Ferrous hlau: deposits, cia. Metallurgy ntawm ferrous hlau

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Hlau yog cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis poob lawv qhov tseeb. Lawv tau siv dav hauv lub neej txhua hnub thiab hauv kev lag luam. Ntawm chav kawm, niaj hnub no lawv tau tuaj nrog ntau yam sib txawv lwm yam tshuaj, raws li cov ntaub ntawv uas tau txais uas tsis inferior nyob rau hauv zoo rau hlau. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv tag nrho. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau xav txog tej laj kab thiab rooj vag, tuav, manhole npog, cov cuab yeej thiab ntau ntxiv los ntawm lwm yam.

Txawm hais tias yas, iav, silicone, polyethylene thiab polypropylene tau ruaj khov rau hauv lub neej niaj hnub ntawm ib tug neeg, nws yog ib qho nyuaj los hloov qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv, ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub tsheb thiab lwm yam tsheb nrog lwm yam hlau. Nws tsis muaj nyob xwb.

Metals in the Periodic Table

Nyob rau hauv Lub Sijhawm Teem Sij Hawm Ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Tshuaj, cov hlau nyob hauv txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb. Ntawm 117 txoj haujlwm paub niaj hnub no, ntau dua 90 yog cov hlau, Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus no muaj ntau tus yam ntxwv uas ua rau lawv raug ntaus nqi rau pawg hlau:

1. Muaj peev xwm ua hluav taws xob.
2. Muaj thermal conductivity.
3. Ductile, ductile, tuaj yeem dov rau hauv cov ntawv thiab xaim (tsis yog tag nrho).
4. Muaj ib qho nyiaj sheen (tshwj tsis yog tooj liab thiab kub).

Ntxiv rau cov khoom siv dav dav, txhua lub ntsiab lus zoo sib xws muaj ntau qhov tshwj xeeb, uas ua rau nws nrov.

Typology

Txhua cov hlau uas yooj yim kuj tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb chav:

1. Black.
2. xim.
3. Nyob zoo.

Non-ferrous hlau suav nrog txhua yam tshwj tsis yog muaj nuj nqis thiab hlau. Ntawd yog, nws yog tooj liab, mercury, palladium, chromium, npib tsib xee, zinc, magnesium, calcium, txhuas, txhuas, tin, thiab lwm yam.

Precious hlau muaj xws li hauv qab no:

• nyiaj;
• kub;
• platinum.

Ferrous hlau - lawv yog dab tsi?

chav kawm no suav nrog:

• hlau thiab tag nrho nws cov alloys;
• manganese;
• chrome;
• vanadium;
• titanium;
• actinides thiab uranium (thorium, plutonium, neptunium thiab lwm yam);
• tungsten;
• alkali hlau.

Ntawd yog, ntawm tag nrho ntau yam ntawm cov tshuaj no, cov hlau ferrous suav rau ib feem me. Thiab feem ntau tsis muaj ntau tshaj (nrog rau qhov tshwj tsis yog hlau) yog nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust thiab plab hnyuv.

Tab sis txawm tias qhov tseeb tias cov hlau ferrous sawv cev los ntawm cov khoom me me, lawv muaj ntau heev thiab voluminous hauv kev tsim thiab ua. Qhov loj ntawm cov khoom, qhov chaw, accessories yog ua los ntawm hlau thiab nws alloys.

Metallurgy ntawm ferrous hlau yog qhov dav thiab xav tau thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Kev rho tawm thiab ua cov hlau yog ib qho ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab tshaj thiab kev lag luam ntawm ntau yamcov teb chaws hauv ntiaj teb, suav nrog Russia.

Kev tso nyiaj ntawm cov hlau ferrous hauv ntiaj teb

Hlau hais txog kev mining yog thawj qhov chaw ntawm tag nrho cov hlau. Nws cov ntsiab lus loj hauv qhov xwm txheej, suav nrog hauv lub ntiaj teb crust, yog nyob rau hauv billions. Tib lub sijhawm, raws li cov kws tshaj lij, niaj hnub no tus txiv neej tau tshawb nrhiav tsuas yog ib puas billion tons.

Yog tias peb tham txog lub ntiaj teb tso cov hlau ferrous, feem ntau yog hlau, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias lawv nyob rau txhua lub teb chaws, nyob rau txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb, tsuas yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm Far North. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev faib tawm los ntawm lub tebchaws yog kwv yees li hauv qab no (hauv nqe lus nug):

• Russia (kwv yees li plaub caug feem pua ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb reserves);
• Brazil;
• Australia;
• Canada;
• USA;
• Tuam Tshoj;
• India;
• Sweden.

Kev tso nyiaj hauv tebchaws Russia

Hauv tebchaws Russia, cov hlau ferrous muaj nyob hauv yuav luag txhua lub nroog loj hauv tsoomfwv.

1. Central Federal District (Kursk magnetic anomaly) - tshaj 59%.
2. Ural Federal District - 14%.
3. Siberian District - 13%.
4. Far East - 8%.
5. North-Western Federal District - 4%.
6. Privolzhsky - 0.5%.

Nyob rau hauv txhua cheeb tsam saum toj no muaj ib lub lag luam uas ferrous metallurgy tau ua. Russia yog ib tug thawj coj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv qhov taw qhia no, thiab, txiav txim los ntawm lub reserves, qhov no yuav mus ntxiv mus ntev heev.

Kev rho tawm cov khoom

Kev tsim cov hlau ferrous suav nrog ntau txheej txheej txheej txheem nyuaj. Ua ntej, ferrous hlau tsis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib txwm daim ntawv, tab sis yog ib feem ntawm cov ore sib xws (manganese, hlau, thiab hais txog). Yog li ntawd, ua ntej tau txais hlau, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau rho tawm pob zeb los ntawm lub ntiaj teb - ore.

txheej txheem no yog ua los ntawm kev lag luam mining. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ores uas muaj hlau tuaj yeem nplua nuj thiab saturated lossis tsis zoo hauv cov hlau. Yog li ntawd, tom qab lub extraction ntawm ore txheej, nws daim yog coj mus rau tshuaj ntsuam xyuas. Yog tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau ntau dua 57-60%, ces qhov kev ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv mus. Yog tias qis dua, ces lawv nres lossis txav mus rau lwm thaj chaw mus nrhiav cov ore nplua nuj. Txwv tsis pub, cov txheej txheem no tsuas yog tsis yooj yim rau kev lag luam.

theem tom ntej, uas suav nrog kev tsim cov hlau ferrous, yog kev ua cov ore rho tawm ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshwj xeeb. Cov txheej txheem no hu ua metallurgy. Nws tuaj yeem ua tau ntau yam:

1. Hydrometallurgy - thev naus laus zis rau kev rho tawm thiab ua cov ore yog raws li kev siv dej. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm leaching, hlau los ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov ore hla mus rau hauv kev daws, thiab los ntawm qhov ntawd lawv tau muab rho tawm hauv daim ntawv ntshiab los ntawm electrolysis. Energetically thiab materially, txoj kev no kim dua, yog li nws tsuas yog siv rau cov hlau tshwj xeeb.
2. Pyrometallurgy yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv hluav taws. Ore kev kho cua sov txheej txheem hauv blast furnaces siv coked thee. Qhov feem ntau txoj kev ua cov ore thiabextraction ntawm hlau. Siv hauv ferrous metallurgy.
3. YBiometallurgy. Raws li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov kab mob nyob, nws tsuas yog pib muab tso rau hauv kev xyaum, nws yog tsim los ntawm biotechnologists. Cov kab hauv qab yog lub peev xwm ntawm qee cov kab mob txhawm rau rho tawm cov hlau los ntawm cov ores hauv lawv lub neej.

Kev ua haujlwm

Nyob ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm, mined ores uas muaj ferrous hlau yog ua tib zoo ua tiav. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem no tau tshwm sim hauv cov lus hauv qab no.

Technological process	Lub ntsiab ntawm txheej txheem	Result
1. Ore beneficiation	Sib cais ntawm ib feem ntawm cov ore uas muaj hlau los ntawm cov pob zeb pov tseg. Yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm peb txoj kev: magnetic (raws li ferromagnetism ntawm hlau); gravity (puag - sib txawv ntawm cov khib nyiab thiab nplua nuj pob zeb); flotation (raws li kev siv dej nrog tus neeg ua npuas dej).	Tau kom huv si, ferrous-metal-nplua nuj substrate, uas yog xa mus rau kev ua ntxiv.
2. Agglomeration	txheej txheem ntawm sintering ore. Nws yog nqa tawm kom tau txais cov khoom ntshiab, tsis muaj impurities ntawm gases thiab plua plav, thiab lwm yam.	Tau peb hom kev ua haujlwm ore: sinter ore (ci ntawm qhov kub siab tsis nkag mus rau huab cua); sib cais (purified by sib cais); pellet (ntau muaj hlau fluxes).
3. Domain process	Coking of ore in a blast furnace atsiv los ua roj thiab txo cov hlau los ntawm nws cov oxides ntawm thee.	Tau txais cov hlau ntshiab, xaiv tau uas twb tau alloyed nrog carbon los ua hlau.

Qhov no yog li cas hlau thiab nws cov alloys tau txais. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, cov khoom siv siab tshaj plaws yog siv rau kev npaj thiab siv coke (coal). Nws yog nws leej twg yog tus txo tus neeg sawv cev rau hlau, roj, qhov chaw ntawm cov cua sov, cov khoom siv carbon. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem piav qhia, ntau npaum li cas ntawm nws yog siv, li no tus nqi nyiaj ntsuab siab.

Storage condition

Ferrous hlau feem ntau suav nrog hlau thiab nws cov alloys. Nws yuav tsum tau to taub hais tias qhov no yog ib tug heev corrosion resistant khoom. Yog li ntawd, kev cia khoom ntawm ferrous hlau yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov kev cai tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws los txog tsis yog cov qauv thiab cov khoom, tab sis rau cov khoom seem ntawm ferrous hlau (khoom, khoom tawg, nplooj ntawv, rods, fittings, thiab lwm yam):

1. Chav tsev uas cov khoom nyob hauv yuav tsum raug kaw kom tsis txhob ya raws (los nag, daus). Qhov dej tsawg dua, lub txee lub neej ntev dua.
2. Lub tsev khaws khoom yuav tsum loj, koj tsis tuaj yeem khaws cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov hlau ferrous nyob ze rau ib leeg, vim qhov no yuav ua rau muaj kev xeb thaum ntxov.
3. Txhua yam khoom muaj yuav tsum tau txheeb raws hom thiab qhov loj.

Yog tias cov kev cai yooj yim no tau pom, nws yuav tuaj yeem txwv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov qauv hlau ntev li ntev tau.

Ferrous alloys

KNws yog kev cai hais txog cov hlau alloys xws li, uas tau muab faib ua ntau hom:

1. Steel. Ferrous hlau fused nrog carbon muab qhov tshwm sim.
2. Cast iron. Thawj npua hlau, uas tau txais nyob rau hauv blast furnaces thaum lub sij hawm ua cov ore, yog kiag li unsuitable raws li ib tug khoom siv rau zus tau tej cov khoom siv thiab tsev neeg. Nws yooj yim heev. Nws yuav tsum tau ua ntxiv rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm saturation nrog hlau thiab carbon thiaj li yuav tau txais cov khoom siv ruaj khov zoo heev. Lwm cov ntsiab lus kuj tau ntxiv los txhim kho corrosion kuj thiab kev ua tau zoo.
3. Ferroalloys (silicocalcium, ferrochromium, ferrosilicon, silicomanganese). Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov alloys no yog los txhim kho cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom kawg.

Steel

Qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho cov ferrous hlau alloys yog muab rau hlau. Niaj hnub no peb tau kawm yuav ua li cas kom tau txais txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv no nrog cov khoom tseem ceeb uas tau txiav txim siab ua ntej. Hom alloy no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev lag luam uas ferrous hlau tau muab. Dab tsi steels txawv?

1. Cov pa roj carbon tsawg - siv los ua ntau yam cuab yeej.
2. Stainless (lawv siv los ua cov kav dej, qhov chaw refractory, cov cuab yeej txiav, cov khoom siv vuam, thiab lwm yam).
3. Ferrito Chrome.
4. Martensitic chrome.
5. Alloyed.
6. Nickel.
7. Chrome.
8. Chrome vanadium.
9. Tungsten.
10. Molybdenum.
11. YManganese.

Nws pom tseeb los ntawm cov npe ntawdnws yog cov khoom no uas tau ntxiv rau qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau thiab carbon hauv ib qho piv txwv. Qhov no cuam tshuam qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom ntawm cov khoom tshwm sim.

Secondary Metals

Hmoov tsis zoo, ntau npaum li peb xav tau, yam tsis tuaj yeem nyob mus ib txhis. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txhua yam yuav siv tsis tau - nws tawg, ntaus, laus thiab tawm ntawm kev zam. Qhov no kuj yog cov ntaub ntawv nrog ferrous hlau lug. Hlau, cam khwb cia hlau thiab lwm yam khoom, cov khoom seem tsuas yog tsis xav tau.

Tom qab ntawd lawv raug xa mus rau cov tuam txhab tshwj xeeb koom nrog kev ua cov khoom siv raw uas tsis siv tau. Tam sim no cov no yog cov hlau dub. Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm cov khoom siv hlau ua los ntawm cov hlau ferrous uas tsis muaj kev txiav txim thiab tsis tsim nyog hauv lub neej txhua hnub.

Cov tuam txhab uas sau cov khoom seem yuav tsum ua raws li qee cov cai rau nws khaws cia, tshem tawm thiab muag. Txoj cai lij choj ntawm peb lub teb chaws ntawm qhov teeb meem no yog tsim los ntawm GOST. Ferrous hlau, nrog rau cov uas tsis yog-ferrous, yog nyob rau hauv kev tswj nruj ntawm txoj cai.

Cov hlau siv tau tuaj yeem rov ua dua thiab muab rov qab rau hauv kev tsim khoom. Nws yog muag rau lub hom phiaj uas cov neeg lag luam nruab nrab yuav cov khoom siv hlau dub.

Hnub no, cov hlau ferrous raug kho nrog kev hwm, lawv tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam rau lawv cov khoom.

siv tshuab

Cov khoom siv hlau thiab cam khwb cia hlau, qhov chaw, ntau yam khoom siv tau dav siv hauv kev tsim kho tshuab. Lawv nyob rau hauv kev thov tsis tsuas yog rautsheb, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv tshuaj, aviation ntau lawm, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv shipbuilding. Tag nrho cov no yog vim lub zog tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no, lawv cov cua sov tsis kam thiab corrosion kuj. Ferrous hlau tau dhau los ua cov khoom siv rau kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau hom khoom. Ntawm cov feem ntau yog:

• iav sab npog;
• bearings;
• valve;
• fittings;
• bushings;
• pipes;
• lub tog raj kheej ntawm lub tsheb thiab lwm lub tsheb;
• iav log;
• saw txuas ntawm tsheb laij teb;
• brake drums;
• tsheb;

Daim ntawv teev npe no tsis muaj qhov kawg, vim tias muaj ntau cov khoom siv hlau ferrous thiab lawv cov alloys.

Daim ntawv thov hauv lwm qhov kev lag luam

Muaj ntau qhov chaw tseem ceeb uas siv cov hlau ferrous:

1. tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam.
2. Engineering.
3. Kev tsim cov rooj tog tshwj xeeb.
4. Tshwj xeeb lauj.
5. Kev tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom siv.

Qhov no yeej tsis yog ib daim ntawv teev tag nrho, tab sis tsuas yog thaj chaw uas muaj ntau tshaj plaws uas suav rau feem coob ntawm cov khoom hlau.