Diesel submarines: keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim, cov phiaj xwm nkoj, lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua haujlwm, qhov zoo, qhov tsis zoo thiab theem ntawm kev txhim kho

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim lub submersible txav hauv qab dej, qhov tseeb yog ib qho qauv ntawm lub submarine (tom ntej no hu ua submarine), tau tshwm sim ntev ua ntej lawv qhov tshwm sim tiag tiag hauv xyoo pua 18th. Tsis muaj cov lus piav qhia meej ntawm cov tsheb hauv qab dej hauv ntau cov lus dab neeg lossis hauv Renaissance genius Leonardo da Vinci. Thawj qhov tsim tau tiag tiag thiab muaj cov lus piav qhia tseeb ntawm lub nkoj nkoj yog:

• Tsim ntawm Cornelius Van Drebel ua los ntawm tawv thiab ntoo, tiag tiag ntab ntawm qhov tob ntawm 4 meters thaum lub sijhawm King James I ntawm Askiv (thawj lub quarter ntawm xyoo pua 17th);
• Papen tin submarine (lig xyoo pua 17th), duab plaub (1.68 × 1.76 × 0.78 meters);
• Submarine Turtle Ntauwd, uas tau koom nrog hauv kev ua phem thaum Tsov Rog Hauv Tebchaws Meskas hauv North America (lub quarter kawg ntawm xyoo pua 18th);
• American Fulton's 1801 tooj liab submarine, uas thawj qhov kev tawm tsam tau ua tiav hauv Fabkis, txawm li cas los xij, ua qauv qhia ib qho;
• thawj lub nkoj hauv qab dej ntawm cov mines ntawm cov leeg nqaij (tib lub sijhawm nws yog " foob pob hluav taws") ua hauv Russia xyoo 1834 (tus sauSchilder);
• Submarines nrog pneumatic propulsion tshwm sim ib txhij nyob rau hauv Russia (1863, Alexandrovsky) thiab Fabkis (1864, Bourgeois thiab Brun).

Diesel-powered submarines (DPL) tau tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, tom qab ntawd diesel-electric (DES) thiab nuclear submarines (NPS) tau tsim.

Keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim DPL thiab DEPL, nrog rau lawv qhov kev tawm tsam nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm cov neeg muaj hwj chim loj

Nyob rau hauv ib puas xyoo dhau los, ib tug me me flotilla ntawm Lavxias teb sab submarines nyob rau hauv lub Russo-Japanese Tsov rog ntawm 1905 tau txais nws thawj kev sib ntaus sib tua. Cov Japanese tsis siv submarines. Kev ua tau zoo tsis tau ua tiav: lub tswv yim ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov raug tsim los thiab kev ua haujlwm tau zoo tau txais.

Nyob rau hauv Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib, nrog rau tom ntej - Qhov thib ob, German submarine nkoj tau txawv ntawm nws tus kheej, uas tau ua thawj koom ruam hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv hiav txwv. German submarines nquag rhuav tshem tsis tau tsuas yog cov tub lag luam ships, tab sis kuj warships ntawm lub koom haum. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 160 lub nkoj tau poob rau thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, thiab 395 thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, suav nrog 75 submarines, nrog rau cov tub lag luam nkoj nrog cov khoom thauj ntau dua 30 lab tons. Ntawm ib feem ntawm USSR, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev ua ntawm submarines ntawm hom "Pike", 2/3 ntawm cov neeg tuag nyob rau hauv Dub thiab B altic Seas.

Nyob rau xyoo 1955, USSR tau tsim qhov project 641 ntawm lub thib ob tiam ntawm diesel-hluav taws xob submarines - nto moo "Kab" los yog nyob rau hauv lub Western "Foxtrot" (nyob rau hauv tag nrho, ¾ puas daim ntawm xws submarines tau tsim), uas. "reigned" nyob rau hauv qhov chaw qhib rau ntau tshaj 10 xyoo seas thiab dej hiav txwv, txawm hais tias lawv tau tawm tsam los ntawm American diesel submarines.

Kev hloov pauv hauv lub tswv yim rau kev siv cov roj av hluav taws xob submarines

Nws yog lub sijhawm tsis meej pem rau lub nkoj dav davthiab rau lub nkoj submarine tshwj xeeb, txij li thaum muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm riam phom atomic, kev xav tau hais tias txoj haujlwm ntawm kev rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab naval rog tuaj yeem daws tau nrog kev pab ntawm riam phom nuclear. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsim nyog ntawm kev pom tseem muaj kev vam meej tias txawm tias nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej no lub nkoj yuav daws tau cov dej num, thiab nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm peb feem ntawm nuclear triad - nuclear submarines, qhov teeb meem no tau daws thaum kawg. Diesel-hluav taws xob submarines pib tsim tsis tsuas yog nrog cov riam phom sib xyaw (torpedoes ntxiv rau cov foob pob hluav taws los ntawm cov raj torpedo) thiab tawm tsam cov roj hluav taws xob submarines nrog cov cuaj luaj caij nkoj, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov foob pob hluav taws xob nuclear, suav nrog cov uas muaj underwater launches (project 629, 641B " Tango", 658 thiab 877 Halibut).

"Underwater" confrontation ntawm ob superpowers

DEPL nquag koom nrog kev tawm tsam ntawm USSR thiab Asmeskas, thaum lub sijhawm ntawd ob lub ntiaj teb superpowers, suav nrog hauv "Caribbean" ntsoog, uas yuav luag cuam tshuam lub ntiaj teb mus rau hauv peb lub ntiaj teb, tab sis twb muaj nuclear-atomic. tsov rog. Plaub Kab, suav nrog Chelyabinsk Komsomolets, tau koom nrog Kev Ua Haujlwm Kama. Thaum lawv tawm tsam peb cov tub lag luam nkoj nqa cov cuaj luaj nrog lub taub hau nuclear rau Cuba, lawv muaj txoj haujlwm los tawm tsam Asmeskas cov nkoj. Nyob rau hauv Atlantic, diesel submarines ntawm USSR tau poob rau hauv cua daj cua dub uas lawv tsis tau pom dua ua ntej, tab sis cov cuab yeej thiab cov neeg tau dim. Qhov kev sim thib ob, phem dua li qhov dhau los, tuaj nrog kev tawm mus rau qhov chaw muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua: cov cua sov hauv cov nkoj tau tshaj 50 degrees Celsius. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov dej tau muab tawm tsawg kawg nkaus - ib khob ib hnub rau ib tus neeg. Qhov project no tau tsim los rau kev sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau sab qaum teb latitudes, thiabtsis nyob ntawm txoj kab nruab nrab. Cov nom tswv tswj kom pom zoo thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm tub rog tsis tshwm sim, thiab tom qab ntawd muaj ntau qhov ntxiv tau tsim los ntawm kev tsim cov tshuab hluav taws xob ntev ntev, suav nrog cov xwm txheej radical.

Lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Txias, cov nkoj nquam nkoj tau ua haujlwm zais tawm ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm tus yeeb ncuab uas muaj peev xwm, nyob hauv kev tswj hwm kev tsav tsheb mus txog peb lub hlis. Muaj ib qho xwm txheej paub thaum, yam tsis tau nkag mus rau hauv ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Ltalis, peb lub nkoj nkoj tau txiav txim siab nws qhov chaw los ntawm kev thauj tog rau nkoj ntawm Asmeskas cov dav hlau Nimitz. Thiab lub nuclear submarine 705 ntawm qhov project tau ua raws li NATO kev ua rog yuav luag ib hnub, txawm tias tag nrho nws txoj kev sim "tshem" nws los ntawm "tail", thiab nres qhov kev nrhiav tom qab tau txais qhov kev txiav txim tsim nyog.

Cov phiaj xwm, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm submarines thiab lawv hom

Thaum pib, cov nkoj nquam nkoj tau tsim los siv cov ntsiab lus sib txawv ntawm lawv cov propulsion:

• siv tib neeg lub hwj chim;
• roj teeb hluav taws xob nkaus xwb;
• siv roj av;
• submarine diesel cav nkaus xwb;
• air motor xwb;
• ntawm kev siv chav thiab hluav taws xob.

Lub tswv yim ntawm kev siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob ua tiav "tswj" tag nrho thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua dhau los, qhia nws qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov haujlwm dhau los thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm submarine propulsion.

Txoj haujlwm ntawm cov roj av submarines nrog artillery mounts tsis ua tiav vim qhov ua haujlwm qis ntawm "ua haujlwm"artillery tiv thaiv lub hom phiaj hauv av thiab tom qab pom lawv cov kev daws teeb meem hauv "kev poob siab" diesel-hluav taws xob submarines firing cruise missiles.

Cov lus qhia ntxiv rau kev txhim kho cov roj av hluav taws xob submarines

Nws muaj cov hauv qab no:

• nce nrawm nrawm;
• txo suab nrov;
• txhim kho cov tshuab rau kev kuaj xyuas thiab rhuav tshem dej hauv qab dej, saum npoo; huab cua thiab hauv av lub hom phiaj;
• nce lub sijhawm thiab thaj tsam ntawm kev tswj hwm tus kheej;
• Nyob tob tob.

pros and cons

Nws yog qhov tsis sib xws, tab sis qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm cov roj av submarines - muaj peev xwm txav tau ob qho tib si rau saum npoo av thiab hauv qab dej, uas tau muab los ntawm ob hom sib txawv ntawm cov cav (diesel thiab hluav taws xob), kuj yog lawv qhov tsis zoo. Qhov no yuav tsum muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm loj rau kev pabcuam, uas yog "neeg coob coob" nyob rau hauv qhov tsis dav dav sab hauv ntawm lub nkoj nkoj.

Qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov roj av submarines yog qhov nrawm nrawm ntawm kev txav mus los hauv lub xeev hauv qab dej, uas tau txwv los ntawm lub zog qis ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab lub peev xwm ntawm cov roj teeb uas khaws hluav taws xob.

Kev tshem tawm ib qho ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov roj av hluav taws xob submarines

Lub ntsiab lus tsis muaj zog ntawm diesel-hluav taws xob submarines nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem yog qhov tsis muaj peev xwm los tawm tsam ntug hiav txwv fortifications thiab av feem ntau. Nrog rau kev tso tawm xyoo 1953 ntawm lub nkoj nkoj nkoj los ntawm Asmeskas submarine "Tunets", lub sijhawm ntawm kev sib tw ntawm submarines thiab aviation pib nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev hem thawj ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau cov tub rog thiab cov nroog ntawm yeeb ncuab thaj chaw,uas tau mus txog nws qhov kev pom zoo nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm nuclear submarines (NPS).

Varshavyanka diesel submarines

Project 877 "Halibut" tau siv nyob rau hauv ob lub xyoo dhau los ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, lub submarine no kuj hu ua "Varshavyanka" (txoj hauj lwm 636), raws li lawv yuav muab lawv cov phooj ywg nyob rau hauv lub Warsaw Pact nrog lawv, thiab nyob rau hauv NATO lawv hu ua "Khib Txhim Kho". Multi-purpose diesel-hluav taws xob submarine (diesel-hluav taws xob) muaj ob chav ntxaiv-puab hull (lub teeb 6-8 hli thiab "muaj zog" 35 hli steel), rau qhov sib cais thiab tau nrawm dua thiab ntsiag to.

Technical thiab tactical yam ntxwv

Cov hauv qab no yog cov ntaub ntawv:

• crew - ntau dua 50 tus neeg;
• xa tawm 2,325 tons (nto), 3,076 tons (submerged);
• length - mus txog 75 -;
• dav - txog 10 -;
• draft – mus txog 7 –;
• fais fab nroj tsuag - ib tug ncej, 2 lub cav diesel nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 3.65 txhiab l / s thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob - 5.9 txhiab l / s, nrog rau 2 lub tshuab hluav taws xob standby ntawm 102 l / s;
• nrawm ntawm kev txav - mus txog 10 pob ntawm qhov chaw thiab mus txog 19 - nyob rau hauv qhov dej hauv qab;
• caij nkoj - txog li 7 txhiab mais ntawm qhov ceev ntawm 8 pob ib teev nyob rau hauv RPD (ntawm qhov siab periscope) thiab mus txog 460 mais submerged ntawm qhov ceev ntawm 3 pob ib teev;
• autonomy of navigation - 45 hnub;
• dub qhov tob - txog 0.33 km;
• armament - 6 lub tsheb thauj khoom nrog kaum yim torpedoes lossis 6 ntxiv los ntawm cov mines, 4 CR (cruise missiles nrog ntau yamswb 0.5 txhiab km.) thiab luv-ntau cua tiv thaiv systems ntawm nto-to-air hom (8 missiles). Ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub no txhawm rau txheeb xyuas lub hom phiaj thiab tswj lawv tus kheej ste alth.

Ntxhais! Cov lus qhia rau lub ntsiab ncej yog ua … ntawm ntoo! Qhov tseeb yog tsob ntoo tshwj xeeb. Qhov no yog ib tug backout nyob rau hauv Central America. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj heev (1.3 txhiab kg / m), saturated nrog guaiac resin, hnav-resistant, nrog ntuj lubrication. Cov ntsuas no ua rau nws ua tau rau cov ncej ua haujlwm rau ob peb xyoo lawm.

"dub qhov" thiab nws qhov chaw hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no

Cov suab nrov zoo heev thiab muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam ua ntej vim qhov ntev ntawm lub hom phiaj tshawb pom, txog rau hnub tim (saib rau hauv tus account qhov kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm ntau lub tshuab) muab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm "Varshavyanka". Tsis muaj qhov xav tias nws tseem hu ua "Black Hole" rau nws qhov kev zais cia, hauv qhov tsis yog-nuclear sector ntawm submarine. Lub caij nplooj zeeg dhau los, ib qho ntawm cov submarines no tau tua cov foob pob hluav taws rau cov neeg phem hauv Syria.

Niaj hnub nimno diesel submarines yog cov nkoj thib peb, uas ntau tshaj 50 tau tsim nyob rau hauv tag nrho. Cov koob thaum ntxov tau raug tshem tawm, thiab tam sim no 6 submarines ntawm hom no yog nyob rau hauv Hiav Txwv Dub thiab 6 ntxiv yuav tsum tau tsim nyob rau hauv 5 xyoo tom ntej rau Lavxias teb sab Pacific Fleet. "Varshavyanka" muag zoo rau export. 10 daim tau xa mus rau Is Nrias teb thiab Tuam Tshoj, 6 daim mus rau Nyab Laj thiab Iran, feem. thiab 4, thiab ob tug txawm raug muag rau Algeria. Lawv tseem siv niaj hnub no.

DPL ntawm Russia

Tam sim no hauv tebchaws Russia los hloov cov neeg uas tau ua pov thawj lawv tus kheej thiab ua haujlwm rau Fatherland,kev khiav hauj lwm diesel-hluav taws xob submarines yuav tsum yog Project 677 Lada tej nkoj nquam, ib tug qauv twb tau mus kuaj tsim nyog. Kev tsim kho ntawm ob lub diesel submarines ntawm hom no nyob rau hauv Russia yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho viav vias, thiab qhov teeb meem ntawm kev xaus ib daim ntawv cog lus rau kev tsim kho ntawm ob lub nkoj ntxiv ntawm lub Lada project yog txiav txim siab.

Tus nqi pheej yig dua thiab sib dua dua li nws cov qauv Halibut project, peb-tier Lada yog cov khoom zoo niaj hnub "hlwb" (ntau tshaj li ib puas qhov kev tshawb pom tseeb thiab ste alth systems hauv kev sib txuas lus, vim tias cov neeg coob raug txo los ntawm 1/3), muaj huab cua ywj pheej fais fab nroj tsuag, tab sis yog raws li lub zog ntawm "kev ua tsov rog txias" ntawm ob lub superpowers. Nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia no, lub diesel-hluav taws xob submarine tau ua tiav.

Tej zaum hauv kaum xyoo tom ntej lawv yuav tsis ua tiav nws, tab sis yuav hloov mus rau Lavxias teb sab diesel submarines ntawm Kalina qhov project, uas, feem ntau yuav daws tau txhua txoj haujlwm, suav nrog arming diesel-electric submarines nrog Zircon-hom. Hypersonic missile rau kev siv cov tswv yim ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsis muaj nuclear deterrence.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm niaj hnub Western kev tawm tsam rau Lavxias

Kev sib txuas nrog Western kev tawm tsam rau Lavxias, txoj haujlwm Lavxias-Italian ntawm ib lub nkoj me me uas tsis yog-nuclear submarine ntawm S-1000 qhov project tau khov lawm. Nws qhov ntev tsuas yog tshaj 52 m, cov neeg coob yog 16 tus neeg. ntxiv rau pab pawg tshwj xeeb txog li 6 tus neeg, dhia dej mus txog 250 m, nrog rau "hauv qab dej" nrawm ntawm 14 pob thiab riam phom ntawm 14 units. torpedoes thiab/los yog cruise missiles. Yog li ntawd, Russia hloov mus rau qhov tseeb diesel submarines tau tsim rau lub sijhawm ntev - qhov haujlwm Amur-950, zoo ib yam li S-1000, tab sis tshaj nws hauv kev ceev (+6.pob) thiab riam phom (+ 2 units). Thiab lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm Amur-950 yog kev tso tawm ib txhij ntawm 10 ntsug-launched missiles. Lub submarine no muaj peev xwm xa tawm tau zoo, tab sis tam sim no tsis muaj kev txiav txim rau nws txoj kev tsim kho.

Zaj lus

Nyob rau tiam 21st, Teb Chaws Asmeskas thiab Askiv tsim tsuas yog nuclear submarines. Lavxias teb sab Federation, Fabkis thiab Tuam Tshoj muaj ob lub diesel-hluav taws xob submarines thiab nuclear submarines, thaum lub submarine fleet ntawm tag nrho cov lwm lub xeev muaj tsuas yog diesel submarines.

Lavxias tsim qauv tau xyaum ua haujlwm ntawm lub thib tsib-tiam submarines nrog lub zog thiab lub ntsiab. Whereas lub contours ntawm lub thib rau tiam twb pom strategically. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij tub rog, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov submarines no yuav yog "kev sib koom ua ke underwater platforms" nrog rau cov cim tshwj xeeb rau niaj hnub submarines, uas tuaj yeem hloov tau yooj yim heev los ntawm kev hloov ib qho ntawm cov qauv sib xws, xws li hauv transformer robots.