Kev lag luam hluav taws xob ntawm Russia. Kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam hluav taws xob

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Kev lag luam hluav taws xob hauv tsev tau dhau nws 50 xyoos. Nws pib hauv USSR, thaum tsim cov chaw tshawb fawb thiab cov tuam txhab high-tech. Muaj kev nce thiab nqis raws txoj kev. Tam sim no, ib lub tswv yim rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam hluav taws xob kom txog rau thaum 2025 tau raug txiav txim siab, thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Union State "Osnova" tab tom siv.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam

Electronics tuaj yeem muab piv rau "grey cardinal" ntawm kev lag luam - kev ua tiav hauv cheeb tsam no tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig rau cov xov xwm tshaj tawm, tab sis lub ntiaj teb lub xeev ntawm ntau lub tuam txhab kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam tub rog nyob ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob. Rau kev nyab xeeb vim li cas, nws tsis yog ib txwm muaj peev xwm siv cov khoom siv los ntawm cov neeg koom tes txawv teb chaws, thiab cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv hauv tsev yog qhov pom tseeb. Nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas nyob rau hnub ntawm USSR Ministry of Electronic Industry ua haujlwm nrog cov loj loj ntawm microelectronics xws li Mikron, Integral, Angstrem, Zenit, LOMO, Dalnaya Svyaz thiab lwm yam..

Paj thiabyav tom ntej

Nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws Soviet, kev lag luam hluav taws xob tau tawg mus rau thaj chaw loj, feem ntau nyob rau sab Europe ntawm Lavxias Federation, Belarus thiab Ukraine. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv tau tsim ib qho kev sib txuas sib txuas, uas tau tso tseg nrog kev tawg ntawm lub Union.

Nyob rau hauv "dashing 90s" feem coob ntawm Lavxias teb sab chaw lag luam tau poob lawv lub peev xwm. Kev lag luam hluav taws xob hauv Lavxias tau raug txwv ntau: tsuas yog cov thawj coj mus tas li OAO Kev Tshawb Fawb Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Molecular Electronics thiab Mikron cog (OAO NIIME i Mikron) thiab OAO Angstrem, nyob hauv Zelenograd, muaj sia nyob.

Minsk "Integral", txhawb tus kheej los ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm Lukashenko, pom nws tus kheej hauv cov xwm txheej zoo dua me ntsis. Txawm li cas los xij, nws kuj poob loj dual-siv xaj. Lub tuam txhab txo qis qhov kev tsim tawm, tab sis ua tsaug rau tsoomfwv kev txhawb nqa thiab tsom mus rau kev txiav txim me me ntawm cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom hauv tsev thiab cov neeg yuav khoom ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (ECB) los ntawm lwm lub tebchaws, nws nyob twj ywm.

hmoov zoo, nyob rau nruab nrab-2000s. Cov thawj coj Lavxias tau nkag siab txog lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim nws tus kheej cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab hauv 2007 "Lub Tswv Yim rau Kev Txhim Kho ntawm Kev Lag Luam Hluav Taws Xob mus txog 2025" tau txais yuav. Muaj twb muaj kev txhim kho zoo nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov tub rog qhov chaw thiab kev ruaj ntseg sectors.

Basis

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm nrog kev txhim kho ntawm lub tswv yim sab hauv Lavxias, Osnova qhov kev pabcuam tau pib, muab kev kho dua tshiabkev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim cov saw hlau ntawm cov koom haum tshawb fawb thiab cov lag luam ntawm Russia thiab Belarus nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm Union State. Ntxiv mus, Osnova qhov project tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, thawb kev txhim kho hauv cosmonautics, tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam, kho qhov muag, tsim cov diesel units, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm laser technologies.

Qhov tseeb, kev lag luam hluav taws xob ntawm USSR tau rov ua dua, lossis theej, nws lub peev xwm. Kev twv txiaj ntawm kev sib koom ua haujlwm hauv ntu no, cov thawj coj ntawm kev koom ua ke tau sim sau nplooj ntawv tshiab hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev txhawb siab ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, tab sis nrog lub suab nrov niaj hnub, delving rau hauv thaj tsam submicron. Ntawm no, cov dej num tswv yim rau peb lub xeev tau muab tso rau hauv lub hauv ntej - ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg thiab tswj kev muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv.

Kev paub txawv teb chaws

Meanwhile, lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam hluav taws xob tau nce qib los ntawm kev nce thiab ciam teb. Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, piv txwv li, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau tawm los rau saum toj ntawm cov khoom ntxiv, ua ntej ntawm kev lag luam tsheb thiab aviation. Tuam Tshoj, Taiwan, Is Nrias teb, Kauslim Teb, Singapore, Thaib teb, Indonesia, thiab Malaysia muab kev txhawb nqa lub xeev rau kev lag luam no. Ntawm no, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau pom tias yog lub zog zoo rau kev txhawb nqa kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws thiab nkag mus rau lub ntiaj teb kev ua lag luam.

Cov tuam txhab thev naus laus zis nrhiav kev txhawb nqa txoj kev tshawb fawb no, tsis muaj kev txhaj tshuaj nyiaj txiag. Txog li $12 nphom tau faib txhua xyoo rau kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis.

Tshuaj thiab kev txhim kho

Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog them rau kev txhim kho ntawm submicron cov thev naus laus zissuper-loj integrated circuits (VLSI). Tshaj li 30-40 xyoo dhau los, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tau dhau los ntawm ntau tiam neeg ntawm txoj kev loj hlob: loj (LSI), super-loj thiab, raws li lawv, complex-functional systems-on-a-chip (SoC) tau tshwm sim.

Cov kws tshuaj ntsuam tau sau tseg ntev ntev tias nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ua ntej txiav txim siab txog kev nce qib hauv ntau qhov chaw - kev sib txuas lus, kev lag luam, kev thauj mus los, kev sib txuas lus, kev kho mob, chaw txhab nyiaj thiab kev sib raug zoo, cov cuab yeej siv tub rog, thiab lwm yam. Cov thev naus laus zis tshiab hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob tau tso cai. ntau lub tebchaws, xws li Asmeskas, Askiv, Nyiv, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Fabkis thiab lwm yam, los tuav lub zog ntawm kev tswj hwm ntiaj teb: tub rog, txuj ci, nyiaj txiag, kev nom kev tswv.

Nyob ntawm ntug kev nce qib

Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas hais txog qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom tsim, lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam hluav taws xob ntau tshaj li cov roj, roj av thiab cov zaub mov los ntawm yuav luag 4.5 npaug, cov khoom siv tshuaj thiab cov yas - 3 zaug, ntim ntawm cov khoom thauj - 2.5 zaug, kev tsim hluav taws xob thiab roj - ntau tshaj 2 zaug. Kev ntsuas kev lag luam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv cov teb chaws tsim kho zoo li tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig:

• kev lag luam loj hlob peb zaug siab dua GDP kev loj hlob;
• lub sijhawm them rov qab thoob ntiaj teb rau cov haujlwm yog 2-3 xyoos;
• ib duas ntawm peev tso cai rau koj tau txais txog $ 100 hauv cov khoom kawg;
• 1 kg ntawm microelectronic Cheebtsam raug nqi ntau dua 100 tons roj;
• tsim ib txoj haujlwm hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob ua rau tsim 4 txoj haujlwm hauv lwm tuskev lag luam.

Vim li cas thiaj tsim hluav taws xob

Raws li kev paub dhau los ntawm cov thawj coj hauv ntiaj teb, nws tuaj yeem sib cav tias kev txhim kho ntawm kev lag luam hluav taws xob ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb uas dhau mus dhau qhov kev lag luam no xwb. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv kev tshawb fawb, ua kom muaj kev sib tw thiab kev sib tw ntawm kev suav, foob pob hluav taws thiab chaw, aviation, tshuab tsim, tsheb thauj mus los, tshuab cuab yeej tsev thiab lwm yam khoom siv.

Lub ntim ntawm kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis tu ncua, txiav txim siab kev nce qib hauv thaj chaw muaj kev vam meej tshaj plaws - aerospace thiab xov tooj cua-electronic industries, robotics thiab instrumentation, thiab lwm yam.

Kev lag luam hluav taws xob ntawm Russia thiab Belarus

Nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov tebchaws nyob rau tom qab-Soviet qhov chaw tsis tuaj yeem nyob deb ntawm cov txheej txheem thoob ntiaj teb no. Nws muaj peev xwm muab qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab tsis muaj kev xav tau tsawg dua - microelectronics, raws li "cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev loj hlob" ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev ruaj ntseg hauv lub tebchaws, vim yog kev sib koom ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm Union State.

Lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam thiab kev daws teeb meem zoo ntawm cov dej num tau teeb tsa rau kev txhawb siab ntawm microelectronics raws li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam thiab rau kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshiab ntawm Lavxias-Belarusian lub hauv paus-cov khoom siv hauv paus tau tso los ntawm cov koom haum pabcuam " Microsystem Engineering", "Baza", "Pramen".

Kev lag luam hluav taws xob hauv tebchaws tau txais kev txhawb nqa muaj zog: ntau ntauhom kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob microelectronics sib haum rau qib ntiaj teb. Xyoo 2013, lwm qhov tseem ceeb tau ua tiav nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm peb lub teb chaws - qhov kev pab cuam "Kev tsim kho thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke thiab cov khoom siv semiconductor rau cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb thiab cov khoom siv dual." Cov peev nyiaj los ntawm Lavxias sab yog teem rau 975 lab Lavxias teb sab rubles, los ntawm Belarusian sab - 525 lab.

Neeg yav tom ntej

Kev txiav txim los ntawm kev txhawb siab pom zoo hauv kev lag luam hauv tsev ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, kev saib xyuas thiab kev txhawb nqa los ntawm tsoomfwv cov koomhaum, tshaj tawm xov xwm, kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb tab tom pib. Lub zeem muag rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm microelectronics nyob rau yav tom ntej tau dhau los ua tiag tiag thiab pom tau. Cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tau raug daws los tsim lub hauv paus rau kev txhim kho kev nthuav dav thiab kev siv cov khoom siv hauv xov tooj cua, tshuab rau tsev neeg, kev lag luam dav dav thiab cov hom phiaj tshwj xeeb, txhawm rau tshem tawm kev vam khom ntawm kev lag luam hluav taws xob hauv teb chaws ntawm kev xa khoom thiab kev lag luam. nce nws cov peev txheej export.

Los ntawm txoj kev, tus kws tshaj lij Lavxias teb sab K. A. Valiev tau hais txog qhov xav tau los tsim thiab tsim cov thev naus laus zis hauv microelectronics thaum ntxov 2000s. Nws tau lees tias, txawm li cas los xij, txoj haujlwm no tsis yooj yim, thiab nws tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog cov cuab yeej siv thev naus laus zis tshwj xeeb. Qhov tsim nyog nyiaj txiag thiab kev txhawb nqa kev koom tes rau microelectronics tuaj yeem muab los ntawm cov phiaj xwm phiaj xwm uas tau siv rau hauv xeev.

Raws li cov tub rog ua haujlwm, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab siab tau sau npe rau ntawm no tau ntev. Niaj hnub no peb tuaj yeem tham txog kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub no rau kev tsim cov khoom siv tiv thaiv zoo heev. Cov khoom siv semiconductor tshiab thiab microcircuits tau pom daim ntawv thov hauv ntau tshaj li ib puas ntawm cov riam phom tshiab. Kev siv tseem ceeb:

• chaw nres tsheb radar;
• tiv thaiv dav hlau cuaj luaj, suav nrog S-400 nto moo thiab S-500 tab tom txhim kho;
• kev ua tsov rog hauv hluav taws xob: cuam tshuam kev cuam tshuam, cuam tshuam, cuam tshuam ntawm xov tooj cua sib kis.

Kev tsim qauv tshiab thiab cov kev daws teeb meem thev naus laus zis thiab IC typologies patented hauv Lavxias Federation tau ua pov thawj lawv tus kheej zoo ntawm cov neeg siv khoom ntawm Lavxias teb sab tub rog-kev lag luam complex, muab kev ntseeg siab thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev raug hluav taws xob ntau ntxiv, neutron irradiation, gamma thiab X-ray hluav taws xob, thiab electromagnetic pulse. Cov yam ntxwv zoo li no thiab cov tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev siv riam phom, kev tswj hluav taws xob rau kev ua tub rog thiab chaw siv tshuab, kev tswj thiab kev nyab xeeb rau nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag.

Microelectronics flagships

Txhawm rau tsim cov khoom siv siab-precision nruab nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nyuaj, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los ua ke cov kev siv zog ntawm cov chaw tshawb fawb thiab cov khoom lag luam ntawm microelectronics hauv Russia thiab Belarus. Yog li, Osnova txoj haujlwm tau dhau los ua theem tom ntej hauv kev tsim cov thev naus laus zis tshiab.

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, nyob rau hauv nws qhov kev siv, lub ntsiab executors thiab co-executors yogtxog 40 lub koom haum tshawb fawb thiab kev lag luam. Lub chaw muag khoom tseem ceeb ntawm microelectronic element-cov khoom hauv paus rau ob lub hom phiaj thiab tshwj xeeb yog Belarusian OJSC Integral. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, lub baton rau cov creation ntawm high-tech khoom raws li niaj hnub electronics yog khaws los ntawm Mikron pawg tuam txhab uas muag, lub loj tshaj plaws microelectronics chaw tsim tshuaj paus nyob rau hauv lub post-Soviet qhov chaw, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub RTI industrial tuav.

JSC NIIME i Mikron yog ib lub lag luam nrog yuav luag ib nrab xyoo ntawm keeb kwm, tus thawj coj thev naus laus zis hauv kev lag luam hauv Lavxias teb sab semiconductor. Niaj hnub no lawv tau koom nrog kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb, kev tsim kho, tsim khoom thiab muag khoom ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, suav nrog rau kev xa tawm. Nyob rau hauv 2012, ib tug tshiab kab rau zus tau tej cov microchips nrog ib tug topological theem ntawm 90 nm twb launched. Cov koom tes yog lub koom haum hauv xeev RUSNANO thiab European loj STMicroelectronics.

Science and production

Kev lag luam hluav taws xob ua tsis tau yam tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb. Mikron lub tuam txhab niam txiv tau tso siab rau kev ua haujlwm R & D (kev tshawb fawb, kev tsim kho thiab kev txhim kho) txoj haujlwm, nrog kev pab los ntawm 15 lub tuam txhab xov tooj cua loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia.

R & D complex suav nrog ib qho kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho thiab 26 txoj haujlwm txhim kho los tsim 54 hom kev hloov pauv hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob nrog cov qib siab ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, nrog cov neeg siab thiab cov yam ntxwv ua haujlwm. Tshwj xeeb, Mikron daws tag nrhoib txheej ntawm cov dej num, ib qho ntawm kev mob siab rau kev txhim kho thiab kev siv ntawm microprocessor-raws li VLSI nrog kev ua haujlwm embedded rau cov npav ntse thiab cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob.

Qab lus

Nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau nkag siab tias cov tuam txhab Western tsis maj nrawm muag cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo tshaj plaws rau cov tub rog thiab cov khoom siv hauv chaw rau cov lag luam hauv tsev. Yog li ntawd, txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau yav tom ntej nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm kev siv cov phiaj xwm kev lag luam yog kev siv cov thev naus laus zis mus rau yav tom ntej.