Engineering ntawm Ukraine: kev lag luam thiab cov qauv tam sim no

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-17 18:53

Mechanical engineering ntawm Ukraine yog ib txwm suav tias yog kev lag luam ua lag luam thiab lub tshuab ua haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam. Ntawm no yog cov kev lag luam loj loj ntawm kev tsim kho tsheb thiab dav hlau, metallurgy, lub zog, tub rog-kev lag luam complex thiab lwm qhov chaw.

Industry history

Keeb kwm ntawm mechanical engineering hauv Ukraine pib hauv xyoo pua 19th. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov pob zeb loj loj hauv Donbass thiab kev txhim kho metallurgy yuav tsum tau siv cov cuab yeej siv, cov cuab yeej, thiab cov qauv hlau. Kev ua liaj ua teb kuj xav tau cov cuab yeej zoo dua thiab kev siv tshuab ib nrab.

Thawj lub Hoobkas ntawm cov tshuab ua liaj ua teb tau qhib xyoo 1840 hauv Mliev. Cov lag luam loj yog Aleksandrovsky cog hauv Yekaterinoslav (tam sim no Dnepropetrovsk), Hughes cog hauv Donetsk, Dneprovsky cog hauv Kamensky (tam sim no Dneprodzerzhinsk), locomotive rhiav hauv Kharkov thiab Lugansk. Ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig, qhov sib koom ntawm Ukraine nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev lag luam ntau lawm ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws yog 25%.

Lub tshuab hluav taws xob engineering ntawm Ukraine tau txais kev ua pa tshiab nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawmSoviet zog. Cov nyiaj loj tau nqis peev hauv cheeb tsam rau kev tsim kho cov lag luam loj. Tshwj xeeb, Kharkov Turbine Plant (1929), Kharkov Tractor Plant (1930), Dnepropetrovsk Electric Locomotive Plant (1934), Kyiv Armored Plant (1935), thiab lwm yam automotive, tub rog-kev lag luam complex, hnyav engineering, instrumentation thiab lwm yam.

yam ntxwv dav dav

Cov kev pom zoo hauv kev tsim kho tshuab engineering hauv Ukraine hais txog kev tawg thiab rov tsim kho tag nrho cov qauv ntawm kev lag luam. Tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib raug zoo nrog Russia (ib zaug tus khub tseem ceeb) thiab kev nthuav dav ntawm kev xa tawm mus rau Tebchaws Europe, cov lag luam loj muaj ob qho teeb meem nrog kev xa tawm ntawm cov khoom lag luam ib txwm muaj thiab qee qhov kev cia siab rau kev sib txawv ntau lawm yav tom ntej.

Muaj cov lus teb meej rau lo lus nug "Piav qhia txog cov qauv kev lag luam ntawm lub tshuab tsim hauv Ukraine". Lub tshuab-tsev complex ntawm Ukraine suav nrog ntau tshaj 20 kev lag luam tshwj xeeb, 58 sub-sectors. Qhov tseeb, txhua yam uas twb muaj lawm ntawm mechanical engineering tau sawv cev hauv lub tebchaws. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv raug cai, 11,267 lub tuam txhab tau sau npe hauv cov qauv, 146 ntawm cov uas loj, 1,834 yog nruab nrab, thiab 9,287 yog me. Cov qauv no ntiav txog 1.5 lab tus neeg ua haujlwm.

Kev ntsuas ntim ntau lawm

Raws li Lub Xeev Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Txheeb Xyuas, cov khoom ntim ntawm lub tshuab tsim ua haujlwm hauv 2011-2013 zoo liraws li hauv qab no (saib cov lus):

	2011		2012		2013
	Million Hryvnia	%	Million Hryvnia	%	Million Hryvnia	%
Engineering	133 469	10	143 533, 1	10, 2	117 301, 9	8,7
Kev lag luam	1 331 887, 6		1 400 680, 2		1 354 130, 1

Raws li kev txheeb cais, txawm tias ua ntej muaj kev kub ntxhov hauv xyoo 2014, muaj qhov txo qis hauv kev lag luam ntau lawm los ntawm 10 mus rau 8.7%. Yog hais tias peb sib piv cov neeg kho tshuab engineering ntawm Ukraine thiab lub ntiaj teb no, ces nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub ntim ntawm cov khoom muag (raws li ib feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov kev lag luam), cov ntsuas sib txawv heev - qhov no ratio yog ntau tsawg tshaj li nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws tsim. Qhov kev sib txawv no qhia txog kev txhim kho chaotic ntawm lub tshuab-tsev complex.

Kev tsom xam ntawm kev xa tawm thiab xa tawm

Nyob rau xyoo tas los no, kev xa tawm ntawm cov khoom lag luam los ntawm kev lag luam tshuab tsim tau muaj feem ntau mus rau CIS lub teb chaws, feem ntau mus rau Lavxias Federation thiab Kazakhstan. Kev txo qis hauv kev nqis peev hauv kev lag luam muag khoom tseem ceeb ua rau txo qis hauv kev lag luam cov khoom lag luam.

	2011	2012	2013	2014
	Export, billion $
Engineering	11, 9	13, 3	10, 6	7, 4
General	88, 1	81, 2	76, 1	53, 9
	Import, billion $
Engineering	8, 2	10, 9	7
General	88, 8	90, 2	84, 6

Raws li Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Txheeb Xyuas Lub Xeev ntawm Ukraine, xyoo 2011-2013 cov koom pheej tau xa tawm ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm nws cov khoom mus rau lwm lub tebchaws. Txawm li cas los xij, yav dhau los kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom lag luam ntawm Ukrainian kev lag luam hauv ntiaj teb kev lag luam thiab kev xa tawm ntawm lub teb chaws lub tshuab tsim ua haujlwm hauv xyoo 2015 tau muab txoj hauv kev rau stagnation ntawm kev lag luam.

Ukrainian engineering khoom tuaj los ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws (2014):

• Lub cev muaj zog thiab twj tso kua mis (tag nrho cov nyiaj tau los - $ 3 nphom).
• khoom siv hluav taws xob ($ 2.7 billion).
• Railway thauj ($0.8 billion).
• Kev thauj mus los ($ 0.3 billion).
• Air thauj ($ 0.2 billion).
• Instrumentation ($0.2 billion).
• Nkoj ($ 0.1 nphom).

Mechanical engineering chaw nyob hauvUkraine

Kev lig kev cai, feem ntau ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam nyob hauv nruab nrab thiab sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws. Lawv gravitate mus rau lab-ntxiv lub nroog thiab Donbass industrial cheeb tsam. Lub tuam tsev loj tshaj plaws yog Kyiv, Dnepropetrovsk thiab Kharkov.

Main engineering nroj tsuag (Ukraine):

• foob pob hluav taws, chaw thiab dav hlau kev lag luam: Kyiv (Antonov), Zaporozhye (Motor Sich), Dnepropetrovsk (Yuzhmash).
• Automotive kev lag luam: Zaporozhye (ZAZ, IVECO-Motor Sich), Kremenchug (KrAZ), Cherkassy (Bogdan), Lutsk (LuAZ), Kyiv (UkrAvto).
• Transport engineering: Kharkiv (KhZTM hu ua Malyshev, KhTZ muaj npe tom qab Ordzhonikidze).
• Shipbuilding: Nikolaev (Ocean, Zavod im. 61st Kommunar), Kherson (KhSZ).
• Heavy engineering: Mariupol (Azovmash), Kramatorsk (Novokramatorsky Mashinostroitelny Zavod), Donetsk (NPK Mining Machine), Sumy (NPO Frunze), Kharkiv (Electrotyazhmash, Turboatom), Kyiv (Bolshevik), Dnepropetrovsk (Dneprotrovya).
• Kev tsheb ciav hlau: Dneprodzerzhinsk (Dneprovagonmash), Kremenchug (Kryukov Carriages), Luhansk (Luganskteplovoz).
• Hluav taws xob engineering thiab ntsuas: Zaporozhye (Zaporozhtransformator), Odessa (Telekart-Pribor).
• khoom siv hauv tsev: Donetsk ("NORD").
• Metalworking: Kharkiv (HARP).

Automotive

Kev lag luam tsheb tsheb engineering ntawm Ukraine muaj cov kab lis kev cai nplua nuj. Kev lag luam tuam txhab tsim khoommuaj ntau yam khoom siv tub rog thiab pej xeem. Nws suav nrog ntau lub koom haum koom nrog hauv kev txhim kho, tsim khoom thiab muag khoom ntawm lub cev muaj zog, lub teeb ua lag luam tsheb thiab tsheb thauj khoom, tsheb npav, tsheb thauj khoom, maus taus, mopeds, cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, cov khoom seem thiab cov khoom siv.

Raws li lub tswv yim ntawm kev txhim kho kev lag luam automotive, los ntawm 2015 nws tau npaj tsim kom muaj txog li 500,000 lub tsheb, txog li 45,000 lub tsheb, 20,000 tsheb npav. Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, kev lag luam sib koom nyob rau hauv industrial ntau lawm nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no tsuas yog 0.8-0.6%, thiab nyob rau hauv lub creation ntawm tag nrho cov domestic khoom - tsawg tshaj li 0.4-0.3%. Automotive engineering nyob rau hauv Ukraine yog tus yam ntxwv raws li underdeveloped, thiab nws txoj kev pab rau lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag yog tsis tseem ceeb. Cov qauv siv tsawg dua 0.1% ntawm tag nrho cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv lub tebchaws.

Nyob rau hauv cov neeg caij tsheb ntu, feem ntau yog SKD sib dhos ntawm cov khoom lag luam txawv teb chaws ntawm cov chav kawm nruab nrab (C, B) nrog rau theem qis ntawm thaj chaw thiab cov nqi ntxiv tsim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Ukraine. Feem ntau, txog 100 lub lag luam ua haujlwm hauv Ukrainian automotive kev lag luam, qhov loj tshaj plaws yog:

• CJSC ZAZ.
• KrASZ LLC.
• CJSC Eurocar.
• Bogdan Corporation.

Heavy engineering ntawm Ukraine

Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov kev tsim kho sub-sectors ntawm lub teb chaws, tus yam ntxwv los ntawm ntau lub lag luam, muaj lub tsev kawm ntawv "muaj zog" engineering thiab technical, thiab kev tsim khoom. Cov khoom txaus siab yuav mus txawv tebchaws, ob qho tib si sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob. Yam khoom: excavators, loaders, thoob, pwm, converters,nws tus kheej-propelled tamping, drilling, tunneling, casting, txoj kev machinery, elevator, aggregates rau kev sib tsoo, sorting, sib tsoo, ua, tov av, ores, pob zeb, lwm yam minerals.

Aviation kev lag luam

Kev lag luam muaj ntau dua 60 lub koom haum, uas suav txog ib feem peb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm tag nrho lub teb chaws engineering kev lag luam. Lub hauv paus yog tsim los ntawm tsib lub lag luam loj. Lub peev xwm ntawm kev lag luam aviation tso cai kom muaj qhov ntim ntawm kev loj hlob thiab tsim cov dav hlau, tshwj xeeb:

• cheeb tsam neeg caij tsheb thiab thauj dav hlau;
• aircraft cav thiab units;
• avionics cov cuab yeej tsom mus rau kev siv kev sib txuas lus satellite, navigation thiab soj ntsuam;
• nyoob hoom qav taub thiab dav hlau me me, tshwj xeeb yog dav hlau tsis muaj neeg siv.

Kev cog lus muaj xws li:

• Ib lub dav hlau ntawm ntau yam kev hloov kho.
• Kev tsim cov tshuab dav hlau.
• Helicopters.

Lwm yam kev lag luam

Tshuab cuab yeej kev lag luam ua kom muaj kev txhim kho ntawm txhua ceg ntawm engineering, lawv cov kab lis kev cai ntau lawm thiab kev vam meej. Cov cuab yeej cuab tam factories (automatic thiab semi-automatic lathes, pob zeb diamond tho txawv tshuab) nyob rau hauv Kharkov, Lvov, Kyiv, Berdichev, Odessa, Cherkassy, Dnepropetrovsk. Cov cuab yeej siv tshuab hnyav cog ua haujlwm hauv Kramatorsk (tsis siv neeg kab).

Instrumentationplays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua kom nrawm rau kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. Cov tuam txhab loj tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv lub tebchaws yog cov koom haum tsim khoom "Impulse" hauv Severodonetsk thiab "Electronmash" hauv Kyiv. Ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab lwm yam khoom siv yog tsim nyob rau hauv Kyiv, Kharkov, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lvov, Sumy, Cherkassy, Zhytomyr, Lutsk.

Agricultural engineering ntawm Ukraine muab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb nrog cov khoom tsim nyog. Cov lag luam ntawm cov ceg no yog nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev noj cov khoom tiav. Cov tsheb laij teb muaj zog yog tsim los ntawm Kharkov Tractor Plant. Kirovograd nroj tsuag "Krasnaya Zvezda" tsim seeders. Beet harvesting complexes yog tsim nyob rau hauv Dnepropetrovsk thiab Ternopil, grain harvesters - nyob rau hauv Kherson ("Slavutich") thiab Alexandria ("Lan"), pob kws harvesters - nyob rau hauv Kherson, tillage machines - nyob rau hauv Odessa, Kyiv, Berdyansk, Slavyansk. Mechanical engineering rau tsiaj ua liaj ua teb thiab fodder ntau lawm yog concentrated nyob rau hauv Uman, Novograd-Volynsky, Nizhyn, Kolomyia, Bila Tserkva.

Shipbuilding nyob rau hauv Ukraine yog concentrated nyob rau hauv loj hiav txwv (Dub, Hiav txwv ntawm Azov) thiab dej (R. Dnieper) chaw nres nkoj. Cov nkoj hiav txwv tau tsim hauv Nikolaev thiab Kherson, dej hiav txwv thiab hiav txwv nkoj - hauv Kyiv. Shipyards ua haujlwm hauv Odessa, Mariupol.

Tsheb thauj mus los engineering tsim locomotives thiab wagons. Lub tsev locomotive chaw yog Lugansk, Kharkov (lub ntsiab diesel locomotives), Dnepropetrovsk; tsheb tsev - Stakhanov, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Kremenchug. Railway tanks yog tsim nyob rau hauv Mariupol. Locomotive kho cov chaw ua haujlwm hauv cov nroog loj thauj mus los.

Engineering nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm European kev koom ua ke

Cov kws tshaj lij tau kwv yees qhov yuav yog lub tshuab tsim ntawm Ukraine hauv kev koom ua ke nrog Europe. Kev kos npe ntawm Lub Koom Haum Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo ntawm Ukraine thiab European Union muab kev yooj yim ntawm kev txav ntawm cov khoom ntws ntawm cov teb chaws, pib txij Lub Ib Hlis 1, 2016. Thiab txij li lub Plaub Hlis 2014, kev taw qhia los ntawm EU ntawm unilateral kev nyiam kev lag luam rau Ukraine twb tau pab txhawb rau kev nce hauv kev xa tawm ntawm cov khoom lag luam engineering thiab txo qis qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev lag luam txawv teb chaws nrog cov teb chaws Europe hauv engineering khoom.

%. Hauv xyoo 2015, qhov kev poob qis hauv kev lag luam pauv ntawm kev lag luam txuas ntxiv mus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov qauv ntawm kev xa tawm ntawm cov khoom siv engineering, qhov sib koom hauv EU tau nce los ntawm 30.4% (2014) mus rau 43.4% (thawj ib nrab xyoo 2015).

Txheeb cais thiab tiam sis

Tus qauv hauv kev txhim kho ntawm kev tsim kho tshuab hauv Ukraine qhia tias tsis yog txhua qhov kev lag luam tau hloov mus rau qhov tseeb ntawm kev lag luam tshiab. Hauv kev lag luam txawv teb chaws, boilers, tshuab, hluav taws xob, thiab nuclear reactors yog qhov xav tau loj tshaj plaws. Lawv tag nrho cov koom nrog hauv cov qauv ntawm cov khoom xa tawm mus rau EU lub teb chaws yog 40%. Ntawm cov tseem ceeb importers yog (2014):

• Hungary (tus nqi $ 270.6 lab).
• Lub Tebchaws Yelemees ($ 239.8 lab).
• Poland ($207.9).
• Czech koom pheej ($ 80 lab).

Prospects

Ukraine, uas nws cov tshuab engineering tau tsim kho heev, tseem xav tau cov cuab yeej siv siab, tshuab thiab cov khoom lag luam txawv teb chaws. Muaj kev nce nqi ntawm cov tsheb thauj khoom, tsheb laij teb, kev sib xyaw ua ke, cov khoom siv hauv tsev, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hnyav. Cov khoom ntim loj tshaj plaws yog tuaj ntawm:

• Lub Tebchaws Yelemees (tus nqi $ 577.9 lab).
• Poland ($255.1 lab).
• Italy ($ 160.9 lab).
• Czech koom pheej ($ 116.8 lab).
• Fabkis ($ 101.4 lab).

Xyaum qhia tau hais tias kev kos npe ntawm Lub Koom Haum Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo muab txiaj ntsig ntau dua li kev pheej hmoo. Kev txhim kho ntxiv ncaj qha nyob ntawm seb qhov kev lag luam hauv Ukrainian engineering hloov pauv sai npaum li cas los ntawm cov ncauj lus ntawm kev pheej hmoo mus rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov cib fim.

Risks

Ib qho teeb meem tseem ceeb rau kev nthuav dav thiab txhim kho cov qauv ntawm kev sib koom ua lag luam hauv engineering yog qhov muaj kev cuam tshuam kev lag luam ntawm Ukraine thiab cov neeg koom tes txawv teb chaws. Cov kev pheej hmoo yog txuam nrog qhov ua tau ntawm ib feem poob ntawm qee lub tshuab tsim kev lag luam uas ua haujlwm feem ntau rau kev lag luam Lavxias thiab raws li lawv cov kev cai. Kev lag luam high-tech tau dhau los ua qhov tsis muaj zog tshwj xeeb: hauv kev lag luam aviation, tub rog-kev lag luam complex, shipbuilding, chaw tshawb nrhiav.

Kev lag luam kev lag luam, uas cov khoom lag luam muaj tus nqi ntxiv, yuav tsum tau txhim kho lub peev xwm los teb sai sai rau cov kev hloov pauv hauv ib puag ncig sab nraud, tsim cov khoom lag luam ua ntej ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Qhov no tuaj yeem pab txhawb los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv kev lag luamcov qauv, kev hloov mus rau tus qauv txheej txheem ntawm kev daws teeb meem kev tswj hwm. Cov tuam txhab agile feem ntau muaj cov qauv uas ua ke nrog cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb: kev tswj cov khoom lag luam, kev tsim khoom tshiab, kev tswj hwm cov neeg siv khoom, kev muag khoom thiab kev tswj hwm, nrog cov txheej txheem txhawb nqa. Txawm li cas los xij, Ukraine kev lag luam engineering tab tom tos rau kev hloov pauv loj. Lub sij hawm yuav qhia tias lawv yuav ua li cas.