Polymers hauv peb lub neej niaj hnub: roj hmab hluavtaws

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Hnub no, cov khoom siv hluavtaws ua haujlwm tseem ceeb heev hauv lub neej ntawm tib neeg. Lawv siv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm peb lub neej txhua hnub: los ntawm khaub ncaws, tais diav, khoom ua si rau aircraft, foob pob ua ntxaij, tsheb. Thiab ib qho ntawm feem nthuav thiab indispensable rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb yog hluavtaws roj hmab. Cov mis ntawm natural analogue muaj cov qauv tsis tu ncua, thaum cov hluavtaws analogue muaj cov qauv tsis raug.

Tsim cov polymers ntawm hom no ntawm kev lag luam nplai pib sai ua ntej Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Russia. Buna sodium butadiene roj hmab tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Thiab nyob rau hauv Russia, polybutadiene yog thawj zaug uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev lag luam scale. Nws tau tsim los ntawm txoj kev ntawm anionic polymerization ntawm kua butadiene, tsim los ntawm Lebedev S. V.

Tam sim no tom qab tsov rog, vim tsis muaj cov khoom siv ntuj tsim, cov khoom siv hluavtaws tau pib tsim hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Txij thaum ntawd los txog niaj hnub no, kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam khoom siv raws li cov roj hmab hluavtaws, nrog rau txhua yamcov khoom siv roj hmab, hais txog kev tsim khoom loj. Automotive, aerospace thiab aviation, mechanical engineering, kev tsim kho, hluav taws xob engineering, tshuaj, khau kev lag luam, cov khoom siv - tsis muaj ib qho kev lag luam no tuaj yeem tshwm sim yam tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb polymer. Xws li daim ntawv thov dav yog vim muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cev thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm ntau hom roj hmab thiab cov roj hmab raws li lawv.

Synthetic roj hmab yog elastomer nrog elasticity, dej tsis kam thiab hluav taws xob rwb thaiv tsev. Siv cov txheej txheem vulcanization, polymers ntawm hom no tuaj yeem ua tiav rau hauv roj hmab thiab ebonite.

Txhua cov ntaub ntawv polymeric ntawm chav kawm no tau muab faib raws li daim ntawv thov rau hauv cov roj hmab ntawm lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb thiab dav. Lub hom phiaj dav dav hluavtaws roj hmab yog ib qho uas muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab (elasticity, lub zog, hnav tsis kam, thiab lwm yam). Lub hom phiaj dav dav siv roj hmab tau zoo siv rau ntau yam ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm, feem ntau yog rau cov log tsheb. Cov no suav nrog butadiene, butadiene-methylstyrene, isoprene roj hmab, nrog rau isobutylene-isoprene copolymer (butyl roj hmab).

Synthetic roj hmab rau lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb ib txwm muaj ob peb lossis ib qho khoom tshwj xeeb uas ua tau raws li qhov tshwj xeeb uas yuav tsum tau ua rau cov khoom ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav. Piv txwv li, nitrile butadienepaub txog nws cov roj thiab roj ua haujlwm siab. Fluorine-muaj yog cov sealants zoo heev thiab sealants muaj zog tiv thaiv tshav kub (tshaj 200 ° C). Polysulfide hluavtaws roj hmab, vinylpyridine, urethanes, halogenated isobutylenes, thiab lwm yam.

Txawm hais tias muaj ntau yam ntawm cov khoom siv polymeric raws li cov qauv thiab cov khoom, niaj hnub no kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv hauv cheeb tsam no txhawm rau kom muaj peev xwm ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom sib txawv hauv ntau yam haujlwm.