Kev kuaj hluav taws xob yog dab tsi? Radiographic tswj ntawm welds. Radiographic tswj: GOST

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Kev tswj hluav taws xob yog ua raws li lub peev xwm ntawm cov nuclei ntawm qee yam tshuaj (isotopes) kom lwj nrog kev tsim hluav taws xob ionizing. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm nuclear, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb raug tso tawm, uas yog hu ua hluav taws xob lossis hluav taws xob ionizing. Cov khoom ntawm hluav taws xob nyob ntawm seb hom ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tawm los ntawm lub nucleus.

Corpuscular ionizing hluav taws xob

Alpha hluav taws xob tshwm tom qab kev lwj ntawm hnyav helium nuclei. Cov emissions muaj xws li ib khub ntawm protons thiab ib khub ntawm neutrons. Lawv muaj ib tug loj loj thiab tsawg ceev. Qhov no yog vim li cas rau lawv cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb: qhov tsis muaj zog nkag mus thiab lub zog muaj zog.

Neutron hluav taws xob muaj cov kwj ntawm neutrons. Cov khoom no tsis muaj lawv tus kheej cov nqi hluav taws xob. Tsuas yog thaum cov neutrons cuam tshuam nrog cov nuclei ntawm cov khoom irradiated, them ions raug tsim, yog li ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm neutron hluav taws xob, theem nrab induced radioactivity yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov khoom irradiated.

Beta hluav taws xob tshwm sim thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv cov nucleuskeeb. Qhov no yog kev hloov ntawm ib tug proton mus rau ib tug neutron los yog vice versa. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, electrons los yog lawv antiparticles, positrons, yog emissions. Cov khoom no muaj qhov loj me me thiab ceev ceev heev. Lawv lub peev xwm los ionize teeb meem me me piv rau alpha hais.

Ionizing hluav taws xob ntawm quantum xwm

Gamma hluav taws xob nrog rau cov txheej txheem saum toj no ntawm emission ntawm alpha thiab beta hais thaum lub sij hawm lwj ntawm ib qho isotope atom. Muaj ib tug emission ntawm ib tug kwj ntawm photons, uas yog electromagnetic tawg. Zoo li lub teeb, gamma hluav taws xob muaj qhov xwm txheej nthwv dej. Gamma hais txav ntawm qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb thiab yog li ntawd muaj lub zog nkag siab.

X-rays kuj yog raws li cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, yog li lawv zoo ib yam li gamma rays.

Kuj hu ua bremsstrahlung. Nws lub zog nkag mus ncaj qha nyob ntawm qhov ntom ntawm cov khoom siv irradiated. Zoo li lub teeb teeb, nws tawm qhov tsis zoo ntawm zaj duab xis. Qhov no X-ray feature yog dav siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev lag luam thiab tshuaj.

Hauv txoj kev ntsuas hluav taws xob ntawm kev ntsuas tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj, gamma thiab X-ray hluav taws xob, uas yog cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, nrog rau cov neutron, feem ntau yog siv. Rau kev tsim hluav taws xob, cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb thiab kev teeb tsa tau siv.

X-ray tshuab

X-rays yog tsim los ntawm x-ray raj. Qhov no yog iav los yog ceramic-hlau kaw lub tog raj kheej los ntawm cov cua uas tau muab tso rauacceleration ntawm lub zog ntawm electrons. Cov hluav taws xob nrog cov nqi sib txawv yog txuas nrog nws ntawm ob sab.

Lub cathode yog ib qho kauv ntawm tungsten filament uas coj cov nqaj nyias ntawm electrons mus rau anode. Cov yav tas feem ntau yog ua los ntawm tooj liab, muaj oblique txiav nrog lub kaum sab xis ntawm inclination ntawm 40 mus rau 70 degrees. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm nws muaj ib tug tungsten phaj, thiaj li hu ua anode tsom. Kev hloov tam sim no nrog zaus ntawm 50 Hz yog siv rau cathode los tsim kom muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ncej.

Kev ntws ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug beam ntog ncaj qha rau ntawm lub tungsten phaj ntawm lub anode, uas cov hais sharply qeeb zog thiab electromagnetic oscillations tshwm sim. Yog li ntawd, X-rays kuj hu ua braking rays. Hauv kev tswj hluav taws xob, X-rays feem ntau yog siv.

Gamma thiab neutron emitters

Ib qhov chaw ntawm gamma hluav taws xob yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, feem ntau yog cov isotope ntawm cob alt, iridium, lossis cesium. Hauv cov cuab yeej, nws tau muab tso rau hauv ib lub khob tshwj xeeb capsule.

Neutron emitters yog ua raws li cov tswv yim zoo sib xws, tsuas yog lawv siv lub zog ntawm neutron flux.

Radiology

Raws li txoj kev tshawb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig, radioscopic, radiometric thiab radiographic tswj yog qhov txawv. Cov txheej txheem tom kawg txawv nyob rau hauv uas cov duab tau raug kaw rau ntawm ib zaj duab xis tshwj xeeb lossis phaj. Kev tswj hluav taws xob tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob rau lub thickness ntawm cov khoom tswj.

Nyob hauv qab noCov khoom ntawm kev tswj hwm, ib daim duab tshwm rau ntawm lub ntes, uas ua rau muaj qhov tsis xws luag (plhaub, qhov pores, tawg) tshwm sim raws li cov pob thiab kab txaij, muaj cov voids uas muaj huab cua, txij li cov ionization ntawm cov khoom sib txawv thaum lub sij hawm irradiation tshwm sim inhomogeneously.

Kev kuaj pom, daim hlau ua los ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb, zaj duab xis, x-ray ntawv yog siv.

Qhov zoo ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas hluav taws xob vuam thiab nws qhov tsis zoo

Thaum kuaj xyuas qhov zoo ntawm vuam, sib nqus, radiographic thiab ultrasonic kuaj yog siv. Hauv kev lag luam roj thiab roj, cov yeeb nkab txuas txuas yog tshwj xeeb yog ua tib zoo xyuas. Nws yog nyob rau hauv cov kev lag luam uas cov radiographic txoj kev tswj yog feem ntau nyob rau hauv kev thov vim nws undoubted zoo dua lwm txoj kev tswj.

Ua ntej, nws suav tias yog qhov pom pom tshaj plaws: ntawm lub ntsuas ntsuas koj tuaj yeem pom daim ntawv luam tseeb ntawm lub xeev ntawm qhov teeb meem nrog rau qhov chaw ntawm qhov tsis xws luag thiab lawv cov qauv.

Lwm qhov zoo dua yog nws qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb. Thaum kuaj ultrasonic lossis fluxgate, yeej ib txwm muaj peev xwm ntawm kev ceeb toom tsis tseeb ntawm tus ntes vim kev sib cuag ntawm tus finder nrog cov irregularities ntawm vuam. Nrog kev kuaj tsis sib cuag hluav taws xob, qhov no tsis suav nrog, piv txwv li kev tsis sib xws lossis kev nkag tsis tau ntawm qhov chaw tsis yog qhov teeb meem.

Thib peb, txoj kev tso cai rau koj tswj ntau yam ntaub ntawv, suav nrog cov khoom tsis sib nqus.

Thiab thaum kawg, txoj kev tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm hauv txoj haujlwm nyuajhuab cua thiab tej yam kev mob. Ntawm no, radiographic tswj cov roj thiab roj pipelines tseem yog ib qho ua tau. Cov khoom siv hlau nplaum thiab ultrasonic feem ntau ua haujlwm tsis zoo vim qhov kub thiab txias lossis cov qauv tsim.

Txawm li cas los xij, nws kuj muaj ntau qhov tsis zoo:

• radiographic txoj kev kuaj welded pob qij txha yog raws li kev siv cov khoom kim thiab khoom siv;
• cov neeg ua haujlwm cob qhia;
• ua haujlwm nrog cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv.

Npaj rau kev tswj

Kev Npaj. X-ray tshuab lossis gamma flaw detectors yog siv los ua emitters.

Ua ntej pib qhov kev tshuaj xyuas hluav taws xob ntawm cov vuam, qhov saum npoo raug ntxuav, kev tshuaj xyuas qhov muag yog ua los txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov tsis xws luag pom ntawm lub qhov muag, kos cov khoom kuaj rau hauv ntu thiab kos lawv. Cov cuab yeej raug sim.

Tshuaj xyuas qib rhiab heev. Cov qauv kev nkag siab tau muab tso rau ntawm cov phiaj xwm:

• hlau - ntawm seam nws tus kheej, perpendicular rau nws;
• groove - tawm ntawm cov seam tsawg kawg yog 0.5 cm, cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov grooves yog perpendicular mus rau seam;
• plate - tawm ntawm lub seam tsawg kawg yog 0.5 cm lossis ntawm seam, cov cim cim ntawm tus qauv yuav tsum tsis txhob pom hauv daim duab.

Control

Technology thiab schemes rau radiographic tshuaj xyuas ntawm welds yog tsim raws li cov thickness, zoo, tsim ntatswj cov khoom, raws li NTD. Qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cai ncua deb ntawm cov khoom ntsuas mus rau cov duab hluav taws xob yog 150 hli.

Lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov kev taw qhia ntawm nqaj thiab qhov qub rau zaj duab xis yuav tsum tsawg dua 45 °.

Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm qhov hluav taws xob mus rau qhov chaw tswj tau raug xam raws li NTD rau ntau hom welds thiab cov khoom thicknesses.

Kev ntsuas cov txiaj ntsig. Qhov zoo ntawm kev tswj hluav taws xob ncaj qha yog nyob ntawm tus ntsuas siv. Thaum siv cov yeeb yaj kiab radiographic, txhua pawg yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas kom ua raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej siv. Reagents rau kev ua duab kuj raug kuaj kom haum raws li NTD. Kev npaj cov yeeb yaj kiab rau kev tshuaj xyuas thiab ua tiav cov duab tiav yuav tsum tau nqa tawm hauv qhov chaw tsaus tshwj xeeb. Cov duab tiav yuav tsum meej, tsis muaj qhov tsis tsim nyog, txheej emulsion yuav tsum tsis txhob tawg. Cov duab ntawm cov qauv thiab cov cim yuav tsum tau saib zoo.

Cov qauv tshwj xeeb, cov khoom loj, cov kav dej yog siv los ntsuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tswj hwm, ntsuas qhov loj ntawm qhov kuaj pom qhov tsis xws luag.

Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tswj hwm, qhov kev txiav txim siab yog ua los ntawm qhov tsim nyog, kho lossis tsis lees txais, uas tau kos rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm daim ntawv tsim raws li NTD.

Daim ntawv thov ntawm cov khoom tsis muaj duab thaij

Hnub no, cov thev naus laus zis digital tau nce ntxiv rau hauv kev tsim khoom lag luam, suav nrog cov qauv hluav taws xob ntawm kev sim tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj. Muaj ntau qhov kev txhim kho thawj zaug ntawm cov tuam txhab hauv tsev.

Digital data processing system siv cov ntawv hloov pauv hloov tau ua los ntawm phosphorus lossis acrylic thaum kuaj hluav taws xob. X-rays poob rau ntawm lub phaj, tom qab uas nws tau luam tawm los ntawm lub laser, thiab cov duab hloov dua siab tshiab rau lub monitor. Thaum kuaj xyuas, qhov chaw ntawm lub phaj zoo ib yam li cov khoom ntes zaj duab xis.

Txoj kev no muaj ntau qhov zoo tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov duab hluav taws xob:

• tsis xav tau cov txheej txheem ua yeeb yaj kiab ntev thiab cov khoom siv ntawm chav tshwj xeeb rau qhov no;
• tsis tas yuav yuav zaj duab xis thiab cov tshuaj reagents rau nws;
• txheej txheem raug siv sijhawm me ntsis;
• tam sim cov duab tau txais;
• ceev archiving thiab khaws cov ntaub ntawv ntawm hluav taws xob xov xwm;
• reusable daim hlau;
• Irradiation zog tswj tau halved, thiab nkag mus tob zuj zus.

Qhov ntawd yog, muaj kev txuag nyiaj, sijhawm thiab txo qis ntawm qhov raug, thiab yog li kev phom sij rau cov neeg ua haujlwm.

Kev nyab xeeb thaum kuaj hluav taws xob

txhawm rau txo qis qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tus neeg ua haujlwm, nws yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib xyuas kev nyab xeeb thaum ua txhua theem ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas hluav taws xob ntawm cov pob qij txha. Txoj Cai Kev Nyab Xeeb Tseem Ceeb:

• txhua yam khoom siv yuav tsum ua haujlwm zoo, muajcov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog, cov neeg ua yeeb yam - qhov xav tau ntawm kev cob qhia;
• Cov neeg tsis txuas nrog kev tsim khoom tsis raug tso cai hauv cheeb tsam tswj;
• thaum lub emitter ua haujlwm, tus neeg tsav tsheb teeb tsa yuav tsum nyob rau sab nraud ntawm kev taw qhia hluav taws xob tsawg kawg 20 m;
• qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau nruab nrog lub vijtsam tiv thaiv uas tiv thaiv kev tawg ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob hauv qhov chaw;
• txwv tsis pub nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm qhov tshwm sim tau ntev dua li lub sijhawm tso cai siab tshaj plaws;
• qib hluav taws xob hauv thaj chaw uas tib neeg nyob yuav tsum tau saib xyuas tas li siv dosimeters;
• Lub chaw yuav tsum tau nruab nrog cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tiv thaiv hluav taws xob, xws li cov ntawv txhuas.

Cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm thiab kev ua haujlwm, GOSTs

Radiographic tswj ntawm cov pob qij txha welded yog ua raws li GOST 3242-79. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau kev tswj hluav taws xob yog GOST 7512-82, RDI 38.18.020-95. Qhov loj ntawm cov cim cim yuav tsum ua raws li GOST 15843-79. Hom thiab lub zog ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob raug xaiv nyob ntawm qhov tuab thiab qhov ceev ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob raws li GOST 20426-82.

Cov chav kawm rhiab heev thiab hom qauv yog tswj los ntawm GOST 23055-78 thiab GOST 7512-82. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov duab hluav taws xob yog ua raws li GOST 8433-81.

Thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, ib qho yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov kev cai ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Txoj Cai ntawm Lavxias Federation "Rau hluav taws xob kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov pej xeem", SP 2.6.1.2612-10 "Basic sanitarycov cai rau kev ruaj ntseg hluav taws xob", SanPiN 2.6.1.2523-09.