiaj li tso tseg.

Spaceport California

Vandenberg Air Force Base hauv Lompoc, California, tau ua haujlwm txij li xyoo 1999 qhov qub tshaj plaws muaj ntawv tso cai chaw lag luam nyob hauv Asmeskas, npe hu ua Spaceport California. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tsuas yog qhov chaw ua lag luam tag nrho hauv lub tebchaws - nws ua haujlwm yam tsis muaj tsoomfwv nyiaj txiag. Lub chaw tso tawm tseem ceeb yog 8th Space Launch Complex lossis SLC-8. Nws muaj peev xwm muab ob qho tib si polar thiab ballistic trajectories siv Minotaur-chav kawm boosters me me.

Mojave Airspaceport

Tsim los ntawm lub tshav dav hlau naval thiab Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II artillery ntau yam, Mojave Airspaceport yog ib qho ntawm thawj qhov chaw sim rau lub dav hlau ntiag tug. Pib nrog cov phiaj xwm foob pob hluav taws thaum ntxov xyoo 1990, nws tau dhau los ua tsev rau qee lub npe loj tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev lag luam suborbital thiab orbital davhlau, suav nrog SpaceShipOne, uas tau txais Ansari X khoom plig xyoo 2004, XCOR Aerospace, Masten Space Systems thiab Orbital Science Corp.

South-Southwest

Ntawm no yog txhua lub xeev Asmeskas nrog lub chaw nres nkoj. New Mexico, Texas, thiab Oklahoma txhua tus muaj lawv cov ntaub ntawv tso tawm, nrog New Mexico dominating. Enchanting Land (lub xeev lub npe menyuam yaus) yog lub tsev rau Spaceport America, uas qee zaus xa cov neeg ncig tebchaws mus rau qhov chaw.

Spaceport America

Jordana Del Muerto Suab puam, New Mexico yog lub tsev rau US Spaceport America, lub ntiaj teb thawj lub hom phiaj tsim kev lag luam tso tawm thiab lub hauv paus rau cov tuam txhab dav hlau ntiag tug Virgin Galactic, SpaceX, UP Aerospace thiab Armadillo Aerospace. Muaj ntawv pov thawj los ntawm LEED system, qhov chaw npog txog 62 txhiab square meters. m thiab suav nrog ob qhov siab ob chav hangars nrog thaj tsam ntawm 4400 sq. m thiab lub luag haujlwm tswj chaw. Lub chaw nres nkoj tuaj yeem ncav cuag los ntawm charter los ntawm lub nroog ze ntawm Trut-lossis-Consicuences.

Lub White Sands Missile Range sim txhua yam ntawm cov khoom loj thiab tawg, thiab qee zaum xa lawv mus rau qhov chaw ze. Nws kuj tau tuav lub ntiaj teb thawj zaugnuclear xeem site. Tab sis nws tsis yog qhov chaw txaus nyiam heev.

Oklahoma Spaceport

Nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm Oklahoma pov tseg, lub chaw nres nkoj muaj ib txoj kev khiav ntev tshaj plaws hauv North America (4115m). Ua ke nrog lub npliag, tsis ya saum ntuj, nws yog thawj zaug hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas kom tsis muaj kev txwv kev ua tub rog thiab kev ya davhlau, zoo tagnrho rau kev lag luam siv cov kab rov tav takeoff thiab tsaws tsheb. Armadillo Aerospace kuj tseem nyob ntawm no, txawm hais tias nws cov qauv lunar spacecraft yog tsim los rau VTOL nkaus xwb. Ntawm lwm yam, tseem muaj 9-qhov chaw golf.

Texas spaceports

Nyob rau hauv Texas yog qhov tso tawm ntawm lub chaw lag luam ntiag tug ntawm lub taub hau thiab tus tsim ntawm Amazon, ntau billionaire Jeff Bezos Blue Origin. Tam sim no nws yog qhov chaw sim sim, tab sis tej zaum yav tom ntej nws yuav dhau los ua qhov chaw tsim nyog rau kev mus ncig ua si mus thiab los ntawm qhov chaw.

Thiab hauv McGregor, SpaceX tau tsim lub tshuab xa tawm los sim Merlin 1D lub cav, Falcon 9 thiab Grasshopper foob pob hluav taws.

Central thiab South Atlantic ntug dej hiav txwv

Virginia muaj ob qhov chaw tso tawm, Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) thiab NASA's Wallops Island launch site. MARS xa nkoj mus rau qhov chaw ua tsaug rau "Zero Gravity - Zero Taxes" se credit. NASA foob pob hluav taws tau tso rau ntawm Wallops. Piv txwv li, thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 6, 2013, ib qho kev sojntsuam ya los ntawm no musKev tshawb fawb ntawm lub hnub qub thiab ib puag ncig - thawj zaug sab nraum Florida, qhov chaw nres nkoj tseem ceeb hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas nyob.

Nyob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv sab hnub tuaj ntawm Virginia, qhov chaw tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1945 rau kev sim aerodynamic thiab ua qhov chaw tso tawm orbital. Tshaj li 16,000 foob pob hluav taws txij li tau pib los ntawm Wallops, suav nrog cov qauv ua ntej ntawm Project Mercury thiab LADEE.

Raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Virginia Commercial Space Flight Authority, MARS ua haujlwm ob qhov chaw tso tawm: Pad 0A, uas tau tso cai los ntawm FAA kom xa cov loads txog li 5 tons kom txo lub ntiaj teb orbit, thiab Pad 0B, uas tso cai rau xa mus txog 3.8 tons ntawm payload, uas yog tsim nyog rau cov tsheb me me xws li Minotaur IV lossis Minuteman. Ntxiv nrog rau cov foob pob hluav taws uas muaj zog, nws tuaj yeem tso cov kua roj thiab cov foob pob hluav taws hybrid.

Thawj qhov kev tso tawm ntawm lub tsheb thauj khoom thauj khoom thauj mus los tau yooj yim Cygnus ntawm Orbital Sciences nyob hauv nws lub tsheb Antares tau nqa tawm los ntawm MARS cosmodrome. Cygnus, Elon Musk's Dragon Capsule tus neeg sib tw, tau ua tiav lub Cuaj Hlis 18, 2013. Plaub hnub tom qab, nws tau mus txog ISS, docked, thiab xa 980 kg ntawm consumables.

Cape Canaveral

Lub chaw nres nkoj tseem ceeb hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas nyob hauv xeev Florida. Los ntawm no, kev tshaj tawm thiab kev sib koom tes ntawm Apollo program tau ua tiav hauv 1960s thiab 1970s. thiab nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab cuam Space Shuttle hauv 1980s-2000s. "Space Coast" suav nrog Chaw ChawNASA JFK, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station thiab Spaceport.

Tom qab ua tiav ntawm qhov kev pab cuam shuttle, Air Force Station thiab Kennedy Space Center tau qhib rau kev lag luam. Ua ke, cov chaw no muaj peb lub tshuab tso tawm thiab ob txoj kev khiav mus rau kab rov tav ntawm lawv.

Launch Complexes 46 thiab 20 yog thawj lub platform tso tawm ntawm Cape Canaveral. Thawj ntawm cov no yog tsim los kom haum rau Lockheed-Athena lossis Taurus nruab nrab-chav missiles, nrog rau Trident II thiab Minuteman ballistic missiles. Qhov thib ob txoj haujlwm tau tsim los ua haujlwm me me suborbital launch systems LiteStar, Terrier, Orion thiab ASAS.

Cecil Field Spaceport

Nyob rau xyoo 2010, Tsoomfwv Meskas Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees tau pom zoo tsim Jacksonville's Cecil Field spaceport rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm decommissioned Naval Aviation Base ntawm tib lub npe. Lub tshuab tso tawm tau tso cai rau xyoo 2010 thiab twb muaj cov chaw tsim nyog los txhawb nqa cov tsheb thauj mus los txuas ntxiv mus. Lub chaw nres nkoj muaj 3800, 2400 thiab 1200 m ntev khiav, thiab cov tsheb tavxij ntxiv thiab chaw nres nkoj tau tsim. Lawv yuav tsum ua kom tiav thaum kawg ntawm kaum xyoo.

Hnub no kev mus ncig hauv qhov chaw tau hloov pauv. Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev sim tub rog txuas ntxiv ua tus thawj coj, txawm hais tias kev lag luam xa xov hluav taws xob tau pib coj los ua ib feem ntawm kev ua tub rog niaj hnub no.chaw lag luam. Chaw ncig tebchaws los ntawm qhov nyiam Virgin Galactic thiab tej zaum Blue Origin cog lus rau yav tom ntej tshiab, txawm hais tias ntawm tus nqi uas tsawg tus neeg tuaj yeem them taus tam sim no.

New US spaceports thiab cov kev pab cuam xws li Space X qhia tias muaj ntau chav ntxiv rau kev tsim kho tshiab.