Kev faib cov khoom cia los ntawm cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv lossis lwm qhov, cov khoom lag luam yuav tsum muaj nyob rau tag nrho txoj kev txav ntawm cov khoom los ntawm thaj chaw tsim khoom mus rau thaj chaw ncig. Muaj ntau ntau yam tseem ceeb rau lawv (reserves) tsim: txuag nyiaj ntawm kev yuav khoom, txo tus nqi thauj khoom, muab ntau yam kev lees paub rau cov khoom siv thiab kev tsim khoom, kev tiv thaiv kev nce nqi rau ntau yam khoom siv, suav nrog kev hloov pauv raws caij nyoog. hauv kev tsim khoom thiab muag khoom, kev txhawb nqa rau ntau lub voj voog ntau lawm thiab lwm yam.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev faib tawm

Tab sis hauv kev xa khoom, kev kawm tsis yog cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg rau lawv tus kheej, tab sis kev txav ntawm cov peev txheej hauv lub sijhawm thiab qhov chaw. Yog li ntawd, kev faib tawm ntawm cov reserves yog muab nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lawv kev txiav txim siab raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntws nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm luv luv nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm ntxiv kev thov ntawm ntau yam logistics ua hauj lwm rau lawv.

Muaj ntau qhov kev ntsuas zoo li no. Peb yuav txiav txim siab thiab qhia lawv hauv kab lus.

Simple stocks

Raws li cov khoom lag luam yooj yim txhais tau tias ntau hom khoom siv,npaj rau kev lag luam.

Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm lawv txoj kev tsim yog cov hauv qab no:

• Discrepancy ntawm qhov ntim ntawm ib qho khoom siv thiab ntim ntawm kev siv ib zaug, kev siv cov khoom siv raw lossis cov khoom tiav.
• Lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev siv.
• Climatic tej yam kev mob ntawm ib cheeb tsam.
• Xav kom txo tus nqi xa khoom.

khoom muag

Cov khoom suav suav raws li hauv qab no:

• cov khoom tam sim no. Lawv yog cov tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej ntau lawm nyob rau hauv lub ncua sij hawm ntawm tau txais cov ntaub ntawv raw, cov ntaub ntawv rau manufacturing.
• Npaj cov khoom lag luam. Yuav tsum tau lav qhov kev ua haujlwm du ntawm kev lag luam.
• Guaranteed, pov hwm kev tuav pov hwm. Ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv cov khoom siv.
• khoom muag. Cov no yog cov khoom tiav tiav hauv cov channel ntawm ntau qhov chaw ncig.

hom tsiaj

Txhua cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom lag luam tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb chav loj:

• Raw material.
• Cov khoom tam sim no tab tom tsim.
• khoom tiav.

Kev sib cais los ntawm lub hom phiaj

Cov hauv qab no txawv ntawm no:

• Kev hloov pauv (lossis cov peev txheej thev naus laus zis). Lawv txav los ntawm ib qho chaw ntawm kev xa khoom mus rau lwm qhov, los ntawm ib qho ntawm nws cov ceg mus rau lwm qhov.
• Cyclic(los yog cov khoom tam sim no). Lawv raug tsim thaum lub sij hawm nruab nrab ntawm cov khoom. Nov yog lub npe ntawm cov khoom lag luam loj ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov khoom.
• khoom muag. Lawv lub hom phiaj, feem, yog kev siv ntau lawm. Lawv tau nkag mus rau ntau lawm, tab sis tseem tsis tau rov ua dua lossis siv.
• Kev pov hwm (lossis lav) cov khoom lag luam. Raws li txoj cai, lawv muaj tus nqi tas li. Lawv xav tau yog tias muaj kev hloov pauv sai sai hauv kev thov rau cov khoom lag luam.
• khoom muag. Lawv yog nyob rau hauv kev faib raws. Tsim los xyuas kom meej cov khoom tsis cuam tshuam rau nws cov neeg siv khoom.
• "Virtual" stocks. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog cov uas muaj nyob hauv cov ntsiab lus muag (piv txwv li, hauv khw muag khoom), tab sis qhov tseeb tseem nyob hauv warehouses.
• Npaj (ua lwm yam lus - tsis muaj) cov khoom lag luam. Lawv yuav tsum tau npaj ntxiv ua ntej kev thauj mus los thiab siv ntxiv hauv kev tsim khoom.
• Seasonal stocks. Hom kev tsim khoom, muag, uas yog raws caij nyoog.
• Nyob rau hauv Tshuag. Nov yog lub npe ntawm qhov nyiaj tshuav thaum pib ntawm lub sijhawm tshaj tawm tshiab ntawm xyoo dhau los.
• Promotional stocks. Lawv lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thaum lub sijhawm tshaj tawm kev tshaj tawm, thaum lub caij nyoog ntawm kev muag khoom.
• Illiquid stocks. Cov pawg no suav nrog tsis siv sijhawm ntev, ob qho tib si cov khoom lag luam thiab cov khoom lag luam. Qee zaum, vim li cas qhov no yog kev sib yuav, kev puas tsuaj thaum lub sijhawm thauj mus los.
• State reserves. Xws li reservesRaws li, lawv tau tsim los ntawm cov xeev thaum muaj kev puas tsuaj ntuj tsim, kev tsis sib haum xeeb, kev puas tsuaj rau tib neeg thiab lwm yam xwm txheej ceev.

Raws li qhov chaw hauv cov khoom lag luam

Kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom lag luam raws li lawv qhov chaw hauv kev xa khoom xa tuaj (lossis cov saw) yog raws li hauv qab no:

• Cov khoom lag luam ntawm ntau yam khoom siv.
• Qhia txog kev ua haujlwm.
• Cov khoom lag luam tiav thiab cov khoom lag luam.
• Cov khoom ntim ntawm cov thawv ntim khoom thiab cov khoom pov tseg rov qab.

Txog rau kev ua haujlwm logistics

Kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom khaws cia hauv qhov no yog sawv cev los ntawm lawv qhov kev faib ua pawg hauv qab no:

• Supply Stocks.
• Type of inventory.
• Cov khoom lag luam (lwm lub npe - muag) cov khoom lag luam.
• Cumulative stock type.
• Thauj khoom. Lawv kuj hu ua kev thauj mus los. Los yog Tshuag ntawm txoj kev.
• Handing inventory.

yam ntxwv ntawm pawg

Cia peb saib qee yam ntawm cov khoom lag luam kev faib khoom hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog kev lag luam logistics.

Cov khoom lag luam hauv cov khoom lag luam yog cov khoom siv uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov logistics chains los ntawm cov neeg xa khoom mus rau cov tuam ntxhab, cov chaw tsim khoom. Raws li, lawv tau tsim los txhawb txhua yam kev tsim khoom.

Cov khoom lag luam raug hu ua cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov khoom siv raw, ntim, ntim, cov khoom siv lossis lwm yam khoom siv uas thaum lub sijhawm sau nyiaj tsis tau nkag mus rau cov txheej txheem tsim khoom.noj. Nws yog lawv uas ua kom nws ua tau kom muaj kev txuas ntxiv ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem tsim khoom.

Thiab, cov khoom muag khoom tau muab faib ua pawg hauv qab no:

• Regular (los yog tsis tu ncua).
• Warranty (los yog kev tuav pov hwm).
• pab pawg npaj.
• Illiquid, obsolete (sib cais ua illiquid thiab Tshuag).
• Seasonal.

Qeb ntau lawm ntawm no yog suav nrog tus nqi thiab lub cev. Nws tus nqi raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cov hauv qab no:

• Kev xav tau ntawm cov koom haum neeg siv khoom rau cov khoom siv no.
• Ntau zaus ntawm kev tso tawm cov ntaub ntawv rau hauv kev tsim khoom / txuas ntxiv ntawm kev siv.
• Kev thauj mus los.
• Tshuag specifications.
• Seasonality ntawm ntau lawm thiab noj.

Cov khoom lag luam (muag) cov khoom lag luam hu ua:

• Cov khoom lag luam tiav thiab cov khoom lag luam.
• Thauj cov khoom lag luam uas tau khaws cia hauv cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom.
• Tau kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom hauv kev lag luam wholesale lossis muag khoom.

Thiab, kev lag luam cov khoom lag luam tau sawv cev los ntawm cov pawg hauv qab no:

• Regular (tam sim no).
• YWarranty (insurance).
• Seasonal.
• Preparatory.
• Obsolete (dua muab faib ua cov tsis yog kua thiab cov Tshuag).

Cov khoom lag luam raug suav nrog, txheeb xyuas, npaj rau tus nqi (tsis muaj tseeb) thiab txheeb ze (hauv hnub ntawm kev hloov pauv) ntsuas. Lawv ua tauyuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account ob thaum pib thiab thaum kawg ntawm lub sij hawm.

Kev thauj mus los, kev thauj mus los - qhov no yog lub npe ntawm cov khoom thauj hauv kev thauj mus los. Cov khoom siv (ob qho tib si hauv kev ua tiav thiab cov khoom tiav) uas nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev thauj mus los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom siv logistics. Qhov loj ntawm cov khoom lag luam no yuav txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov khoom txav mus rau hauv qhov chaw, los ntawm cov coefficients ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm kev txav ntawm cov khoom hauv lawv cov kev ncig. Lawv kuj raug txiav txim siab los ntawm cheeb tsam lossis kev lag luam tshwj xeeb, lub sijhawm ntawm kev nyob ntawm cov khoom hauv kev thauj mus los, cov qauv rau lub sijhawm xa khoom (tseem ntsuas hauv hnub).

Kev tuav cov khoom thauj yog ib hom khoom lag luam tshwj xeeb, uas yog tsim tsis muaj kev lag luam khaws cia.

Los ntawm kev ua haujlwm

Nyob rau hauv qhov kev faib khoom ntawm cov khoom muag no, peb yuav paub qhov txawv hauv qab no:

• khoom tam sim no.
• Buffer (lwm lub npe - kev tuav pov hwm, lav) cov khoom lag luam.
• Seasonal stocks.
• Npaj khoom.
• Qhia-txhim kho cov khoom tiav.
• Speculative stock group.
• Illiquid (los yog cov khoom muag tsis siv lawm).

yam ntxwv ntawm pawg

Cia peb saib ze dua ntawm cov khoom ntawm kev faib cov peev txheej los ntawm kev ua haujlwm.

Cov khoom lag luam tam sim no yog feem ntau ntawm cov khoom muag lossis cov khoom lag luam tsim khoom tsim los ua kom muaj kev txuas ntxiv ntawm kev tsim khoom / muag khoom ntawm cov ntawv txais nyiaj. Raws li txoj cai, lawv raug xam raws liLub sijhawm khoom xa tuaj.

Tsis pub / nyiaj pov hwm / lav cov khoom lag luam xav tau los txo cov kev pheej hmoo, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov kev thov rau cov khoom tiav, tsis ua tiav cov luag num los muab cov khoom tsim nyog, kev ua tsis tiav hauv kev siv tshuab, kev tsim khoom. Los yog nyob rau lwm qhov xwm txheej tsis tau pom dua, thaum qhov kev xav tau tsis tuaj yeem ua raws li ib txwm muaj.

Kev pov hwm cov khoom lag luam yog tus nqi tas li. Raws li ib txwm muaj, nws yuav inviolable. Cov qauv ntawm no yog txiav txim siab raws li qhov nruab nrab txhua hnub noj ntawm txhua yam ntawm cov khoom tiav lossis cov khoom siv.

Npaj cov khoom lag luam yog ib feem ntawm kev lag luam, kev tsim khoom. Lawv tau npaj los npaj cov peev txheej thiab cov khoom tiav rau tus kheej, kev lag luam. Lawv feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm cov hauv qab no:

• tau txais cov khoom.
• khoom tsim.
• Loading and unloading.
• Ntau theem ntawm kev npaj rau kev noj - khoob, ziab, tu, thiab lwm yam.

Tus nqi ntawm kev npaj cov khoom lag luam yuav nyob ntawm lub sijhawm xav tau rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev thauj mus los los npaj cov peev txheej lossis cov khoom tiav rau kev noj. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov ntim ntawm qhov nruab nrab noj txhua hnub ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev suav.

Dab tsi yog cov khoom xa tuaj? Cov no yog cov khoom lag luam raws caij nyoog thiab cov khoom tiav lawm lossis cov khoom lag luam. Lawv raug tsim, txhawb los ntawm kev pom meej meej qhov hloov pauv hauv kev thov, kev tsim khoom lossis kev thauj mus los. Nws yog cov khoom lag luam raws caij nyoog uas tso caixyuas kom cov lag luam ib txwm ua haujlwm thaum lub caij so ntau yam.

Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom lag luam raws caij nyoog ntawm cov khoom siv raw / cov khoom npaj yuav raug txiav txim siab raws li cov khoom lag luam ntawm qhov nruab nrab txhua hnub noj ntawm ib hom khoom siv los ntawm lub sijhawm cuam tshuam hauv nws daim ntawv txais lossis siv.

Cov khoom lag luam rau kev nce qib ntawm cov khoom lag luam npaj yuav tsim thiab khaws cia hauv cov saw hlau xa khoom kom tau txais cov lus teb ceev ntawm lub tuam txhab rau nws tus kheej li kev lag luam txoj cai ntawm kev tsim cov khoom muag rau lub khw. Raws li txoj cai, xws li cov khoom lag luam, rau feem ntau, yog cov khoom siv. Lub hom phiaj ntawm lawv cov kev tsim khoom yog los ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov khoom lag luam tshwj xeeb ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom.

Speculative stocks yog tsim los ntawm cov lag luam nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug ua tau nce nyob rau hauv tus nqi.

Yuav ua li cas txog cov khoom lag luam tsis raug (lossis cov khoom tsis siv lawm)? Cov no yog cov khoom uas tsis muaj muag rau lub sijhawm ntev. Muaj ntau qhov laj thawj rau qhov no: kev tsis zoo ntawm cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm cov khoom thaum lub sijhawm khaws cia, kev tsis zoo, lub sijhawm lav lav rau kev khaws cia / tu, thiab lwm yam.

Kev cuam tshuam rau kev xa khoom

Kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom muag yog sawv cev ntawm no los ntawm qee pawg:

• Cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom, cov neeg siv khoom.
• Tshuaj ntawm cov xa khoom, muag.
• khoom muag los ntawm cov muag khoom.

Nyob rau lub sijhawm

Cov pawg hauv qab no yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov kev faib tawm no:

• Ntau tshaj qhov xav tau tshwj tseg. Cov khoom lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws hauv cov khoom siv logistics.
• khoom tam sim no. Qib cov khoom lag luam txhua lub sijhawm.
• Guaranteed stock. Yuav tsum muaj kev tuav pov hwm qeb yog tias muaj kev cuam tshuam txog kev xa khoom.

Cov Khoom Muag yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv hauv kev xa khoom. Txij li thaum lub tswv yim yog dav heev, txhua yam uas yog hu ua reserves muaj peev xwm muaj ob peb yam ntxwv - nyob ntawm seb qhov kev faib tawm siv. Txhua tus ntawm lawv nthuav tawm cov lus piav qhia tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm kev tsim khoom, muag, thiab lwm yam.