Hom hnub ci hlwb thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

roj teeb hnub ci tau pib muaj koob meej ntawm cov pej xeem. Lawv raug ntsia rau ntawm lub ru tsev ntawm lub tsev, tsheb. Qee tus ntawm lawv txawm tau hloov kho rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, hauv lub dab teg. Tam sim no, lawv tau dhau los ua lwm txoj hauv kev rau hluav taws xob hluav taws xob lossis ua haujlwm ntxiv.

Lawv ua haujlwm li cas?

Hnub ci modules yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv lub tshuab photovoltaic. Lawv yog cov vaj huam sib luag uas suav nrog cov hnub ci hnub ci ua los ntawm silicon.

Yuav ua kom muaj hluav taws xob, tag nrho cov khoom no tau sib sau ua ke rau hauv cov blocks, uas tom qab ntawd npog nrog zaj duab xis laminated - qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev sib khi. Tom qab ntawd, txhua yam yog muab tso rau hauv tus ncej. Cov cuab yeej yooj yim heev, tab sis nws yuav muaj teeb meem los sib sau ua ke hauv tsev. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom sib sau ib tug photovoltaic cell los ntawm koj tus kheej, uas tsis tuaj yeem hais txog lub vaj huam sib luag.

Views

roj teeb hnub ci tau muab faib ua ntau hom. Peb ntawm lawv tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv:

• Monocrystalline. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm nws cov khoom siv, cov khoom siv hauv daim ntawv ntawm silicon ntshiab yog siv. Lub hauv paus no tso cai rau koj kom tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau dua los ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Qhov ua tau zoo hauv qhov no txawv ntawm 15 txog 20%.
• Amorphous silicon. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim khoom, ib qho system yog siv - theem evaporation. Silicon yog npog nrog txheej tiv thaiv. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm qhov zoo ntawm silicon hnub ci hlwb suav nrog tus nqi tsim nyog, uas tau txais los ntawm cov cuab yeej siv yooj yim siv hauv kev tsim khoom. Cov tshuab zoo li no loj hauv cheeb tsam. Kev ua tau zoo txawv ntawm 5% mus rau 8%.
• Polycrystalline. Lub hnub ci cell no yog tsim los ntawm amorphous silicon hauv paus. Nws tsis stretched thaum lub sij hawm tsim khoom. Muaj tus nqi qis. Nws tuaj yeem siv tsis tau tsuas yog hauv lub neej txhua hnub, tab sis kuj hauv kev lag luam. Kev ua tau zoo yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 10 thiab 14%.

Pros and cons of solar panels

hnub ci vaj huam sib luag yog tsim los ntawm cov cell photovoltaic uas hloov lub zog ntawm lub hnub mus rau hauv hluav taws xob thaum ua haujlwm.

Qee qhov txiaj ntsig suav nrog cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no:

1. Txhua tus qauv ntawm lub roj teeb yog qhov yooj yim heev, tsis muaj qhov txav hauv nws. Kev ua haujlwm tau ua haujlwm ruaj khov thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam, qib kev ntseeg siab yog siab.
2. Kev teeb tsa ua haujlwm tsis nyuaj. Tsis muaj nqi kho qhov system yuav tsum tau.
3. Lub zog ntawm lub hnub hloov mus ua hluav taws xob tam sim, tsis tas yuav tsum muaj sijhawm ntxiv.
4. Lub zog tsim tawm thoob plaws ib hnub ntev npaum li lub hnub nyob. Qee zaum, nws tuaj yeem tau txais hluav taws xob thaum lub sijhawm huab cua, tab sis kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm yuav txo qis.
5. Kev pabcuam lub neej ntev, ntsuas tsis yog xyoo, tab sis hauv kaum xyoo.
6. Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom siv cov khoom siv ib puag ncig, uas suav tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv lub neej niaj hnub no, qhov chaw muaj kev nyuaj nrog ib puag ncig.

Txawm tias txhua qhov zoo, tej zaum yuav muaj qhov tsis zoo hauv kev ua haujlwm:

1. Silicon-based semiconductors yog kim. Cov khoom no suav hais tias yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv tag nrho lub cev. Nws cuam tshuam rau tus nqi ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag nws tus kheej thiab tus nqi ntawm lub zog tau txais.
2. Kev ua haujlwm tsawg. Txog rau hnub tim, lub roj teeb lub zog ntawm 1 square yog kwv yees li 120 watts. Qhov ntsuas no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev uas nws tsis tuaj yeem siv cov hluav taws xob tau txais rau cov teeb pom kev zoo hauv chav me me.
3. Kev txais hluav taws xob nyob ntawm qhov ntev ntawm lub hnub ci, huab cua thiab caij nyoog. Piv txwv li, nyob rau lub caij ntuj no, theem ntawm lub zog tau txais yog txo qis. Qhov no yog vim huab cua pos huab, huab cua thiab hnub ci luv.

Kuv siv tau qhov twg?

Cov panels no tau siv dav tsis yog hauv lub neej txhua hnub, hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm lub neej, tab sis kuj hauv kev lag luam thiab kev tsim khoom:

• lawv them cov roj teeb hauv tsevCov khoom siv hluav taws xob;
• hluav taws xob tsheb them nyiaj hauv kev kawm;
• lawv siv tau los muab hluav taws xob rau tag nrho lub tsev;
• qee zaum nws tuaj yeem siv tau hauv qee thaj chaw;
• koj tuaj yeem tau txais lub zog los ntawm lawv txawm nyob hauv qhov chaw.

Txhua lub zog uas tsim tawm thaum nruab hnub nrig yog khaws cia hauv cov roj teeb, tom qab ntawd cov khoom siv tuaj yeem ua haujlwm txawm tias nyob hauv qhov tsaus ntuj.

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab khoom siv yog dab tsi?

Solar cells ua haujlwm ntawm tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus raws li thaum lawv tau tsim thawj zaug. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no paub txog txhua tus, raws li nws tau kawm nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm, ua kev sim lub cev. Lub transistor, uas tsis muaj lub hau npog sab saum toj, tso cai rau lub teeb nkag mus rau p thiab n junctions.

Tom qab lub voltmeter txuas nrog, nws tuaj yeem pom tias lub zog me me tau tso tawm thaum lub hnub ci ntsa iab. Yav dhau los, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua qhov kev sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm, nce thaj tsam rau kev hloov pauv. Yog li ntawd, cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag tau tshwm sim.

Kev tsim ntawm lub hnub ci ntawm cov ntsiab lus muaj:

• Ntog ua los ntawm cov iav pob tshab. Nws yog ntawm nws lub hnub ci ntsa iab.
• iav yog txuas rau cov npoo ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag. Lawv yog cov phaj ua los ntawm cov hlau, thaum ib txhij ua raws li cov electrodes zoo.
• Hnub ci tshuaj lom neeg. Silicon hom p.
• Silicon type n.
• Kub substrateua los ntawm hlau, uas yog tsim los ua raws li tsis zoo electrodes.

Nws tsim nyog paub tias lub zog ntawm lub hnub tsis tuaj yeem tau txais txhua hnub. Cov roj teeb tsis muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm thaum hmo ntuj. Thaum lub caij ntuj no, nruab hnub nrig teev raug txo. Nyob rau lub sijhawm zoo li no, cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb xav tau qhov sib ntxiv hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub zog cia khoom.

Feem ntau, siv lub roj teeb hluav taws xob. Nws txuas nrog lub vaj huam sib luag thiab khaws cov khoom tsim hluav taws xob, ua rau kev ua haujlwm yav tsaus ntuj.

qib kev ua haujlwm yog nyob ntawm cov khoom siv. Piv txwv li, thaum siv ib leeg-crystal silicon, nws yuav luag 20%, polycrystalline silicon txo cov duab no los ntawm 10%. Cov theem ntawm kev ua tau zoo tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov smoothness ntawm qhov chaw, qhov kub thiab txias ntawm huab cua, qhov chaw ntawm cov roj teeb rau lub hnub.

Yuav siv li cas?

Hnub no, kev siv cov khoom siv ib puag ncig yog qhov cuam tshuam tshaj plaws. Hluav taws xob, uas tau txais ntawm cov fais fab nroj tsuag - nuclear, dej, thermal, yog pheej yig dua. Qhov no yog vim kev tsim khoom kim heev. Lub sijhawm siv lub roj teeb hnub ci, tus neeg tuaj yeem xav txog nws tus kheej ywj pheej, txawm tias los ntawm lub xeev uas muaj hluav taws xob siv rau tus nqi nce ntxiv.

Yog tias koj siv qee cov nyiaj ib zaug, koj tuaj yeem hnov qab txog cov nqi hluav taws xob, ntsuas hluav taws xob, nqi hluav taws xob. Thaum lub sij hawm thaum cov vaj huam sib luag no tau teeb tsa, tag nrho lub tsev tau raug txhais. Qhov no tsis suav nrogtsuas yog lub teeb, tab sis kuj cua sov, kav dej - dej kub.

Hnub ci yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm hluav taws xob. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, qhov chaw no yog dawb, ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg thiab inexhaustible.

Cov kauj ruam hauv kev tsim cov khoom raws li ib qho siv lead ua

Feem ntau lub hnub ci hnub ci yog tsim los ntawm polycrystalline thiab monocrystalline silicon. Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yuav tsum tau siv sijhawm ntau, siv zog thiab nyiaj txiag.

Cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim khoom rau monocrystalline silicon yog:

1. Silicon ntau lawm. Yuav kom tau txais silicon, quartz xuab zeb yog siv, uas muaj ntau ntawm silicon dioxide. Cov xuab zeb no dhau los ntawm ntau theem ntawm kev ua kom huv, uas tso cai rau koj kom tshem tawm cov pa oxygen. Qhov no yog vim melting ntawm kub uas siv tshuaj.
2. Tau qhov siv lead ua. Tom qab ntxuav, silicon ua pob tshab. Crystals pib loj hlob los txhim kho cov qauv. Cov txheej txheem yog raws li nram no: silicon pieces yog muab tso rau hauv ib lub crucible, rhuab thiab raug rau melting. Cov qauv siv lead ua tau ntxiv rau qhov loj me me, uas sib npaug sib npaug ntawm tag nrho qhov chaw thiab pib loj hlob hauv txheej. Cov txheej txheem no yuav siv sij hawm ntev, ua rau muaj qhov loj, zoo li crystal.
3. Kev ua haujlwm. Cov txheej txheem no pib nrog kev ntsuas thiab kev ua haujlwm ntxiv ntawm cov siv lead ua kom muab cov duab xav tau. Thaum tawm muslos ntawm lub crucible, cov siv lead ua muaj ib puag ncig, uas tsis yooj yim rau kev siv ntxiv. Txhawm rau siv nws, nws yuav tsum nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm lub square. Tom qab cov khoom tiav tau tiav nrog cov xov hlau, nws raug txiav rau hauv daim hlau zoo tib yam siv cov hlau. Qhov loj ntawm daim hlau txawv ntawm 0.25 mus rau 0.3 centimeters. Tom qab ntawd, lawv yuav raug ntxuav, tshuaj xyuas qhov tsis xws luag thiab qib ntawm lub zog uas tuaj yeem tsim tau.
4. Kev txhim kho ntawm photovoltaic cell. Txhawm rau kom silicon tuaj yeem tsim hluav taws xob, boron nrog phosphorus ntxiv rau nws. Tom qab ua tiav, phosphorus yog ib qho dawb electron ntawm hom n, thiab sab nrog boron tsis muaj cov electrons thiab muaj hom p. Yog li, kev hloov pauv tshwm sim ntawm ob sab.
5. txheej txheem sib dhos. Thaum pib, cov phiajcim txuas nrog hauv ib txoj hlua, thiab tom qab ntawd - hauv ib qho thaiv. Ib lub phaj muaj lub zog nruab nrab ntawm 2 V thiab 0.6 W ntawm qhov hluav taws xob. Lub roj teeb lub zog yog nyob ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov cell. Qib voltage yog tau los ntawm kev sib txuas ua ntu zus. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus thiab modules yog txuas nrog nyob rau hauv parallel rau ib leeg. Tag nrho cov hlwb yog them nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb zaj duab xis, pauv mus rau lub iav nto thiab muab tso rau hauv ib tug duab plaub. Tom qab lub module yog npaj txhij, nws yog sim. Tom qab kuaj tag nrho, nws npaj siv.

Hnub ci vaj huam sib luag tuaj yeem txuas rau ib leeg hauv kev sib txuas, hauv cov koob lossis sib luag hauv cov koob. Qhov kev xaiv nyob ntawm qhov voltage theem koj xav tau kom tau txais hauv cov txheej txheem.

txheej txheem tsim khoom ntawm polycrystalline silicon

txheej txheemKev tsim khoom ntawm ib qho module raws li polycrystalline silicon yog nqa tawm tib yam li nrog ib leeg-crystal silicon. Qhov txawv yog tam sim no tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm crystals. Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev rau qhov no, tab sis tam sim no tsuas yog ib qho tau txais txiaj ntsig - Siemens txheej txheem. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias lub silane yog pib txo thiab dawb silicon yog precipitated. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog kev sib xyaw tshwj xeeb uas muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm hydrogen thiab silane siv qhov ntsuas kub ntawm 600 txog 1350 degrees Celsius.

Qhov no yog li cas cov txheej txheem tsim cov hnub ci ua haujlwm.

Yuav ua li cas thiaj ua tau lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag hauv tsev?

Ntau tus xav tias ua-nws-koj tus kheej lub hnub ci yog qhov nyuaj rau kev sib sau, txawm tias yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem. Qhov tseeb, txhua yam txawv. Nws yuav siv sij hawm ntau heev, tab sis cov txheej txheem nws tus kheej tsis nyuaj, raws li nws zoo nkaus li thaum xub thawj. Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb uas koj yuav ntsib hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog kev sau ntawm lub hnub ci cell nrog koj tus kheej tes. Yog tias koj tswj hwm los tsim cov txheej txheem zoo li no ntawm koj tus kheej, ces koj tuaj yeem xav tsis tsuas yog hais txog kev tsis kam them nqi hluav taws xob, tab sis kuj rau kev siv koj tus kheej ua lag luam. Tam sim no, lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag tseem ceeb heev rau kev muag khoom ntawm lub zog tsim tawm los ntawm lawv. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, kev them nyiaj yog ua nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov nyiaj ruaj khov tshaj plaws - euro. Puas yog kev tsim cov hnub ci hlwb tsis tsim nyog mloog?

Yuav ua haujlwm nrog photocells, koj yuav tsum muajkev txawj ntse thiab kev paub hauv cheeb tsam no. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no txhawj xeeb txog soldering, nrog rau kev hwm rau tag nrho cov ntsiab lus. Txhawm rau ua haujlwm, koj yuav tsum muaj cov cuab yeej zoo soldering uas tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm me me. Nws yuav tsis ua haujlwm los tsim ib leeg- thiab polycrystals ntawm koj tus kheej. Rau qhov no, koj tuaj yeem siv cov blanks npaj txhij.

Photocells

Thawj kauj ruam hauv kev ua haujlwm yog xaiv cov duab tsim nyog. Rau kev ua haujlwm roj teeb, silicon nrog poly- thiab monocells tuaj yeem siv. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog coj mus rau hauv tus account theem ntawm kev ua tau zoo thiab nuance thaum ua haujlwm. Piv txwv li, hauv monocells, qhov ua tau zoo dua, tab sis hauv polycells, lub zog tseem ceeb poob rau hauv huab cua huab.

Txhua lub hlwb muab faib ua cov chav kawm. Muaj plaub ntawm lawv tag nrho. Qib A muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas tsis muaj qhov tsis xws luag. Cov chav kawm no yog siv rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov koom haum loj, cov tuam txhab. Kev ua tau zoo siab, tab sis tus nqi yuav tsim nyog.

Thaum lub roj teeb yog tus kheej tsim, chav kawm B tuaj yeem xaiv tau, qhov ua tau zoo yog qis dua li cov hlwb dhau los, thaum tus nqi sib txawv. Qee lub koom haum siv cov chav kawm no thaum tsim cov roj teeb rau kev muag khoom, uas piav qhia txog kev ua haujlwm qis.

Qee tus neeg yuav txhua yam lawv xav tau los ntawm cov khw hauv online. Yog tias koj mus rau lub khw tshwj xeeb, koj tuaj yeem yuav tag nrho cov khoom ib zaug. Tom qab ntawd koj yuav tsis tas tos kom xa khoom.

sets

Kev sau lub hnub ci cell, hlwb ib leeg yuav tsis txaus, vim lawv yuav tsum ua li castxuas nrog txhua lwm yam raws li lub tswv yim. Qhov no yuav tsum tau siv cov conductors thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv. Tias yog vim li cas qee cov tuam ntxhab muab cov khoom npaj npaj rau kev yuav khoom, qhov twg txhua yam khoom siv uas yuav xav tau thaum ua haujlwm twb muaj lawm.

Cov txheej no tuaj yeem suav nrog txog 72 lub ntsiab lus, cov neeg xyuas pib, lub log tsheb, diodes rau lub voj voog, nrog rau cov cwj mem, uas suav nrog cov kua qaub tshwj xeeb rau kev siv.

Qee cov khoom siv yuav muaj cov txheej txheem ua tiav uas cov neeg siv tau raug soldered. Txhawm rau sau, nws yuav txaus tsuas yog sau txhua yam raws li lub tswv yim thiab txuas. Qhov kev xaiv no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thaum lub hnub ci hlwb rau kev sib sau ua ke hnub ci vaj huam sib luag txuas nrog manually. Cov khoom siv me me thiab tsis yooj yim, uas ua rau muaj teeb meem ntau hauv cov txheej txheem.

Yog tias tag nrho cov khoom siv - cov khoom thiab cov neeg xyuas pib - tau yuav nyias, ces tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv lub hnub ci solar cell yuav zoo li no:

1. Tus neeg xyuas pib raug txiav rau qhov ntev uas xav tau. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj los ua txoj haujlwm no raws li tus qauv.
2. Cov neeg coj tau zoo muab tso rau ntawm lub photocell.
3. Acid thiab solder yog siv rau qhov chaw ntawm soldering. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob txav mus, koj tuaj yeem tso cov khoom hnyav rau ntawm ib kawg.
4. Tus neeg xyuas pib yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo soldered. Txij li thaum lub hlwb tsis yooj yim heev, nws tsis pom zoo kom ua rau lawv los ntawm kev quab yuam.

Txoj haujlwm no mob siab heev, nws tsis yog qhov tseeb tias txhua yam yuav ua tiav yog thawj zaug, koj yuav tsum rov ua tag nrho cov txheej txheem ob peb zaug. Yog tias koj kawm txog cov cai, koj tuaj yeem nkag siabtias cov deposition ntawm nyiaj conductors yog tsim los rau peb soldering cycles. Muaj cov rooj plaub thaum solder yog pre-applied ntawm cov conductors, uas cov chaw tsim tshuaj paus ceeb toom tam sim ntawd. Tab sis nws yog qhov zoo tshaj los siv nws ntxiv. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, nws raug txwv tsis pub tso cov hnub ci hnub ci rau saum ib leeg, vim tias lawv tuaj yeem raug puas tsuaj vim muaj kev kub ntxhov.

Kev sib tw

theem kawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog kev sib khi ntawm txhua yam khoom. Tab sis ua ntej pib nrog qhov no, koj yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau qhov kev ntseeg tau ntawm cov soldering. Rau qhov no, ib tug multimeter yog siv. Daim tshev tuaj yeem ua tiav tom qab ua tiav tag nrho cov haujlwm lossis thaum lub sijhawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem, tom qab soldering txhua tus neeg lub caij.

Silicon sealant feem ntau yog siv rau kev sib khi. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog siv rau cov pob qij txha ntawm lub ntsiab, thiab ces mus rau tag nrho cov vaj huam sib luag nto. Rau kev ua haujlwm zoo li no, koj tuaj yeem siv txhuam hniav, tab sis koj yuav tsum siv nws tsuas yog rau cov pob qij txha, vim nws tuaj yeem yooj yim txav cov hlwb ntawm lawv qhov chaw. Tom qab txhua yam qhuav lawm, koj tuaj yeem kaw lub hau.

Xaiv roj teeb hauv tsev

Tam sim no, koj tuaj yeem pom cov roj teeb uas muaj ob hom hnub ci: monocrystalline, polycrystalline.

Txhua hom muaj qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo hauv kev ua haujlwm, uas koj yuav tsum paub txog ua ntej, ua ntej yuav khoom.

Kev lag luam thiab kev tsim khoom tsis nyob twj ywm, cov khoom tshiab tsis tu ncua tshwm sim hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom uas siv ntau yam thev naus laus zis. Ua ntej txiav txim siab, nws raug nquahu kom them sai sai rau cov yam ntxwvhnub ci hlwb: nyob rau theem ntawm kev ua tau zoo, ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm lub roj teeb uas muaj peev xwm khaws tau lub zog thaum nruab hnub thiab tsim nws thaum hmo ntuj. Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv no tau muab ua ntej los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom, lawv tuaj yeem pom hauv khw tshwj xeeb. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj rau thawj zaug nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv hauv Is Taws Nem lossis sib tham nrog cov kws tshaj lij uas qhov kev xaiv yuav zoo tshaj.