Non-ferrous, precious thiab ferrous hom hlau thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Metals yog ib pawg loj ntawm cov ntsiab lus yooj yim nrog cov yam ntxwv xws li thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity, zoo kub coefficient thiab ntau dua. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas thiab nkag siab tias yog dab tsi, koj yuav tsum tau nrog txhua qhov nuances. Cia peb sim nrog koj los xav txog tej yam yooj yim ntawm cov hlau xws li ferrous, non-ferrous, precious, thiab alloys. Qhov no yog ib lub ntsiab lus dav thiab nyuaj, tab sis peb yuav sim muab txhua yam rau ntawm lub txee.

Yuav tsum paub dab tsi?

Ua ntej faib cov hlau rau hauv pawg, nws yuav tsum nkag siab txog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb. Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb suav nrog qhov tsis zoo coefficient ntawm conductivity ntawm hluav taws xob. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias thaum kub txo, cov conductivity nce, thiab qee cov conductors ua superconductors. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov kub thiab txias ua rau ib nrablos yog ua tiav poob ntawm bandwidth. Cov yam ntxwv thib ob muaj xws li cov hlau nplaum, nrog rau qhov siab melting point. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee cov hlau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tebchaw ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev txo tus neeg sawv cev hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox. Thov nco ntsoov tias cov hlau ntshiab yeej tsis pom nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, yog li koj yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog ore thiab nuggets.

About ferrous metals

pab pawg no suav nrog hlau, nrog rau nws cov alloys (cam khwb cia hlau, ferroalloys). Qhov tseeb, ferrous hlau yog cov hlau thiab carbon, tab sis ntxiv rau qhov no, muaj lwm yam tshuaj xws li sulfur, phosphorus, silicon, thiab lwm yam uas feem ntau yog tooj liab, chromium lossis npib tsib xee. Txhua hom ferrous hlau yog cais los ntawm cov ntsiab lus carbon. Yog li, muaj cov nram qab no alloys:

• Cam khwb cia hlau - cov pa roj carbon ntau li ntawm 2 mus rau 4.3%, qee qhov nce mus txog qib tseem ceeb ntawm 5%. Ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov khoom ntawm cov khoom. Yog li, sulfur nrog phosphorus nce brittleness, thaum chromium thiab npib tsib xee additives ua cam khwb cia hlau ntau cua sov-resistant thiab resistant rau corrosion.
• Hlau - cov ntsiab lus carbon txog li 2%. Nws txawv ntawm cam khwb cia hlau hauv siab ductility, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm siab (yooj yim rau txheej txheem).

Txheej txheem ntawm cam khwb cia hlau thiab hlau nthuav dav

Tam sim no muajob peb hom cam khwb cia hlau uas siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub, nrog rau kev lag luam: foundry (grey) thiab hloov dua siab tshiab (dawb). Cov tom kawg txawv ntawm thawj hom nyob rau hauv uas carbon yog nyob rau hauv ib tug khi lub xeev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov cement, nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub - nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb lub xeev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm graphite. Qhov txo qis hauv lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv no yog vim qhov tseeb tias graphite daim hlau tawg cov qauv hlau, yog li ua rau nws tsis muaj zog. Muaj hloov kho grey cam khwb cia hlau. Nws cov yam ntxwv yog tias graphite yog nyob rau hauv ib tug kheej kheej, uas ua rau kom cov neeg kho tshuab zog ntawm cov khoom.

Tej zaum koj twb paub lawm tias lawv tau dhau los ua ntau yam, vim tsis muaj cov pa roj carbon ntau hauv cov khoom xyaw. Yog li, cov qauv hlau muaj li ntawm 0.02 txog 0.85% carbon thiab siv rau kev tsim kho. Lawv lub ntsiab kom zoo dua yog zoo plasticity. Lub degree ntawm brittleness yog tsawg. Kuj tseem muaj cov cuab yeej siv, uas cov ntsiab lus carbon siab dua me ntsis - los ntawm 0.65 mus rau 1.4%, yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho muaj zog alloy, tab sis nkig. Nws yog siv, raws li lub npe implies, raws li ib tug dawb paug rau tsim cov cuab yeej (txiav, sawing ua hauj lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov cav tov thiab sib dhos). Ntawm no peb tau saib cov hom ferrous hlau, yog li cia peb mus ntxiv.

Precious Metals

Pab pawg no suav nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov uas tsis oxidize hauv dej thiab huab cua. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias tus naj npawb ntawm xws li hlau nyob rau hauv tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no yog me me, thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm extraction thiab ua yog heev complex thiab siv sij hawm. Yog hais tias ntev npaum li cas noob neej tsuas paub txog 7 pawg, hnub no muaj ob peb ntawm lawv.ntau. Yog li, hom nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlau muaj nuj nqis: kub, nyiaj, platinum, osmium, rhodium, palladium, iridium, thiab lwm yam. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Kuj tseem muaj qhov hu ua isotopes. Lawv tau txais nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam los ntawm complex tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov hlau uas kim tshaj plaws yog californium-252, muaj nqis txog $ 500,000 ib gram. Osmium-187, tau txais hauv cov chaw sim niaj hnub no, yog qhov xav tau tshaj plaws.

Nyob rau nyiaj thiab kub

Txij li Hnub Nyoog Pob Zeb, tib neeg tau paub txog cov hlau zoo li kub. Nws muaj kev ruaj ntseg hais tias qhov no yog cov hlau tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, nws yog feem ntau pom raws li nuggets nrog ib tug me me ntawm impurities los yog nyob rau hauv ib tug alloy nrog nyiaj. Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb muaj xws li thermal conductivity thiab tsis tshua muaj zog. Ntawm chav kawm, ib tug tsis tuaj yeem tsis nco qab qhov malleability ntawm kub, uas yog vim li cas nws yog ib qho khoom siv nrov heev rau kev ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Nthuav qhov tseeb: qhov loj tshaj plaws kub nugget tau pom nyob rau hauv Australia. Nws hnyav txog 90 kilograms.

Yog peb xav txog yam tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig, ces peb tsis tuaj yeem hais txog nyiaj. Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, cov khoom no muaj nyob rau hauv ib txwm daim ntawv (silver ore). Tab sis nws yog tsim nyog sau cia hais tias lub ntsiab ntau lawm yog nqa tawm los ntawm complex ores, qhov twg muaj kuj me ntsis nyiaj, tab sis deposits ntawm xws minerals yog ntau dua. Nws yog ib qho mos mos thiab cov hlau uas muaj hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb thiab thermal conductivity.

Rhodium thiab Platinum

Rhodium yog hlau, tsis yogmuaj nws tus kheej cov zaub mov, yog li ntawd, yog ib qho kim tshaj plaws. Koj yuav tau them ntau dua 220 las ib gram. Noble hlau muaj ib tug silvery xim nrog ib tug bluish tint. Nws yog qhov txawv los ntawm nws cov tsis kam mus rau tshuaj lom neeg thiab thermal influences, tab sis tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev puas tsuaj rau cov khoom siv vim nws qhov fragility. Txij li thaum nws kim heev, nws tsuas yog siv qhov twg nws tsis tuaj yeem nrhiav qhov analogue.

Yog tias peb xav txog hom thiab hom hlau, ces peb tsis tuaj yeem hais txog platinum, nrhiav pom hauv xyoo 1952 los ntawm Swedish chemist. Qhov no yog ib qho khoom siv tsis tshua muaj thiab pom nyob rau hauv qhov tsuas yog ua ke nrog cov alloys nrog lwm cov hlau. Cov txheej txheem tsuas yog siv zog heev thiab xav tau kev nqis peev loj, tab sis nws tsim nyog, vim tias tsis muaj cov kua qaub paub txog hnub no cuam tshuam rau platinum. Thaum rhuab, nws tsis hloov nws cov xim thiab tsis oxidize.

Nyob ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau

pab pawg no yog qhov xav tau tshaj plaws, vim tias feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim cov hlau dov. Yog hais tias peb tham txog lub Scope, ces nws yog heev nthuav, nws yog: mechanical engineering, metallurgy, xov tooj cua electronics, high technology, thiab lwm yam. Raws li lub cev muaj zog, muaj cov nram qab no hom ntawm non-ferrous hlau:

• hnyav (lead, zinc, tin, nickel, thiab lwm yam);
• lub teeb (aluminium, titanium, magnesium, thiab lwm yam).

Raws li qhov kev faib tawm no, muaj metallurgy ntawm lub teeb thiab hnyav hlau. Nws tsis pub leejtwg paub tias txhua yam txheej txheem tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm pab pawg no. Thov nco ntsoov tias rau ximsuav nrog txhua hom hlau alloys, tshwj tsis yog hlau. Tam sim no cia peb mus.

hom hlau hnyav

Txog hnub tim, muaj kwv yees li 40 lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm pab pawg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no. Ntawm cov yam ntxwv txawv yog qhov hnyav atomic, feem ntau ntau dua 50. Los ntawm qhov no peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias txhua yam uas tuaj tom qab vanadium (tsis hais qhov ntom) yuav tsum tau suav nrog hauv daim ntawv teev npe. Tab sis yog tias siv lwm lub ntsiab lus, ces qhov kev txiav txim siab yuav yog qhov ceev, uas yuav tsum muaj ntau tshaj li cov hlau (8 g / cm 3). Hauv qhov no, cov npe yuav suav nrog: txhuas, mercury, tooj liab, tab sis tin yuav nyob tom qab daim ntawv. Niaj hnub no, qhov teeb meem ntawm ib puag ncig muaj kuab paug los ntawm pab pawg no yog qhov mob hnyav heev. Qhov no yog vim muaj ntau yam hlau siv hauv kev lag luam hnyav thiab xaus rau hauv dej hiav txwv nrog rau cov dej phwj tuaj. Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb yog cov tshuaj toxicity siab ntawm mercury, lead, cadmium. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee yam ntawm cov hlau hnyav hnyav tuaj yeem ua rau hauv cov kab mob muaj sia. Yog li, vim muaj tshuaj lom mercury xyoo 1977, muaj ntau dua 2300 tus neeg raug tsim txom.

mercury, lead thiab cadmium

Cov no yog cov hlau hnyav uas tsis muaj hlau txaus ntshai tshaj plaws. Lawv yog cov tseem ceeb ib puag ncig cov pa phem. Mercury yog cov hlau uas muaj kuab lom heev rau tib neeg, nws nkag mus rau hauv dej hiav txwv los ntawm huab cua thiab cov dej phwj tuaj. Thaum cov hluav taws kub hnyiab hauv cov nroj tsuag hluav taws xob, cov mercury tebchaw raug tso rau hauv qhov chaw thiab tom qab ntawd poob rau hauv dej hiav txwv raws li nag lossis daus. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau cov dej tshiab thiab dej hiav txwv hauv lawv lub neejIb qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov mercury hauv lub cev, uas ntau tshaj ib zaug ua rau tib neeg lom, thiab txawm tuag.

Cadmium yog ib qho khoom tawg thiab tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv dej hiav txwv nrog rau cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm metallurgical thiab ore-dressing industries. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cadmium muaj nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, tab sis nws yog heev me me. Nyob rau hauv mob lom, cov pob txha raug puas tsuaj, thiab anemia pib. Raws li cov hlau lead, cov hlau no nyob rau hauv lub xeev dispersed yog pom yuav luag txhua qhov chaw. Cov hom hlau zoo li no, cov duab uas peb tau muab los saum toj no, raug tshem tawm ntawm lub cev, tab sis maj mam, yog li lawv qhov ntau dhau ua rau mob hnyav. Nrog rau cov av av av, kwv yees li 25,000 tons ntawm txhuas nkag mus rau hauv dej hiav txwv nrog rau nag lossis daus.

Note

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, muaj ntau hom thiab cov khoom ntawm cov hlau. Ib yam dab tsi tsis txaus ntshai, thiab txhua hnub peb hnav tus ntoo khaub lig nyiaj thiab lub nplhaib kub ntawm peb txhais tes. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem tua ib tus neeg, yog li cov kws tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb sim ua ib feem los daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tso tawm cov hlau phom sij rau hauv dej hiav txwv thiab huab cua. Tau kawg, nws yog ib qho nyuaj heev los daws cov teeb meem no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xav tias feem ntau cov neeg ua lag luam tsis sib cuag txhua. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis txhob hnov qab tias tsis muaj conductors, uas kuj muaj hlau, hluav taws xob circuits yog tsis yooj yim sua, thiab tsis muaj hlau yuav tsis muaj tsheb thiab lwm yam uas peb paub.

Peb tsis tau chwv cov pab pawg hu ua xov tooj cua ntawm Mendeleev lub sijhawm teem sijhawm. Ntawm nosuav nrog: technetium, polonium, promethium, thiab lwm yam. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog siv hauv cov tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear thiab riam phom, uas ua rau lawv txaus ntshai heev.

Zaj lus

Koj yuav tsum tau pom tias muaj ntau hom hlau sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, feem ntau ntawm lawv yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ores thiab tsim ntau yam sulfides, carbonates thiab lwm yam tshuaj compounds. Txhawm rau kom tau txais cov hlau ntshiab thiab lawv siv ntxiv, kev siv thev naus laus zis niaj hnub tu thiab cov kab txuas ntxiv yog siv. Muaj tseeb koj yuav xav paub tias tib neeg lub cev kuj muaj me me ntawm cov hlau sib txuas - txog 3%. Yog li, peb muaj calcium nyob rau hauv cov pob txha, hlau nyob rau hauv cov ntshav, magnesium tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv cov leeg nqaij, thiab muaj tooj liab nyob rau hauv daim siab.

Zoo, qhov ntawd, hauv paus ntsiab lus, yog txhua yam uas tuaj yeem hais txog hom hlau alloys muaj nyob. Txawm tias qhov tseeb hais tias qhov no yog ib lub ntsiab lus nyuaj, nws yuav txaus siab rau cov neeg uas nyiam metallurgy.