Khw zaub: yam ntxwv, chaw ua haujlwm, khoom siv thiab khoom muag

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Zaub yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov as-ham hauv tib neeg noj. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm ntau raug rau tej yam tsis zoo, lawv ua rau kev khaws cia ntawm kev noj qab haus huv thiab lub neej ntev. Cov nplua nuj nyob hauv carbohydrates, ntxhia ntsev, zaub mov fiber ntau, vitamins, phytoncides, roj yam tseem ceeb. Cov tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm ntawm lub cev thiab tswj nws cov acid-base tshuav nyiaj li cas.

Ntxiv rau qhov tseeb tias cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev nqus ntawm ntau yam khoom, ntau yam ntawm lawv cov xim, saj thiab aroma txhim kho qab los noj mov. Ntau tshaj 100 hom zaub tau cog thiab siv rau zaub mov. Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev, cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov zaub mov cog yog nyob ntawm nws qhov chaw cia, ua, thiab ntim khoom raws li cov qauv.

Tsim lub khw muag zaub

Hauv thaj chaw tshwj xeeb, kev pib ua zaub, ntau lawm thiab luv luvcia cov khoom semi-tiav lawm. Tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub khw zaub hauv nws qhov chaw yog raws li nram no:

• Cov khoom lag luam tau teeb tsa ntawm cov tuam txhab hluav taws xob nruab nrab thiab loj ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv raw rau lawv cov khoom.
• Ntawm cov chaw khaws zaub rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm ntau yam khoom tiav tiav thiab ntim cov cag qoob loo rau cov koom haum ua noj ua ntej. Qhov no suav nrog cov chaw tsim khoom noj khoom haus ntawm kev kawm, kev lag luam, khw muag khoom uas tsis muaj kev cob qhia kev yuav khoom.

Kev xav tau rau thaj chaw

Ib yam ntawm cov khw muag zaub yog qhov ntsuas chav. Kev suav ntawm thaj chaw yog ua los ntawm kev npaj ntim ntawm cov khoom siv raw, qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev tsim cov kev ua haujlwm zoo. Lub rhiav yog nyob rau hauv thiaj li hais tias kev thauj mus los ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tsis muaj kab mob los ntawm cov chaw cia khoom yog nqa tawm yam tsis tau kov cov khoom siv hauv tsev. Chav tsev yuav tsum tau nruab nrog cua sov, qhov cua, cov kav dej phwj tuaj, cov khoom siv dej, thiab muab cov teeb pom kev zoo. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev raug mob, hauv pem teb yuav tsum yog theem thiab nyab xeeb.

Zaub khw hauv canteens, cafes, tsev noj mov yog yooj yim nyob rau hauv 1st pem teb ntawm lub warehouse, chav tsev rau kev npaj ntawm txias thiab kub tais diav. Cov lag luam loj nrog cov khw muag zaub yuav muaj ob peb ceg.

Ntau yam raw khoom

Nyob ntawm cov nroj tsuag noj ua zaub mov, zaub muab faib ua vegetative thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo.

thawj yog:

• tubers, feem ntauqos yaj ywm;
• cag qoob loo;
• cabbage;
• onion;
• zaub xam lav;
• khoom qab zib: rhubarb, artichoke, asparagus;
• ntsim.

Fruit:

• pumpkin;
• txiv lws suav;
• legumes;
• cereals (pob kws ntawm cob).

Ntawm cov tubers, qos yaj ywm yog feem ntau siv rau hauv kev noj haus. Nws cov tubers yuav tsum yog cov qauv qauv, noj qab haus huv, ripe, qhuav. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim xim, tag nrho, ntom, tsis muaj greenery, sprouts thiab puas. Feem ntau ntawm cov kev cai no siv rau lwm cov khoom noj zaub thiab.

Kev koom tes ua haujlwm ntawm khw muag zaub

Hauv kev cob qhia me me, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau cov txheej txheem koom nrog yog nrog lub taub hau ntawm kev tsim khoom, hauv kev cob qhia loj thiab nruab nrab - nrog tus thawj coj lossis tus thawj coj. Subordinate rau tus thawj tswj yog cov zaub peelers uas ua hauj lwm technologies. Feem ntau, kev ua haujlwm hauv kev cob qhia yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm, suav nrog kev muab cov khoom raws sijhawm rau kev ua haujlwm yav tsaus ntuj ntawm lub tuam txhab.

Tus thawj tswj hwm kos cov phiaj xwm ua haujlwm raws li kev tsim khoom tag nrho thiab thov los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ua ntej ua ntej, nrog rau lub sijhawm rau kev npaj cov khoom tiav ib nrab ua haujlwm, nyob ntawm lub sijhawm rau kev muag khoom. tais diav. Nws ua kom lub sijhawm ua haujlwm zoo thiab ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov khoom siv raw, txuas ntxiv ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis, ua raws txhua yam kev mob, cov lus qhia, cov qauv kev huv thiab huv. Kev noj cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom tiav yog xam los ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas thiab sau rau hauv cov ntawv tshaj tawm txhua hnub.

Ua ntej siv, cov khoom siv raw yog ntim rau hauv lub thawv raukhaws cov zaub hauv ib lub warehouse, los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub rhiav npaj nws daim ntawv txais nyiaj raws li daim ntawv thov ua tiav. Tom qab ntawd, ua ke nrog tus neeg muag khoom, nws ua cov khoom lag luam zoo tswj.

Technological process

Tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub khw muag zaub yog txiav txim siab los ntawm tus lej ntawm kev ua haujlwm suav nrog hauv cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv raw. Cov no suav nrog:

• khoom hnyav;
• sort;
• xaiv cov khoom tsis zoo;
• tshuab lossis ntxuav tes (ua hauv kev sib cais los ntawm cov khoom tiav los tiv thaiv microbes thiab kab mob los ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tsis huv);
• tshuab lossis phau ntawv tu;
• recleaning manually;
• sulfitation (kho nrog sodium bisulfite los tiv thaiv browning);
• washing;
• txiav thiab shredding mechanically lossis manually;
• ntim, ntim rau hauv ntim;
• short-term cia;
• tub yees (yog xav tau);
• marking (yog xav tau);
• expedition (hloov mus rau lwm lub rooj cob qhia, xa mus rau cov koom haum npaj ua ntej).

khoom thiab khoom muag ntawm khw muag zaub

Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog zaub raw cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb rau ntau hom kev lag luam. Tau txais cov zaub thiab kev tsim cov khoom tiav yuav tsum tau kho kom ntau li ntau tau txhawm rau txo cov nqi thiab ua kom zoo dua cov txheej txheem. Raws li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis, lub koom haum ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv khw muag zaub thiab nrhiav tau cov khoom muag thiabkhoom siv.

Cov khoom siv tau teeb tsa raws li cov kauj ruam ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis thiab tuaj yeem muaj phab ntsa thiab cov kob tso. Ib tug txaus tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov cuab yeej raug xaiv raws li cov ntaub ntawv tswj. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov cuab yeej yuav tsum tau txuas mus rau ntau yam systems: hluav taws xob, tso pa, dej phwj tuaj, dej. Lub rooj cob qhia loj dua, qhov ntau ntawm cov cuab yeej yuav khoom rau nws.

khoom siv tshuab:

• nplai, lub cev hnyav;
• sizing tshuab (rau kev cob qhia loj);
• conveyors (rau thaj chaw loj);
• zaub ntxhua khaub ncaws thiab tshuab (kev co tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws, lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws, kev ua haujlwm tas mus li - rau kev ua haujlwm siab, sib cuam tshuam - rau kev cob qhia me me thiab nruab nrab), txo lub sijhawm ntawm kev npaj cov khoom siv raw ua ntej kev ua tshuab;
• combi qhov cub (ib lub tshuab ua hauv qhov cub siv chav tshem tawm cov husk, tev, uas txo cov khoom pov tseg);
• khoom siv rau kev tu kom qhuav ntawm tubers (caustic soda, rau kev cob qhia loj);
• zaub peelers;
• qos yaj ywm peelers;
• zaub cutters (rau boiled thiab nyoos zaub);
• chav ua noj processor;
• cutter, slicer, mixer;
• sulfitation apparatus;
• tub yees, koob yees duab;
• hoods (kom nqus cov roj tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv tsw ntxhiab tsw);
• ntim tshuab.

Tsis yog tshuabkhoom siv:

• rooj nrog ntxhua khaub ncaws;
• racks;
• ntxhua khaub ncaws nrog da dej;
• ntxuav cov ntxhuav (nrog cov chaw so rau qhov khoob thiab lub qhov cub kom tshem tawm cov khib nyiab rau hauv lub tank);
• chaw nres tsheb thiab txawb ntxhua khaub ncaws;
• sub-products;
• ntim thiab thawv rau khaws zaub;
• manufacturing ntxhuav;
• tsheb laub;
• chopping boards;
• tais;
• khib nyiab;
• rooj zaum nrog footrest thiab armrests.

Cov cuab yeej tsis siv tshuab kuj suav nrog cov cuab yeej hauv chav ua noj thiab rab riam.

Chaw ua haujlwm tau nruab nrog cov khoom lag luam improvised thiab ntau yam khoom siv. Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv tu thiab tom qab ntxuav, cov hauv paus hniav thiab grooved zaub riam yog siv, tsim rau stripping keeb kwm thiab tshem tawm qhov muag. Cov cuab yeej siv tshuab kuj tseem siv rau cov hom phiaj no. Npaj raw cov ntaub ntawv yog txiav nrog riam: karbovochny (nrog ib tug wavy los yog zigzag hniav), rooted. Lawv siv tus kws ua zaub mov troika, cov khoom siv shredding, curly notches thiab graters.

Technological kab

Hauv cov khw muag zaub me me thiab nruab nrab ntawm cov chaw ua noj ua haus tsim 2 txoj kab tseem ceeb:

• ua cov hauv paus qoob loo thiab qos yaj ywm (ntxuav, kev ua haujlwm hauv cov zaub peelers, phau ntawv tu, ntxuav, tso qos yaj ywm hauv dej rau 3 teev, sulphurizing lawv yog tias tsim nyog, txiav);
• dos npaj,zaub qhwv, zaub ntsuab, zaub raws caij nyoog thiab pickles (ua cov khoom siv raw, tshem tawm cov khoom tsis zoo, ntxuav, ntxuav cov stalks, tawv stems, stalk, tawv, noob, ntxuav, txiav, tiv thaiv kom qhuav).

Cov kab kev thev naus laus zis zoo sib xws yog tsim nyob rau hauv kev cob qhia ntawm lub peev xwm tseem ceeb, ua ntau tshaj 1 tuj zaub, tab sis tag nrho cov txheej txheem yog ntau dua tshuab.

khoom ntau

Txiav txim siab los ntawm hom, muaj peev xwm, cov phiaj xwm tsim khoom lag luam thiab yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub khw zaub. Qhov kwv yees ntau ntawm cov khoom lag luam ib nrab tiav rau cov chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm cov lag luam nruab nrab:

• raw peeled qos yaj ywm;
• cov dos, beets, carrots;
• sulphated peeled qos yaj ywm nyoos;
• ua tiav: ntsuab dos, parsley, dill, celery, lettuce;
• kab txaij dawb.

Nyob hauv cov khw muag zaub loj niaj hnub no, cov npe ntawm cov khoom tau ntxiv los ntawm cov kab ntau lawm:

• ntim zaub hauv hnab;
• qos yaj ywm;
• zaub cutlets;
• vinaigrette thiab zaub xam lav.

Txoj cai rau kev npaj ua haujlwm

Kev ua raws li kev nyab xeeb thiab kev tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev tshem tawm cov xwm txheej kub ntxhov hauv lub rooj cob qhia:

1. Nkag mus rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm uas tau kawm lawv cov cuab yeej thiab tau txais cov lus qhia tsim nyog.
2. Kev muaj cai rau kev ua haujlwm nyab xeeb nyob ze ntawm lub tshuab.
3. Tsis muaj kev sib cuag nrog kev txav ntawm cov khoom siv tshaj lij.
4. Yuav tsum taugrounding, grounding ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
5. Nyhav ntawm kev thauj khoom ib zaug: cov poj niam - txog 15 kg, txiv neej - txog 50 kg; Rau kev nqa ib txwm nyob hauv kev ua haujlwm ua haujlwm: poj niam - txog li 7 kg, txiv neej - txog 15 kg.
6. Room kub tshaj 15°.
7. pov tseg raws sijhawm.

Kev tu tus kheej kuj yog ib qho yuav tsum tau ua. Yog li, nws yuav tsum:

1. Muab cov khoom ntiag tug thiab cov khaub ncaws sab hauv rau hauv cov txee tshwj xeeb thiab chav hnav khaub ncaws.
2. Ntxuav tes kom huv nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob ua ntej ua haujlwm, hnav khaub ncaws thiab tiv thaiv lub taub hau.
3. Hloov khaub ncaws tsis huv.
4. Thaum siv chav dej, tshem tawm tag nrho hauv cheeb tsam, ntxuav tes nrog tshuaj tua kab mob.
5. Ntawm cov tsos mob ntawm cov kab mob sib kis los yog kab mob, purulent foci, qhov txhab, ceeb toom rau lub taub hau thiab tiv tauj lub tsev kho mob.
6. Qhia rau koj tus tswv ntiav yog tias cov neeg hauv tsev neeg muaj kab mob hauv plab.
7. Tshem tawm cov khoom tawg yooj yim thiab tho (khoom siv nyiaj, watches, pins), txiav rau tes luv, tsis txhob siv cov kua roj vanish rau lawv.
8. Kev noj haus thiab haus luam yeeb (tshem tawm tag nrho) hauv thaj chaw xaiv.

Kev siv zaub yog tus yuam sij rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv. Ntau yam ntawm ntau yam, txoj kev khaws cia thiab saj zoo heev ntawm cov khoom noj zaub ua rau nws siv dav hauv kev ua noj niaj hnub. Lub koom haum muaj txiaj ntsig thiab muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub khw muag zaub yog ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej rau kev ua tiav ntawm kev lag luam pej xeem.khoom.