Metallurgy yog Metallurgy industries, qhauj thiab lawv qhov chaw

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Keeb kwm ntawm noob neej muaj ntau tshaj ib txhiab xyoo. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho lub sij hawm ntawm lub neej ntawm peb haiv neeg, muaj ib tug ruaj khov technologies kev vam meej, lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv uas tau ua si los ntawm lub peev xwm ntawm ib tug neeg los tuav hlau, tsim thiab mine nws. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas metallurgy yog ib yam dab tsi uas nws tsis tuaj yeem xav txog peb lub neej, kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm, thiab ntau ntxiv.

Definition

Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws tsim nyog nkag siab txog kev tshawb fawb li cas, los ntawm kev pom, lawv hu ua cov khoom siv niaj hnub no.

Yog li, metallurgy yog ib ceg ntawm kev tshawb fawb, thev naus laus zis, uas suav nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tau txais ntau yam hlau los ntawm ore lossis lwm yam ntaub ntawv, nrog rau tag nrho cov txheej txheem cuam tshuam txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov khoom thiab cov qauv ntawm cov alloys.

qauv

Hnub no, metallurgy yog kev lag luam muaj zog tshaj plaws. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib lub tswv yim dav uas suav nrog:

• Kev tsim cov hlau ncaj qha.
• Kev ua cov khoom siv hlau raws li hauvkub los yog txias.
• vuam.
• Thov ntau yam hlau txheej.
• Section of science - khoom siv science. Qhov kev taw qhia no nyob rau hauv kev kawm theoretical ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj txheej txheem tsom rau kev paub txog tus cwj pwm ntawm cov hlau, alloys thiab intermetallic compounds.

Ntau yam

Muaj ob lub ntsiab ntawm metallurgy thoob plaws ntiaj teb - ferrous thiab non-ferrous. Qhov kev gradation no tau tsim muaj keeb kwm.

Ferrous metallurgy yog kev ua cov hlau thiab tag nrho cov alloys uas nws muaj tam sim no. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev lag luam no suav nrog kev rho tawm ntawm lub plab zom mov hauv ntiaj teb thiab kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm ferrous hlau ore, steel thiab hlau foundry ntau lawm, billet dov, zus tau tej cov ferroalloys.

Non-ferrous metallurgy suav nrog kev ua haujlwm nrog ore ntawm cov hlau tshwj tsis yog hlau. Los ntawm txoj kev, cov hlau uas tsis yog-ferrous yog conditionally muab faib ua ob pawg loj:

- Hnyav (nickel, tin, lead, tooj liab).

- Lub teeb (titanium, magnesium, aluminium).

Kev daws teeb meem

Undoubtedly, metallurgy yog ib qho haujlwm uas yuav tsum muaj kev qhia txog cov thev naus laus zis tshiab. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, ntau lub teb chaws ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb no nquag ua kev tshawb fawb, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kawm thiab coj mus rau hauv tus account ntau yam kab mob uas yuav pab daws tau, piv txwv li, xws li ib tug tshuaj pleev ib ce raws li kev kho dej khib nyiab, uas yog ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov kab mob. yuav tsum tau ua ib feem ntawm metallurgical ntau lawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txheej txheem xws li lom oxidation, nag lossis daus, sorption thiablwm tus.

Kev Sib cais

Metallurgical nroj tsuag tuaj yeem faib ua ob pawg loj:

- pyrometallurgy, qhov twg cov txheej txheem tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub siab heev (melting, firing);

- hydrometallurgy, uas yog kev rho tawm cov hlau los ntawm cov ores siv dej thiab lwm cov tshuaj aqueous siv tshuaj reagents.

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev xaiv qhov chaw rau kev tsim kho cov nroj tsuag metallurgical

Yuav kom nkag siab raws li qhov kev txiav txim siab tau txiav txim siab los tsim kev lag luam hauv ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb, nws tsim nyog xav txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov chaw ntawm metallurgy.

Tshwj xeeb, yog cov lus nug cuam tshuam txog qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag uas tsis yog-ferrous metallurgy, ces cov txheej txheem xws li:

• Muaj peev txheej muaj zog. Kev tsim khoom cuam tshuam nrog kev ua cov hlau tsis muaj hlau yuav tsum muaj cov hluav taws xob loj heev. Yog li ntawd, cov lag luam zoo li no tau tsim kom ze li sai tau rau cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob.
• Yuav tsum muaj cov khoom siv raw. Tau kawg, qhov ze ntawm cov ore deposits yog, qhov zoo dua, feem.
• Environmental factor. Hmoov tsis zoo, lub teb chaws ntawm qhov chaw tom qab-Soviet tsis tuaj yeem muab faib rau hauv qeb uas cov tuam txhab metallurgy yog ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg.

Yog li, qhov chaw ntawm metallurgy yog qhov teeb meem nyuaj tshaj plaws, cov kev daws teeb meem uas yuav tsum tau muab qhov ze tshaj plaws, suav nrog txhua yam kev xav tau thiab nuances.

Rau daim duab kom ntxaws tshaj plaws hauvpiav qhia txog kev ua cov hlau, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau taw qhia qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev tsim no.

Ferrous metallurgy cov lag luam suav nrog ntau qhov hu ua redistributions. Ntawm lawv: sintering, steelmaking, dov. Cia peb xav txog txhua yam ntawm lawv kom ntxaws ntxiv.

Domain production

Nws yog nyob rau theem no uas cov hlau tso ncaj qha los ntawm cov ore. Qhov no tshwm sim hauv lub qhov cub tawg thiab ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 1000 degrees Celsius. Qhov no yog li cas hlau yog smelted. Nws cov khoom yuav ncaj qha nyob ntawm seb cov txheej txheem melting. Los ntawm kev kho cov smelting ntawm ore, ib tug yuav kawg tau ib tug ntawm ob hom npua hlau: npua hlau (siv tom qab rau zus tau tej cov hlau) thiab foundry (hlau billets yog cam khwb cia los ntawm nws).

Steel production

Sib xyaw hlau nrog cov pa roj carbon thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, nrog ntau yam alloying ntsiab, qhov tshwm sim yog hlau. Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev rau nws cov smelting. Cia peb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nco txog cov pa oxygen-converter thiab electrosmelting, uas yog cov niaj hnub thiab ua tau zoo heev.

Converter melting yog yam ntxwv los ntawm nws transience thiab lub resulting hlau uas yuav tsum tau cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg. Cov txheej txheem yog ua raws li tshuab ua kua hlau nrog oxygen los ntawm lub lance, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov npua hlau yog oxidized thiab hloov mus ua hlau.

Kev siv hluav taws xob steelmaking yog txoj kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws. Nws yog ua tsaug rau kev siv arc furnaces uas zoo tshaj plaws alloyed steel qib yuav smelted. Nyob rau hauv xws li units, cua sovcov hlau loaded rau hauv lawv tshwm sim sai heev, thaum nws muaj peev xwm ntxiv tus nqi ntawm alloying ntsiab. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov hlau tau los ntawm txoj kev no muaj cov ntsiab lus tsis muaj hlau tsis sib xws, sulfur thiab phosphorus.

txheej txheem no muaj nyob rau hauv kev hloov cov khoom ntawm cov hlau los ntawm kev qhia suav cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov koom haum pab cuam rau hauv nws tom qab muab qee yam khoom rau nws. Ntawm cov feem ntau siv alloying Cheebtsam yog: manganese, titanium, cob alt, tungsten, aluminium.

Rental

Ntau cov nroj tsuag metallurgical muaj ib pawg ntawm cov khw dov. Lawv tsim cov khoom semi-tiav thiab cov khoom tiav tiav. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm cov hlau nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv ntawm cov yob ntawm lub dov zeb rotating nyob rau hauv opposite lus qhia. Ntxiv mus, lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov yob yuav tsum tsawg tshaj li qhov tuab ntawm cov khoom dhau los. Vim li no, cov hlau yog kos rau hauv lub lumen, txav thiab nws thiaj li deforms mus rau qhov kev txwv tsis pub dhau.

Tom qab txhua qhov dhau los, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov yob tau ua kom me dua. Ib qho tseem ceeb point - feem ntau cov hlau tsis ductile txaus nyob rau hauv ib tug txias lub xeev. Thiab yog li ntawd, rau kev ua, nws yog preheated rau qhov yuav tsum tau kub.

Kev siv cov khoom siv thib ob

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej niaj hnub no, kev lag luam rau kev noj cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab, ob qho tib si ferrous thiab non-ferrous hlau, tab tom txhim kho tsis tu ncua. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov peev txheej ore, mus rau qhov lojHmoov tsis zoo, lawv tsis tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv. Txhua xyoo ntawm lawv cov khoom tsim tau txo qis reserves. Muab rau hauv tus account lub fact tias qhov kev thov rau cov khoom hlau nyob rau hauv mechanical engineering, kev tsim kho, aircraft tsev, shipbuilding thiab lwm yam sectors ntawm lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag yog tsis tu ncua loj hlob, nws zoo nkaus li tsim nyog los tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom thiab cov khoom uas twb tag lawm lawv cov peev txheej..

Nws muaj kev nyab xeeb hais tias kev txhim kho ntawm metallurgy yog qee qhov piav qhia los ntawm qhov zoo ntawm kev lag luam ntu - kev siv cov khoom siv raw khoom thib ob. Tib lub sijhawm, ob lub tuam txhab loj thiab me tau koom nrog hauv kev ua cov khoom seem.

Ntiaj teb tiam sis hauv kev txhim kho metallurgy

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, tau muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov khoom siv hlau dov, steel thiab cam khwb cia hlau. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim qhov nthuav dav ntawm Tuam Tshoj, uas tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam hauv ntiaj teb hauv kev lag luam steel ntau lawm.

Tib lub sijhawm, ntau yam ntawm metallurgy tau tso cai rau Lub Tebchaws Celestial kom yeej yuav luag 60% ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam. Tus so ntawm kaum lub tuam txhab saum toj kawg nkaus yog: Nyiv (8%), Is Nrias teb thiab Tebchaws Meskas (6%), Russia thiab Kaus Lim Qab Teb (5%), Lub Tebchaws Yelemees (3%), Qaib ntxhw, Taiwan, Brazil (2%)).

Yog tias peb saib ntawm 2015 nyias, muaj kev nyiam los txo cov haujlwm ntawm cov tuam txhab hlau. Ntxiv mus, qhov poob loj tshaj plaws tau sau tseg hauv Ukraine, qhov twg cov txiaj ntsig tau sau tseg, uas yog 29.8% qis dua xyoo tas los.

Tshaj tawm tshiab hauv metallurgy

Zoo li lwm yam kev lag luam, metallurgytsuas yog xav tsis thoob yog tias tsis muaj kev txhim kho thiab siv cov kev tsim kho tshiab.

Yog li, cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Nizhny Novgorod State University tau tsim thiab pib ua kev xyaum tshiab nanostructured hnav-resistant hard alloys raws li tungsten carbide. Cov kev taw qhia tseem ceeb ntawm kev thov kev tsim kho tshiab yog tsim cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm hlau niaj hnub.

Tsis tas li ntawd, lub nruas grate nrog lub pob tshwj xeeb nozzle tau hloov kho tshiab hauv tebchaws Russia txhawm rau tsim cov thev naus laus zis tshiab rau kev ua kua slag. Qhov kev tshwm sim no tau ua raws li lub xeev kev txiav txim ntawm Ministry of Education thiab Science. Qhov kev txav no tau ua tiav nws tus kheej, raws li nws cov txiaj ntsig tau dhau los ntawm txhua qhov kev cia siab.

Lub tuam txhab hlau loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb

Kev qeb duas thoob ntiaj teb hais tias cov neeg tsim khoom hlau sab saum toj hauv ntiaj teb yog:

• Arcelor Mittal yog lub tuam txhab hauv paus hauv Luxembourg. Nws feem yog 10% ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb steel ntau lawm. Nyob rau hauv Russia, lub tuam txhab muaj lub Berezovskaya, Pervomaiskaya, Anzherskaya mines, raws li zoo raws li lub Severstal Group.
• Hebei Hlau & Hlau yog loj heev los ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Nws yog tag nrho los ntawm lub xeev. Ntxiv nrog rau kev tsim khoom, lub tuam txhab tau koom nrog kev rho tawm cov khoom siv raw, nws txoj kev thauj mus los thiab kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho. Lub tuam txhab cov chaw tsim khoom siv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov kev tsim kho tshiab thiab cov kab thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no, uas tso cai rau cov neeg Suav kawm paub yuav ua li cas tsim cov hlau phaj ultra-thin thiab ultra-nyias.daim ntawv txias.
• Nippon Steel sawv cev rau Nyiv. Kev tswj hwm ntawm lub tuam txhab, uas tau pib ua haujlwm hauv xyoo 1957, tab tom nrhiav kev sib koom ua ke nrog lwm lub lag luam hu ua Sumitomo Hlau Industries. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, qhov kev sib koom ua ke no yuav ua rau cov neeg Nyij Pooj tuaj yeem ncav cuag thawj qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb sai sai, hla tag nrho lawv cov neeg sib tw.