Tshuaj reactors yog dab tsi? Hom tshuaj reactors

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 13:55

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj yog cov txheej txheem uas ua rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuaj reactants. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev hloov pauv uas ua rau ib lossis ntau yam khoom uas txawv ntawm qhov qub. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj muaj qhov sib txawv. Nws nyob ntawm hom reagents, cov khoom tau txais, cov xwm txheej thiab lub sijhawm ntawm kev sib txuas, decomposition, hloov chaw, isomerization, acid-base, redox, organic processes, thiab lwm yam.

Tshuaj reactors yog cov thawv tsim los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txhawm rau tsim cov khoom kawg. Lawv cov qauv tsim nyob ntawm ntau yam thiab yuav tsum muab cov khoom tso tawm ntau tshaj plaws hauv kev siv nyiaj ntau tshaj.

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Muaj peb lub ntsiab qauv ntawm cov tshuaj reactors:

• Nyob zoo.
• Nruam Stirred (CPM).
• Plunger Flow Reactor (PFR).

Cov qauv yooj yim no tuaj yeem hloov kho kom tau raws li cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg.

Batch reactor

Cov tshuaj ntawm hom no yog siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem batch nrog cov khoom ntim qis, lub sij hawm ntev cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los yog qhov kev xaiv tau zoo dua, xws li hauv qee cov txheej txheem polymerization.

Rau qhov no, piv txwv li, cov thawv stainless hlau tau siv, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw nrog cov hniav ua haujlwm sab hauv, cov npuas roj lossis siv cov twj. Kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias yog ua los ntawm kev siv lub tsho hloov pauv cua sov, cov dej txias los yog siv los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.

Batch reactors yog tam sim no siv hauv kev lag luam tshuaj thiab zaub mov. Lawv automation thiab optimization tsim teeb meem, vim nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los muab cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv thiab tsis sib xws.

Semi-batch tshuaj reactors ua ke txuas ntxiv thiab ua haujlwm ua haujlwm. Ib qho bioreactor, piv txwv li, yog ib ntus loaded thiab tas li emissions carbon dioxide, uas yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm tsis tu ncua. Ib yam li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv chlorination, thaum cov roj chlorine yog ib qho ntawm cov reactants, yog tias nws tsis tau qhia tsis tu ncua, feem ntau nws yuav volatilize.

Txhawm rau kom muaj ntau qhov ntau lawm, txuas ntxiv tshuaj reactors lossis hlau tso tsheb hlau luam nrog agitator lossis nruam ntws yog siv.

Nruam stirred reactor

Cov kua dej ua kua yog muab tso rau hauv cov tank stainless hlau. Txhawm rau kom muaj kev sib raug zoo, lawv tau sib xyaw los ntawm cov hniav ua haujlwm. Yog li, hauvHauv cov reactors ntawm hom no, cov reactants tau txuas ntxiv mus rau hauv thawj lub tank (ntsej, steel), ces lawv nkag mus rau cov tom ntej, thaum sib xyaw ua ke hauv txhua lub tank. Txawm hais tias muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov sib tov yog homogeneous nyob rau hauv txhua tus neeg lub tank, nyob rau hauv lub system raws li ib tug tag nrho cov concentration nws txawv ntawm lub tank mus rau tank.

Qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub sijhawm tus nqi sib cais ntawm cov reagent siv hauv lub tank (lub sijhawm nyob hauv) tuaj yeem xam los ntawm kev faib cov ntim ntawm lub tank los ntawm qhov nruab nrab volumetric flow rate los ntawm nws. Qhov kev xav tau feem pua ua tiav ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog suav nrog kev siv tshuaj kinetics.

Tank yog ua los ntawm stainless hlau lossis alloys, nrog rau cov txheej enamel.

Qee yam tseem ceeb ntawm NPM

Txhua qhov kev suav yog raws li kev sib xyaw ua ke. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim ntawm tus nqi ntsig txog qhov kawg concentration. Ntawm qhov sib npaug, tus nqi ntws yuav tsum sib npaug rau tus nqi ntws, txwv tsis pub lub tank yuav dhau los yog khoob.

Nws feem ntau raug nqi los ua haujlwm nrog ntau yam sib luag lossis sib luag HPMs. Stainless hlau tso tsheb hlau luam sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv ib lub cascade ntawm tsib los yog rau chav nyob yuav coj zoo li ib tug plug flow reactor. Qhov no tso cai rau thawj chav ua haujlwm ntawm qhov siab dua reactant concentration thiab yog li tus nqi tshuaj tiv thaiv sai dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, ob peb theem ntawm HPM tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv lub tank ntsug ntsug, es tsis txhob ua cov txheej txheem hauv cov thawv sib txawv.

Nyob rau hauv kab rov tav version, chav tsev ntau theem yog faib los ntawm ntsug partitions ntawm ntau qhov siab los ntawm qhov sib tov ntws hauv cascades.

Thaum cov reactants tsis zoo los yog sib txawv kom ceev, muaj ntau cov kab tsuag ntsug (lined lossis stainless hlau) yog siv nyob rau hauv hom kev sib cais. Qhov no ua tau zoo rau kev ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rov qab.

Cov txheej me me pseudo-kua txheej yog sib xyaw ua ke. Ib lub lag luam loj loj fluidized txaj reactor muaj qhov kub thiab txias, tab sis kev sib xyaw ntawm cov kwj deg thiab cov kwj deg thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm lawv.

Plug-flow tshuaj reactor

RPP yog lub reactor (stainless) nyob rau hauv uas ib los yog ntau tshaj cov kua reactants yog pumped los ntawm cov yeeb nkab los yog cov kav dej. Lawv kuj hu ua tubular flow. Tej zaum nws yuav muaj ob peb lub kav dej lossis cov raj. Reagents tas li nkag los ntawm ib qho kawg thiab cov khoom tawm ntawm lwm qhov. Cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg tshwm sim thaum sib tov dhau.

Nyob rau hauv RPP, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi yog gradient: ntawm lub tswv yim nws yog siab heev, tab sis nrog ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub concentration ntawm reagents thiab nce nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom tso zis, nws tus nqi qeeb. Feem ntau lub xeev ntawm dynamic equilibrium tau mus txog.

Ob kab rov tav thiab ntsug reactor orientations yog ib txwm muaj.

Thaum yuav tsum tau hloov cov cua sov, ib leeg cov hlab yog tsho los yog lub plhaub thiab lub raj cua kub exchanger yog siv. Thaum kawg, cov tshuaj yuav yogob lub plhaub thiab lub raj.

Cov thawv hlau loj nrog lub taub hau lossis da dej zoo ib yam li RPP thiab tau siv dav. Qee qhov kev teeb tsa siv axial thiab radial ntws, ntau lub plhaub nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua ke, kab rov tav lossis ntsug reactor txoj haujlwm, thiab lwm yam.

Lub nkoj reagent tuaj yeem ntim nrog cov khoom catalytic lossis inert cov khoom kom txhim kho kev sib cuag ntawm lub ntsej muag hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv heterogeneous.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv RPP uas cov kev suav tsis suav nrog kev sib xyaw ntsug lossis kab rov tav - qhov no yog qhov txhais tau los ntawm lo lus "plug flow". Reagents tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv lub reactor tsis yog los ntawm qhov nkag. Yog li, nws yog qhov ua tau kom ua tiav qhov ua tau zoo ntawm RPP lossis txo nws qhov loj thiab tus nqi. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm RPP feem ntau yog siab dua li ntawm HPP ntawm tib lub ntim. Nrog rau qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov ntim thiab lub sijhawm hauv piston reactors, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav muaj feem pua ntawm kev ua tiav ntau dua li hauv cov chav sib xyaw.

Dynamic Balance

Rau cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg feem ntau, nws tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav 100 feem pua. Lawv qhov nrawm txo nrog kev loj hlob ntawm qhov ntsuas no kom txog rau thaum lub sijhawm thaum lub kaw lus nce mus txog qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov sib npaug (thaum tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lossis kev hloov pauv hauv cov ntsiab lus tsis tshwm sim). Qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuab feem ntau yog qis dua 100% kev ua tiav. Vim li no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua cov txheej txheem sib cais, xws li distillation, cais cov reactants seem los yog cov khoom siv los ntawmphiaj. Cov reagents no tuaj yeem siv rov qab siv dua thaum pib txheej txheem xws li txheej txheem Haber.

Daim Ntawv Thov PFA

Piston flow reactors yog siv los ua cov tshuaj hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom sib txuas thaum lawv txav mus los ntawm lub raj zoo li cov txheej txheem loj, nrawm, homogeneous lossis heterogeneous cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev tsim khoom tas mus li, thiab cov txheej txheem tsim hluav taws xob siab.

Ib qho zoo tagnrho RPP muaj lub sijhawm nyob ruaj khov, piv txwv li cov kua (piston) nkag mus rau lub sijhawm t yuav tawm ntawm lub sijhawm t + τ, qhov twg τ yog lub sijhawm nyob hauv kev teeb tsa.

Tshuaj reactors ntawm hom no muaj kev ua haujlwm siab nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev, nrog rau kev hloov pauv kub zoo heev. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm RPPs yog qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tswj cov txheej txheem kub, uas tuaj yeem ua rau qhov kub thiab txias hloov pauv, thiab lawv cov nqi siab dua.

Catalytic reactors

Txawm hais tias cov hom no feem ntau siv raws li RPP, lawv xav tau kev saib xyuas ntau dua. Tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv catalytic yog proportional rau tus nqi ntawm catalyst nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom catalyst thiab cov kua reactants, tus nqi ntawm cov txheej txheem yog proportional rau thaj tsam muaj, cov tswv yim ntawm cov tshuaj thiab tshem tawm ntawm cov khoom thiab nyob ntawm seb lub xub ntiag ntawm turbulent mixing.

Ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv catalytic yog qhov tseeb feem ntau ntau kauj ruam. Tsis yog xwbthawj reactants cuam tshuam nrog cov catalyst. Qee cov khoom nruab nrab kuj cuam tshuam nrog nws.

Tus cwj pwm ntawm cov catalysts tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kinetics ntawm cov txheej txheem no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kub kub petrochemical tshuaj tiv thaiv, vim lawv deactivated los ntawm sintering, coking thiab zoo li txheej txheem.

Kev siv cov thev naus laus zis tshiab

RPP yog siv rau kev hloov pauv biomass. High-pressure reactors yog siv rau hauv kev sim. Lub siab nyob rau hauv lawv tuaj yeem ncav cuag 35 MPa. Kev siv ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg tso cai rau lub sijhawm nyob ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm 0.5 txog 600 s. Yuav kom ua tiav qhov kub siab tshaj 300 ° C, hluav taws xob cua sov reactors yog siv. Biomass yog muab los ntawm HPLC twj.

RPP aerosol nanoparticles

Muaj kev txaus siab rau kev sib txuas thiab kev siv cov khoom nanosized rau ntau lub hom phiaj, suav nrog cov alloys siab thiab tuab-film conductors rau kev lag luam hluav taws xob. Lwm daim ntawv thov suav nrog kev ntsuas kev sib nqus nqus, kev sib kis deb infrared, thiab nuclear magnetic resonance. Rau cov tshuab no nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tsim cov khoom ntawm qhov loj me. Lawv txoj kab uas hla feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 10 txog 500 nm.

Vim lawv qhov loj me, cov duab thiab thaj chaw siab tshwj xeeb, cov khoom no tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov xim pleev xim, daim nyias nyias, catalysts, ceramics, catalytic thiab photocatalytic reactors. Daim ntawv thov piv txwv rau nanoparticles suav nrog SnO₂ rau sensorscarbon monoxide, TiO₂ rau kev taw qhia lub teeb, SiO_{2 rau colloidal silicon dioxide thiab optical fibers, C rau carbon fillers hauv log tsheb, Fe rau cov ntaub ntawv kaw, Ni rau roj teeb thiab, rau qhov tsawg dua, palladium, magnesium thiab bismuth. Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv no yog synthesized nyob rau hauv aerosol reactors. Hauv cov tshuaj, nanoparticles yog siv los tiv thaiv thiab kho qhov txhab kab mob, hauv cov pob txha pob txha, thiab rau lub hlwb imaging.}

Production example

Kom tau txais cov khoom txhuas, cov argon ntws ntws nrog cov hlau vapor yog txias rau hauv RPP nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 18 hli thiab ntev ntawm 0.5 m ntawm qhov kub ntawm 1600 ° C ntawm tus nqi ntawm 1000 ° C / s. Raws li cov pa roj dhau los ntawm lub reactor, lub nucleation thiab kev loj hlob ntawm txhuas hais tshwm sim. Tus nqi ntws yog 2 dm 3 / min thiab lub siab yog 1 atm (1013 Pa). Thaum nws txav mus, cov pa cua txias thiab dhau los ua supersaturated, uas ua rau cov nucleation ntawm cov khoom vim kev sib tsoo thiab evaporation ntawm cov molecules, rov ua dua kom txog rau thaum cov particle nce mus txog qhov loj me. Raws li lawv txav los ntawm cov roj supersaturated, cov txhuas molecules condense ntawm cov khoom, ua rau lawv loj.