Kev lag luam ntawm Kazakhstan: roj, tshuaj, thee, roj

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Kazakhstan yog ib qho ntawm Russia tus thawj coj kev lag luam koom tes. Ob lub xeev muaj kev sib raug zoo hauv keeb kwm kev lag luam, uas tuaj yeem ua kom muaj zog ntxiv los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntxiv ntawm cov xeev hauv EAEU. Kazakhstan yog tus khub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Lavxias Federation nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev sib pauv khoom lag luam. Dab tsi yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsim khoom lag luam ntawm kev lag luam ntawm koom pheej Kazakhstan?

Kev lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm Kazakhstan

Kev lag luam ntawm Kazakhstan yog sawv cev los ntawm ntau ntu:

- thee kev lag luam;

- metallurgy;

- roj thiab kev lag luam petrochemical;

- tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam;

- zaub mov kev lag luam;

- kev lag luam teeb;

- tsim cov khoom siv hauv tsev.

Cia peb xav txog lawv cov ntsiab lus nthuav dav ntxiv.

Coal kev lag luam

Kev lag luam thee ntawm Kazakhstan yog cov kev lag luam loj tshaj plaws tsis yog hauv Kazakhstan nkaus xwb, tab sis thoob plaws tag nrho cov chaw lag luam ntawm EAEU. Lub teb chaws yog nyob rau hauv cov thawj coj nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm thee zus tau tej cov per capita, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm reserves. Nws loj tshaj reserves yog concentrated nyob rau hauv Central Kazakhstan, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauvNortheast ntawm lub xeev. Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov thee raug xa tawm.

Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, cov koom pheej ntawm Kazakhstan tab tom ntsib qee qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov thee, suav nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo, feem ntau siv hauv nroog, nrog rau cov lag luam uas ua haujlwm boilers ntawm hom sib xws.. Txhawm rau npog cov kev xav tau ntawm lub teb chaws kev lag luam hauv hom thee no, nws muaj peev xwm nthuav dav cov peev txheej tsim khoom hauv cov ntu sib xws. Hauv particular, qhov no tej zaum yuav yog ib qho kev siv zog ntawm kev tsim khoom hauv cheeb tsam Pavlodar. Cov coals tso rau ntawm no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov qib siab, lawv yooj yim rau kev nplua nuj, tus nqi ntawm kev tau txais los ntawm lub plab yog qhov tsawg.

Metallurgy

Non-ferrous metallurgy yog ib qho ntawm cov kev lag luam hauv Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan tsim tau zoo heev tooj liab, zinc, titanium, ntau yam tsawg lub ntiaj teb hlau. Cov khoom tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv daim ntawv xauj tsev. Lub koom pheej ntawm Kazakhstan yog cov thawj coj hauv ntiaj teb hauv kev tsim cov tooj liab, feem ntau ntawm nws tau xa mus rau Western Europe. Kazakhstan yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam kub hauv ntiaj teb. Muaj ntau dua 170 tso nyiaj hauv lub tebchaws.

Kev lag luam metallurgical ntawm Kazakhstan kuj tau tsim nyob rau hauv ntu ntawm cov hlau ore ntau lawm. Cov koom pheej ntawm Kazakhstan yog cov thawj coj hauv ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev khaws cia ntawm cov tsiaj sib xws. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov reserves yog cais raws li yooj yim mus siv tau. Lub ntsiab ntim ntawm hlau ore mined nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan yog exported.

Metallurgy yog ntawm cov ceg ntawm kev lag luam hauv tebchaws Kazakhstan, uas tau tsim muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov tuam txhab Lavxias. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim qhov tseeb tiasib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib txuas lus tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Yog li, ib qho kev sib pauv ntawm cov khoom siv raw, hlau, thiab qhov khoob tau ua los ntawm cov tuam txhab ntawm Kazakhstan SSR thiab RSFSR. Nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw, cov kev sib txuas tseem ceeb tseem ua haujlwm. Muaj tag nrho cov kev cia siab rau lawv ntxiv dag zog ntxiv, vim tias Russia thiab Kazakhstan tam sim no zoo li yuav muaj kev lag luam ntau ntxiv hauv EAEU.

Roj thiab petrochemical kev lag luam

Kev lag luam roj ntawm Kazakhstan yog lwm ceg tseem ceeb ntawm lub xeev kev lag luam. Kazakhstan tsim ntau yam khoom ntawm cov khoom sib xws - roj av, diesel thiab boiler roj, kerosene rau aviation thiab ntau lwm yam khoom siv roj av. Qhov kev lag luam no nyob ib sab ntawm cov tsim petrochemical ntu. Lub teb chaws tsim ntau hom yas, fibers, log tsheb.

Qhov peculiarity ntawm kev txhim kho cov roj kev lag luam hauv Kazakhstan yog tias nws yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev ua tiav kev koom ua ke ntawm lub xeev thiab cov lag luam ntiag tug. Kev lag luam roj hauv Kazakhstan yog sawv cev tsis yog los ntawm cov tuam txhab loj, tab sis kuj yog cov lag luam me thiab nruab nrab. Ntau tus neeg ua lag luam txawv teb chaws kuj koom nrog hauv kev txhim kho roj kev lag luam ntawm cov koom pheej ntawm Kazakhstan. Kev lag luam roj ntawm Kazakhstan tseem txaus nyiam rau cov lag luam los ntawm Russia, lwm lub xeev EAEU, thiab Western lub teb chaws.

Engineering

Kev Lag Luam yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm lwm qhov kev lag luam tseem ceeb hauv Kazakhstan. Xeevtsim cov cuab yeej siv rau ntau lub hom phiaj, cov cuab yeej siv tshuab, twj. Cov lag luam ntawm lub tshuab tsim kev lag luam ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Kazakhstan tau koom tes nrog cov tub ua lag luam txawv teb chaws - Lavxias, Western, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm EAEU xeev - txhawm rau nyiam kev nqis peev. Mechanical engineering nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej ntawm Kazakhstan loj hlob ntawm ib tug tangible pace nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-2000s, muaj ib co poob thaum lub sij hawm muaj kev kub ntxhov ntawm 2008-2009. Tab sis cov teeb meem tau kov yeej, thiab tam sim no cov kev lag luam cuam tshuam yog cov ntu ruaj khov ntawm lub xeev kev lag luam.

Kev Lag Luam Hauv Tebchaws Kazakhstan yog kev lag luam uas muaj kev cia siab tseem ceeb vim tias muaj peev xwm loj txaus - txij li lub sijhawm ntawm USSR, uas tsis muaj kev koom tes zoo. Tam sim no qhov sib koom ntawm cov kev lag luam cuam tshuam hauv kev lag luam ntawm Kazakhstan yog me me, nws yog ob peb zaug qis dua, tshwj xeeb, rau cov ntsuas Lavxias. Txawm li cas los xij, ua rau muaj kev vam meej ntawm kev nqis peev, kev nce ntxiv hauv cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom tsim tshuab los ntawm Kazakh cov tuam txhab yog ua tau.

Kev tsim cov khoom siv hauv tsev

Kev tsim cov khoom siv hauv tsev yog lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm kev lag luam zoo, uas yog sawv cev los ntawm kev lag luam ntawm Kazakhstan. Lub xeev tsim cov cement, kav, slate, linoleum, ntau yam panels, ceramics thiab lwm yam khoom. Lub ntim tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev yog tsim los ntawm cov lag luam ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Kazakhstan ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov peev txheej hauv lub tebchaws.

Kev tsim cov khoom siv hauv tsev hauv Kazakhstan yog cov kev lag luam muaj zog tshaj plaws. Yog li, los ntawm 2008 mus rau 2013, zus tau tej cov yam cojntau lawm hauv Kazakhstan, raws li qee cov ntaub ntawv, ob npaug. Nyob rau hauv lem, lub dependence ntawm Kazakhstani tuam txhab uas muag ntawm imports tau txo. Tsoomfwv thiab kev lag luam tau teeb tsa cov qauv tshiab rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm kev lag luam. Nws xav tias nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm cov kev pab cuam tshiab uas twb muaj lawm, kev txhawb nqa yuav muab rau cov tuam txhab ua lag luam ntawm ntu.

tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam

Kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg ntawm Kazakhstan kuj tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam hauv lub xeev. Ntawm nws cov thawj ntu yog kev tsim cov phosphorus. Raws li qee qhov kev kwv yees, Kazakhstan yog cov thawj coj ntawm CIS kev ua lag luam hais txog nws qhov teeb meem. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tuam txhab loj tau koom nrog kev tsim cov chromium compounds thiab cov xim thiab cov kua roj vanish ua haujlwm hauv lub tebchaws.

Cov qauv ntawm kev xa tawm ntawm cov lag luam tshuaj ntawm cov koom pheej ntawm Kazakhstan yog xws li tias nws yog tus tswj hwm los ntawm cov khoom lag luam ntawm inorganic chemistry, tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov nqi qis ntawm kev txwv. Kazakhstan tseem tseem nyob ruaj khov rau kev xa khoom ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv lem, nws yog dominated los ntawm high-tech khoom - chiv, detergents, plastics. Yog li, kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg ntawm Kazakhstan muaj peev xwm tseem ceeb rau kev hloov kho tshiab. Tshwj xeeb, hauv nam ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv.

khoom noj khoom haus

Kev lag luam zaub mov hauv Kazakhstan yog ib feem ntawm kev lag luam loj tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov kev lag luam muaj feem xyuam rau kev ua cov nplej, tsim cov mis nyuj, qhob cij, nqaij ua, cog txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub, thiab cov kev ua ub no ntawm cov roj thiab roj cov lag luam. Cov kev xav tau tseem ceeb ntawm Republic of Kazakhstan hauvkhoom noj khoom haus. Qhov no tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov kev cia siab rau kev loj hlob ntxiv ntawm ntu txuas raws li cov cuab yeej hloov pauv hloov pauv.

Tsoomfwv ntawm lub tebchaws tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho kev lag luam zaub mov hauv Kazakhstan. Yog li, cov tub ceev xwm ntawm Kazakhstan tau tsim cov kev pabcuam loj los txhawb cov neeg tsim khoom hauv tebchaws. Qhov no feem ntau yog kev pab nyiaj, txo cov paj laum ntawm cov tuam txhab qiv nyiaj, thiab pab kom tau txais cov cuab yeej ruaj khov. Nws cia siab tias nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev ua raws li cov kev taw qhia tseem ceeb, tsoom fwv cov koom haum yuav nqis peev ntau trillion tenge los txhawb kev lag luam. Nws kuj tseem yuav tsum tau kho ntau cov kev cai lij choj se txhawm rau txhim kho kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev lag luam khoom noj khoom haus thiab lub xeev ntawm kev faib nyiaj txiag.

Lub teeb kev lag luam

Kazakhstan lub teeb kev lag luam kuj tsim. Nws yog feem ntau sawv cev los ntawm cov lag luam ua haujlwm hauv cov paj rwb ntu. Cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias cov kev xav tau ntawm kev lag luam hauv tebchaws ntawm Kazakhstan deb tshaj qhov tam sim no dynamics ntawm cov khoom lag luam teeb pom kev zoo. Kwv yees li ntawm 90% ntawm cov khoom muaj feem xyuam hauv Kazakhstan yog cov tuaj txawv teb chaws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txhawm rau daws cov teeb meem ntawm kev hloov pauv ntshuam, nws yog qhov tsim nyog, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb kev lag luam sau tseg, kom ntseeg tau tias qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib tw ntawm kev lag luam. Muaj yeej muaj peev xwm rau qhov no. Qhov tseeb yog hais tias lub teeb kev lag luam ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Kazakhstan yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm ib tug high school cov cuab yeej nrog niaj hnub khoom, uas yog muab los ntawm lub ntiaj teb no hom, thaum nyob rau hauv ntau lwm yam.kev lag luam, qhov depreciation ntawm cov nyiaj sib raug zoo heev.

Qhov teeb meem sau tseg uas qhia txog qee qhov kev tsim khoom ntawm kev lag luam ntawm Kazakhstan, txawm li cas los xij, tsis mus tsis pom los ntawm tsoomfwv thiab kev lag luam, nws tau raug daws - nrog rau lwm yam teeb meem uas qhia txog kev lag luam ntawm Kazakhstan.

Cia peb xav txog qhov no, nrog rau kev cia siab rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm kev tsim khoom ntawm koom pheej Kazakhstan.

Teeb meem thiab kev cia siab ntawm ROK kev lag luam

Peb tau sau tseg saum toj no tias kev lag luam ntawm Kazakhstan hauv ntau ntu yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qib siab ntawm kev txo nqi ntawm cov nyiaj. Qhov teeb meem no tau lees paub los ntawm kev lag luam hauv zej zog thiab lub xeev, thiab cov kev ntsuas tau tsim los daws nws kom zoo. Lwm qhov teeb meem uas qhia txog kev tsim cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov koom pheej ntawm Kazakhstan yog qhov kev siv tsis tshua muaj peev xwm. Qhov no feem ntau cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm tsim khoom. Lub zuag qhia tag nrho ntawm manufacturability ntawm industrial enterprises ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Kazakhstan yog kwv yees li inferior rau advanced ntau lawm nyob rau hauv Western lub teb chaws.

Cov teeb meem tau txheeb xyuas tau npaj los daws nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm ntau qhov kev pib loj, xws li, piv txwv li, tsoomfwv txoj haujlwm "Productivity 2020". Nws yog tsom rau ob qho tib si txhawb kev lag luam uas twb muaj lawm thiab qhib kev lag luam tshiab. Los ntawm txoj haujlwm no, cov tuam txhab sawv cev rau ntau yam kev lag luam hauv Kazakhstan tuaj yeem tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm lub xeev kev txhawb nqa. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, lawv yuav tsum tau qhia tias, thawj zaug, lawv muaj lub tswv yim txhim kho, thiab qhov thib ob, lawv muaj lub siab xav thiab cov peev txheej uas tuaj yeem ua kom ntseeg tau tias lawv cov dej num ua raws li lub xeev.cov hauj lwm ntawm modernizing kev lag luam.

Txoj haujlwm rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam ntawm cov koom pheej Kazakhstan

Tsoomfwv ntawm Koom pheej Kazakhstan ntsib ntau txoj haujlwm ceev, yam tsis muaj qhov tsis yooj yim rau kev siv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam hauv Kazakhstan. Cia peb kawm lawv qhov tshwj xeeb.

Ua ntej tshaj plaws, tsoomfwv yuav tsum tsim txoj cai mus sij hawm ntev hauv kev lag luam, uas yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov thawj coj ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, tab sis tseem muaj kev lag luam thiab kev kawm. Qhov chaw ntawm kev ua ub no yuav tsum tau tsom mus rau kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam hauv tebchaws Kazakhstan.

Lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim kho kev lag luam hauv Kazakhstan yog kev hloov kho thev naus laus zis. Nws cia siab tias nws yuav ua tiav ib txhij ntawm ntau lub tuam txhab loj tshaj plaws. Cov chav kawm tam sim no ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab yuav raug tshuaj xyuas, muaj teeb meem tshwm sim hauv nws qhov kev siv, thiab raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau txais, qhov kev pab cuam "Productivity 2020" nws tus kheej yuav raug kho. Cov tsev kawm txuj ci yuav ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev siv thaj chaw ntawm kev ua ub no.

Kev lag luam niaj hnub hauv Kazakhstan kuj xav tau kev cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm tshiab - tshwj xeeb hauv kev tswj hwm. Kev tswj hwm kev txawj ntse yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev vam meej ntawm txhua lub lag luam. High-tech fixed cuab tam tsuas yog ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej. Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov neeg ua haujlwm muaj lub luag haujlwm thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm siab heev yog nyob ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub tuam txhab. Ib yam li ntawd, qhov teeb meem ntawm kev cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog kuj tseem nyob hauv thaj chawncaj qha chaw tsim khoom ntawm cov lag luam. Cov kws tshaj lij uas muaj peev xwm yuav tsum tau ua kom ntseeg tau tias kev siv cov nyiaj rov qab tau zoo. Cov kws tshaj lij tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua los ua cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb.

Rau qhov kev ua tiav ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Zoo 2020 hauv tebchaws Kazakhstan, kev sib sau ua ke thiab kev faib nyiaj txiag zoo yog qhov tsim nyog. Lub nra hnyav ntawm lub xeev hauv qhov no yuav tsum yog qhov tsim nyog, yog li ntawd, cov lag luam ntiag tug tseem yuav tau txais kev nyiam ua lag luam - cov lag luam hauv koom pheej Kazakhstan, Russia thiab lwm lub xeev ntawm EAEU, thiab Western lub teb chaws.

Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm kev lag luam ntawm cov koom pheej Kazakhstan tseem yuav xav tau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm cov txheej txheem kev cai lij choj uas tswj hwm cov haujlwm ntawm cov lag luam hauv thaj chaw cuam tshuam. Qhov no tuaj yeem siv rau ntau yam ntawm kev ua lag luam - xaus ntawm kev cog lus pej xeem kev cai lij choj, kev cog lus nrog cov neeg txawv teb chaws, kev cog lus peev, cov cuab yeej cuab tam, thiab lwm yam.

Cov kws tshaj lij cia siab tias cov tub ceev xwm ntawm koom pheej Kazakhstan yuav ua kom muaj kev txhim kho kev lag luam muaj peev xwm tsis yog nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws, tab sis kuj nyob rau lwm qhov ntawm nws, qhov twg kom deb li deb ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam. kuj tsawg, tab sis lub peev xwm rau kev tsim kho cov chaw tshiab yog siab. Yog li, nws xav tias tsis yog tsuas yog kev lag luam ntawm Central Kazakhstan yuav tsim, tab sis kuj cov lag luam hauvcov cheeb tsam uas tseem tab tom poob qab ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom thiab ntim ntawm lawv cov khoom.