Pob zeb sib xyaw: cov khoom, muaj pes tsawg leeg, hom, qib ntawm pob zeb, yam ntxwv, ua raws li GOST cov qauv thiab daim ntawv thov

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Qhob yog siv niaj hnub no hauv txhua qhov chaw ntawm kev tsim kho. Tej zaum nws yuav muaj cov yam ntxwv sib txawv kiag li, uas nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj uas nws tau tsim. Cov mortar feem ntau yog sib xyaw ntawm qhov chaw tsim kho, tab sis kom muaj lub zog txaus ntawm cov qauv pob zeb, nws cov qauv tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv lub Hoobkas hu ua cov pob zeb sib xyaw ua ke.

Basic nta

Ntawm cov cuab yeej thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov pob zeb sib xyaw yuav tsum tau hais txog:

• density;
• zog;
• dej resistant;
• Yplasticity;
• nplaim hluav taws.

Ntawm cov no, qhov taw qhia tseem ceeb yog lub zog, uas tau qhia hauv lub peev xwm tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev thauj khoom. Qhov nce nyob rau hauv lub tom kawg yog tso cai mus txog rau ib tug tej yam kev txwv. Lub zog ntawm cov khoom yog txiav txim los ntawm nws cov hom. Nws yog to taub raws li lub zog compressive ntawm lub cubes, sab ntawm uas yog 20 cm. Lawv harden tom qab pouring rau hauv.thaum lub hli. Lub zog tensile yog qhia hauv kg/cm2.

Kev paub koj tus kheej nrog lub tswv yim ntawm hom, koj tuaj yeem pom tias cov txiaj ntsig hauv qab no tau teeb tsa hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Rau cov pob zeb zoo tib yam, daim duab txawv ntawm 25 mus rau 600. Raws li cov pob zeb sib sib zog nqus, cov qauv ntawm no yog los ntawm 10 mus rau 300. Lub zog yog nyob ntawm seb cov cement yog li cas. Qhov kev ntsuas no cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov pob zeb crushed, xuab zeb, dej thiab pob zeb, nrog rau cov xwm txheej ntawm kev thauj mus los, kev sib xyaw, hnub nyoog, kev tso kawm thiab kho cov pob zeb.

Thaum xav txog cov khoom ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke, koj yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau qhov ntom. Cov khoom uas piav qhia tsis meej, vim tias nws muaj huab cua ntxaij uas tsim thaum dej yaj lossis nkag mus. Qhov ntom yog qhov degree uas lub ntim ntim nrog cov khoom. Yog li, yog tias qhov ceev yog 0.95, ces 95% ntawm qhov ntim yog cov khoom siv, thiab 5% yog pores.

Yuav kom tau cov pob zeb ntom ntom, cov dej yuav tsum raug txo kom tsawg, thiab cov nplej ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw yuav tsum xaiv ntau qhov sib txawv. Qhov no yuav pab txo tus naj npawb ntawm cov voids. Ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov pob zeb sib tov, plasticity yuav tsum tau paub qhov txawv. Nws yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev txav mus los ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, uas, thaum pw, yuav tsum tau sau tag nrho cov khoov, voids thiab plhaub. Pob zeb ua tau:

• cast;
• plastic;
• nyuaj.

Qhov taw qhia ntawm plasticity ntawm qhov sib tov yog kwv yees los ntawm lub cuab yeej hu ua lub khob hliav qab. Cov cuab yeej no yog cov pwm hlau tsis muaj lub khob hauv qab.

Ib yam khoom tseem ceeb yog dej permeability. Nws degree yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov loj tshajdej siab ntawm cov kua percolates los ntawm cov qauv. Kev tiv thaiv dej nyob ntawm qhov dej siab, qhov ntom ntom thiab cov qauv, nrog rau kev kho mob, qhov ntom ntom thiab hnub nyoog ntawm pob zeb.

Ua kom paub txog cov khoom ntawm cov pob zeb sib xyaw, koj yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov hluav taws kub. Qhov no yog lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom siv, uas yog qhia nyob rau hauv tsis kam mus rau lub destructive yam cuam tshuam nrog kub kub. Pob zeb yuav tsum tiv taus kev siv ib txwm mus txog 250 ˚C.

Dhau li ntawm qhov no, nws yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov shrinkage ntawm cov khoom. Thaum kho nyob rau hauv huab cua, pob zeb shrinks nyob rau hauv ntim. Sab nraud, qhov no tshwm sim sai dua sab hauv, cov kab nrib pleb dhau los ua qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov no. Shrinkage, raws li txoj cai, yog 0.15 hli ib 1 m. Yog tias koj xaiv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tshuaj, koj tuaj yeem txo qhov shrinkage lossis tiv thaiv tag nrho.

Feature of the filling is the release of heat when the hardening of mix. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho, ib tug muaj peev xwm soj ntsuam qhov nce ntawm qhov kub thiab txias txawm nyob rau hauv qis ambient kub. Cov cuab yeej no tso cai rau kev ua vaj tse nyob rau lub caij ntuj no yam tsis muaj cua sov.

khoom vaj huam sib luag

Yuav kom ua tiav cov khoom xav tau ntawm cov pob zeb sib xyaw, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua raws li qee qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Lub pob zeb zoo tib yam tau txais los ntawm kev sib xyaw cov khoom xyaw hauv qab no hauv qee qhov kev faib ua feem:

• cement;
• sand;
• dej;
• rubble.

Qhov piv ntawm cov khoom nyob ntawm qhov xav tau. Cov tshuaj feem ntau ntxiv rau qhov sib tov tiav,tsim los txhim kho cov khoom ntawm cov khoom. Qhov sib tov nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yuav txawv, tab sis lub ntsiab Cheebtsam yuav nyob twj ywm unchanged.

Cement thiab dej yog tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej lub viscosity ntawm cov tshuaj thiab tsim ntawm nws kev ncaj ncees. Tus nqi ntawm cov kua thiab cov cement, nrog rau cov dej noo ntawm cov xuab zeb thiab cov aggregates, yuav tsum tau tswj.

hom tshuaj khib sab nraum zoov

Cov khoom ntawm cov pob zeb sib xyaw tuaj yeem sib txawv nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm cov khoom siv. Ntawm ntau yam tseem ceeb ntawm cov pob zeb uas yuav siv sab nraud, nws yuav tsum tau hais txog:

• reinforced concrete;
• silicate pob zeb;
• asph alt qhob;
• hydrotechnical pob zeb;
• expanded concrete;
• perlite pob zeb;
• tuff concrete.

Cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom siv nrog kev txhawb nqa. Qhov sib tov yog siv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov cheeb tsam huab cua, vim hais tias nws tsis poob nws cov khoom mus txog -45 ˚С. Kev ua haujlwm tau mus txog +60 ˚С. Cov neeg feem coob tau paub txog cov khoom siv no los ntawm cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog siv hauv qab nthab.

Silicate pob zeb yog sib xyaw ntawm silicon thiab txiv qaub. Cov sib tov yuav muaj quartz thiab silica. Cov muab tub lim yog xuab zeb. Hom pob zeb no yog tsim los ntawm autoclaving. Cov khoom yog ua tiav nrog chav ntawm qhov kub ntawm 174 txog 198 ˚С.

Ib qhov sib tov sib xyaw yog asph alt pob zeb. Nws suav nrog:

• mineral hmoov;
• sand;
• bitumen;
• rubble.

Txhua ntu yog nyias nyias, thiab tom qab ntawd rhaub rau 150 ˚С. Los ntawmNtawm qhov paving kub, asph alt qhob yuav kub los yog khov, txias los yog kua. Kev ua haujlwm kub ntawm qhov qub nce mus txog 120 ˚С, thiab tom kawg yuav tsum tsis txhob qis dua 10 ˚С. ru tsev thiab txoj kev nto yog ua los ntawm tej pob zeb.

Ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov pob zeb sib tov, uas tseem hu ua hydrotechnical pob zeb, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los qhia txog qhov ua kom muaj dej ntau ntxiv. Cov vaj tse raug tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv no, uas yuav siv rau hauv thaj chaw swampy lossis hauv cheeb tsam uas feem ntau raug dej nyab.

Txoj pob zeb yog ib yam ntawm cov pob zeb sib sib zog nqus. Lub filler ntawm no yog nthuav av nplaum. Qhov no tso cai rau koj los txo tus nqi ntawm kev ua haujlwm, thiab qhov loj ntawm cov qauv yog tsawg.

Perlite ua raws li kev muab tub lim hauv perlite pob zeb. Cov khoom no belongs rau chav kawm ntawm lub teeb, pob zeb laj kab yog tsim los ntawm nws. Qhov muab tub lim hauv cov pob zeb ua pob zeb yog volcanic tuff. Phab ntsa thiab pem teb slabs yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom no.

hom pob zeb tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm sab hauv

Cov khoom ntawm pob zeb thiab pob zeb sib xyaw ua tau zoo li cov khoom siv tsuas yog siv rau kev ua haujlwm sab hauv. Qhov no siv rau gypsum pob zeb. Hloov cov cement, lub tsev gypsum yog siv ntawm no, uas cov pob zeb aggregates ntxiv. Straw thiab ntoo yog cov khoom ntxiv.

Hloov cov cement, cov organic polymer kuj tseem siv los ua cov ntawv khi hauv cov pob zeb yas. Txhua yam xuab zeb tuaj yeem siv los ua ib qho chaw muab tub lim. Cov khoom siv no yog siv los sau cov plag tsev hauv cov chaw pej xeem thiab kev lag luam. Cov muab tub lim hauv pob zeb kuj tuaj yeem ua pumice. Qhov no yog hais txogpob zeb pumice, uas ua raws li cov khoom siv hluav taws kub.

Aerated qhob muab faib ua ob peb hom. Qhov no yuav tsum muaj cov pa roj thiab ua npuas ncauj. Ob hom no yog siv los ua thermal rwb thaiv tsev Cheebtsam hauv kev tsim kho. Cov khoom siv cellular yog qis dua rau lub tshav kub insulator. Ib hom kev sib cais yog cov pob zeb kub-resistant, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv metallurgical kev lag luam raws li lub hauv paus ntawm qhib-hearth furnaces.

Type by strength class

Xav txog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov pob zeb sib tov, koj yuav tsum xyuam xim rau lub zog. Cov khoom siv tau muab faib ua cov chav kawm muaj zog:

• light;
• hnyav;
• tshwj xeeb hnyav.

Rau qhov qub, lub zog tsis tshaj 1,800 kg/m ³, rau yav tom ntej, nws txawv ntawm 1,800 txog 2,500, thiab qhov thib peb, tus nqi tshaj 2,500 kg/m^3.

cov qhab nias thiab lawv daim ntawv thov

Cov khoom ntawm cov pob zeb sib xyaw thiab ntsuas lawv li cas yuav raug kawm yog tias koj yuav tsim lub tsev koj tus kheej. Cov kev ntsuam xyuas muaj xws li tso lub khob rau hauv qhov sib tov thiab txiav txim siab cov dej permeability ntawm cov khoom.

Thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov pob zeb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm kev saib xyuas nws cov hom. Feem ntau yog qib M100 txog M550.

Concrete B7, 5 (M100) yog cov khoom siv sib sib zog nqus uas yog siv rau ntawm lub hauv paus pouring theem. Nrog rau qhov kev daws teeb meem no, koj tuaj yeem npaj qhov chaw thiabtso dag zog. Hauv kev tsim kho txoj kev, xws li kev sib xyaw yog siv rau hauv kev npaj ntawm curbs.

Ib yam ntawm cov pob zeb sib sib zog nqus, uas tseem hu ua lean, yog pob zeb B12, 5 (M150). Qhov chaw ntawm kev siv yog pouring ntawm monolithic slabs thiab foundations. Cov ntaub ntawv no yog siv dav heev, piv txwv li, rau kev tsim cov screeds thaum pouring pem teb, footpaths, thiab thaum txhim kho curbs. Cov sib tov kuj tseem siv tau rau hauv kev tsim cov hauv paus rau cov qauv me me.

Ib cheeb tsam dav dav ntawm kev tsim ua haujlwm npog pob zeb B15 (M200). Nws muaj lub zog compressive siab thiab siv rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm ntau cov phab ntsa tuav, lub hauv paus, txoj hauv kev thiab hauv kev teeb tsa ntawm qhov chaw. Cov khoom siv kuj tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev tsim cov ntaiv, nrog rau kev tsim cov pob zeb cushions rau curbs thiab txoj kev.

Qhob B20 (M250) hais txog kev siv thiab cov yam ntxwv tuaj yeem muab piv nrog B15, txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom sib xyaw tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev tsim cov slabs uas yuav raug rau ib qho me me. Cov khoom no muaj zog ntau dua li cov qauv dhau los. Lub npe nrov nrov, uas yog siv rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm pawg-grillage thiab lwm cov qauv monolithic, yog B22, 5 pob zeb, paub zoo dua hauv M300 hom. Nws yog kev cai siv nws thaum nchuav qhov muag tsis pom kev, ua cov ntaiv thiab laj kab, nrog rau cov platforms.

Hauv kev tsim cov tsev siab siab rau cov hauv paus, pob zeb B25 (M350) feem ntau yog siv. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub zog siab, nws tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev tsim cov hollow core slabs thiab kab teeb. Cov khoom siv tau dhau los ua ntau yam hauv kev tsim vaj tsev monolithic, nrog rau kev tsim cov slabs, tais rau cov pas dej, cov khoom thauj khoom thiab ntau ntxiv. Cov pob zeb no tiv taus cov khoom hnyav, ua rau nws siv dav hauv kev tsim kho vaj tsev lag luam thiab pej xeem.

Qhov nruab nrab hom pob zeb yog B30 (M400). Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog kim dua thiab ceev ceev, yog li nws tsis yog li ntawd nrov. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub zog siab thiab kev ntseeg siab, yog li nws yog ib qho khoom siv tsis tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kho cov qauv hydraulic thiab cov khoom siv ntxiv dag zog, nrog rau cov tsev txhab nyiaj vaults, uas yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb. Hom pob zeb no tau pom zoo rau cov chaw muaj kev nyab xeeb siab. Cov no yuav tsum suav nrog:

• pas dej hauv tsev;
• kev lom zem thiab khw muag khoom;
• chaw ua si dej.

Ib feem pua ntawm cov cement hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj pob zeb B40 (M500) thiab B45 (M550), uas muaj lub zog siab thiab siv rau hauv cov khoom siv ntxiv dag zog rau cov hom phiaj tshwj xeeb, nrog rau kev tsim vaj tsev hydraulic. Rau kev tsim vaj tsev, feem ntau tsis siv.

yam ntxwv ntawm M200 pob zeb raws li GOST

Kev nchuav ntawm cov pob zeb sib xyaw, cov cuab yeej thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tseem ceeb, yuav tsum tau tswj hwm txij thaum pib mus txog thaum xaus. Ntawm cov chaw tsim kho loj, qhov no yog ua los ntawm tus thawj coj. Nws qhov kev paub dhau los tso cai rau koj los txiav txim qhov zoo ntawm pob zeb. Piv txwv li, nws paub tias M200 cov khoom raug cais raws li lub teeb, thiab nwsvolumetric hnyav thiab ceev nyob ntawm seb hom muab tub lim. Qhov kev ntsuas no txawv ntawm 500 txog 1800 kg / m 3,cov khoom siv txav tau txawv ntawm P2 mus rau P4, Frost resistance Performance index yog F100, dej tsis kam yog W4.

Cov khoom sib xyaw ua raws li GOST 10181-2000, raws li cov khoom xyaw yuav tsum suav nrog:

• loj aggregates nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm crushed pob zeb;
• sand;
• cement;
• dej.

Qee zaum ntxiv cov yas yas ntxiv. Qhov feem ntau siv crushed pob zeb feem rau hom pob zeb no yog 10-20 hli. Yog hais tias crushed pob zeb nrog finer los yog coarser nplej muaj nyob rau hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, nws ntim yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj 5%.

Thaum xav txog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom ntawm cov pob zeb sib xyaw, koj yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo mloog cov hauv qab no. Hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv M200, crushed granite, uas muaj cov yam ntxwv muaj zog, yuav yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws tivthaiv. Lub hom ntawm pob zeb nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub zog yuav tsum tsis txhob tsawg tshaj li M800. Qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom kawg yog cuam tshuam tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv rau kev tsim cov pob zeb sib xyaw, tab sis kuj los ntawm purity ntawm coarse aggregate. Yog tias pom muaj av nplaum thiab hmoov av suav nrog, qhov no yuav dhau los ua ib qho kev cuam tshuam rau qhov adhesion ntawm cov pob zeb crushed rau cement, vim tias cov pob zeb muaj zog tuaj yeem txo mus txog 30%.

yam ntxwv ntawm M450 pob zeb thiab nws ua raws li lub xeev cov qauv

Ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov pob zeb hnyav thiab pob zeb sib xyaw yog kev txav mus los. Rau lub npe hais, qhov parameter no yog sib npaug rau qhov txwv P3-P5. Lub thermal rwb thaiv tsev cov khoom txo qis raws li cov pob zeb hardens, thiab tseem muaj qhov nce hauv Frost tsis kam thiab dej tsis kam. Yog li ntawd, nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov qauv hydraulic qhov twg cov dej theem hloov pauv ib ntus.

Cov khoom siv no muaj lub zog siab thiab tiv taus Frost. Ua raws li cov chav kawm raws li tus yam ntxwv tshiab - F300. Hais txog kev tiv thaiv dej, qhov sib tov belongs rau chav kawm W8 - W12. Qhov no qhia tau tias tsis tas yuav siv cov khoom sib khi ntxiv.

Kev daws teeb meem sib haum rau GOST-7473. Cov qauv siv feem ntau ntawm qeb P2, P3, P4, P5. Nws tuaj yeem ua M450 pob zeb los ntawm ib feem ntawm M400 cement, 1.1 feem ntawm cov xuab zeb thiab 2.5 feem ntawm cov pob zeb crushed. Yog siv cov cement qib M500, ces cov proportions yuav tsum tau pom: 2.9 feem ntawm cov pob zeb crushed, ib feem ntawm cov cement, 1.4 feem ntawm cov xuab zeb.

Txoj kev pheej hmoo

Kev ntsuas qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov khoom ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke dhau lub sijhawm yog kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov yam ntxwv hauv ib lub sijhawm. Txij thaum lub sijhawm ua piv txwv mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev sim cov pob zeb sib xyaw, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua raws li kev cia siab rau cov qauv.

Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov pob zeb sib xyaw yuav ua rau koj nkag siab tias cov khoom yuav khaws cia zoo npaum li cas thaum lub sijhawm. Cov khoom tuaj yeem yog ib qho ntawm peb chav kawm, txhua tus txiav txim siab txog qib kev khaws cia. Sib cais theem qis, nruab nrab thiab siab.

Yog tias lub mortar tau tsim los ntawm kev teeb tsa ceev ceev, ces cov khoom tiav tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau chav kawm C-1, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawmTxuag lub neej tsawg kawg nkaus tsuas yog 20 feem pua.

Yog tias cov khoom tsim los ntawm ib txwm teeb tsa cement, ces nws tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau chav kawm C-2, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov nruab nrab lub neej txee. Nws tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm 20 txog 60%.

Yog tias muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj cov cements qeeb qeeb thiab cov khoom siv nrog qhov kub thiab txias, ces cov khoom tiav tuaj yeem raug cais raws li C-3 nrog rau qib siab ntawm kev pheej hmoo - ntau dua 60%. Cov khoom no feem ntau yuav tsis tawg thaum lub sijhawm.

Special properties of concrete

Raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm lwm yam, cov qauv yog loosened, tom qab ntawd cov nyiaj ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis muaj zog. Yog li ntawd, lub peev xwm deform nce, kev txav mus los nce. Lub peev xwm ntawm cov tshuab los hloov lawv cov khoom rheological ntawm cov pob zeb sib xyaw ua ke nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab cuam tshuam thiab rov qab los tom qab kev txiav tawm ntawm qhov cuam tshuam yog hu ua thixotropy.

Cov khoom thixotropic ntawm cov pob zeb sib xyaw yog ib qho tseem ceeb. Lawv txiav txim siab lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom siv liquefy, uas yog: kom tau txais cov khoom ntawm lub cev ua kua. Qhov no tshwm sim nrog kev rov ua dua txhua lub sijhawm.

Ib tus yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom viscoplastic ntawm pob zeb yog nws txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm. Nws yog to taub raws li lub peev xwm ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov tswv yim thiab mechanisms kom haum rau hauv cov duab thiab compact.

Raws li GOST 7473-2010, hais txog kev ua haujlwm, cov pob zeb tuaj yeem ua tau:

• super hard;
• hard;
• movable.

Tus qub muaj qhov tawv nqaij ntau dua 50 vib nas this, tom kawgnws txawv ntawm 5 mus rau 50 vib nas this, qhov hardness thib peb yog tsawg dua 4 vib nas this.

Rheological cov khoom ntawm cov pob zeb sib xyaw yog siv los piav qhia tus cwj pwm ntawm pob zeb nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej sib txawv. Ntawm lawv yuav tsum tau hais txog:

• viscosity;
• qhov kawg shear stress;
• lub sijhawm so.

Yog li, kev paub txog kev muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov pob zeb sib tov yuav pab tau yav tom ntej kom siv mortars yam tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov qauv tsim.