Cov ntsiav tshuaj qhuav qhuav: tshuaj xyuas thiab cov lus qhia rau kev siv

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Ntau zaus muaj xwm txheej thaum xav tau kev tsim hluav taws kub sai. Los yog vice versa, tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv thiab txhais tau tias los tswj nws. Feem ntau, cov xwm txheej zoo li no tshwm sim hauv cov neeg uas nyiam taug kev thiab taug kev thiab ua lub neej nquag. Los yog thaum muaj xwm txheej tsis txaus ntseeg, thaum hluav taws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev ciaj sia.

Tsis tas li, qhov xav tau hluav taws kub ceev tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv cov xwm txheej hauv tsev, yog tias tsis muaj cov khoom siv ntoo qhuav rau qhov hluav taws kub ntawm tes. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, koj yuav xav tau cov khoom uas muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm qee yam khoom. Nws yuav tsum yog combustible, qhuav, yooj yim rau ignite, khaws cov hluav taws kom ntev thiab yooj yim tua.

"Dry alcohol". Qhov no yog dab tsi?

Muaj ib yam khoom uas muaj peev xwm tswj tau combustion nyob rau hauv me me rau lub sij hawm ntev heev. Nws hu ua cawv qhuav. Lub zog thiab lub sijhawmhlawv txawm tias me me ntawm cov khoom zoo li no yuav txaus los ua noj. Qhov tseeb, cov tshuaj no tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog cawv. Hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cawv - tsuas yog muaj peev xwm hlawv tau zoo. Feem ntau, "dej cawv" yog hais txog txhua yam khoom uas tuaj yeem hlawv nrog cov nplaim taws uas tsis muaj xim tsis muaj pa taws thiab soot thiab tsis tso cov hmoov tshauv thaum sib xyaw. Thaum combustion, qhuav roj hloov mus rau hauv dej thiab carbon dioxide. Thawj qhov evaporates tam sim ntawd, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov hluav taws kub tawm, thiab carbon dioxide dissipates nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig huab cua.

roj qhuav. Composition

Lub hauv paus tshuaj ntawm cawv qhuav yog sawv cev los ntawm urotropine. Cov roj qhuav no yog thawj zaug tau los ntawm Butlerov hauv xyoo 1860, raws li kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm formaldehyde nrog cov tshuaj ammonia. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws qhov kev sim, cov xim tsis muaj xim tau txais, uas tau muab lub npe urotropin. Cov tshuaj no nws tus kheej thiab nws cov tebchaw nrog calcium chloride tau los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo thiab diuretic, uas tseem tuaj yeem pom hauv khw muag tshuaj. Qhov thib ob zoo heev cov cuab yeej ntawm no compound yog lub peev xwm mus hlawv yam tsis muaj qhov tsim ntawm tshauv. Cov roj qhuav hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj, muag hauv khw, muaj urotropine nrog me me ntawm paraffin. Hom "dej cawv" no yooj yim heev rau siv. Urotropin yog ib yam khoom uas muaj hluav taws kub heev hauv nws tus kheej. Qhuav, nws ignites sai heev los ntawm ib tug dog dig match. Thiab nws tawm mus yooj yim, nws tsim nyog npog nws nrog ib yam dab tsi. Txawm tias thaum damp, urotropin tuaj yeem ua rau kub hnyiab, tab sis tib lub sijhawmcrackles thiab scatters sparks. Thaum "dej cawv" yooj yim nrhiav tau ntawm txhua lub khw muag khoom, me me tuaj yeem ua hauv tsev.

Formalin + ammonia

Y Ua li no, ncuav 100 ml ntawm formalin (40% tov) rau hauv lub thawv hlau rau hauv dej txias 2/3. Tom qab ntawd maj mam ntxiv 1 liter ntawm ammonia (12% tov) nyob rau ntawd, stirring tas li. Cov kev hloov pauv no yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv qhov qhib huab cua, vim tias nqus pa ntawm cov khoom no ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv. Cov kev daws teeb meem yuav tsum raug kaw nrog lub hau thiab sab laug rau ib hnub. Tom qab ntawd cov sib tov yuav tsum tau rhuab thiab evaporated kom txog thaum urotropine crystals pib precipitate. Tom qab ntawd, qhov sib tov yuav tsum tau txias, thiab urotropin yuav tsum tau lim thiab qhuav. Tom qab ntawd, sib tov nrog 1-3% paraffin, grind thiab tsim ntom briquettes. Khaws cov cawv qhuav npaj rau hauv qhov chaw tiv thaiv los ntawm ya raws.

Acetaldehyde + sulfuric acid

Muaj lwm hom " cawv qhuav" - metaldehyde. Qhov no ua-nws-koj tus kheej cov roj qhuav tuaj yeem tau txais hauv tsev, nrog qee cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj. Nws yog tau los ntawm kev sib tov chilled acetaldehyde nrog ob peb tee ntawm sulfuric acid. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm ob lub kua, cov khoom metaldehyde yog tsim. Nws yog insoluble hauv dej thiab cawv thiab hlawv zoo yam tsis muaj pa taws thiab tshauv.

Ethanol + calcium acetate

Solvate calcium acetate kuj yog hais txog "cov cawv qhuav". Nws tuaj yeem tau txais yog 170 ml ntawm ethyl cawvsai sai ntxiv 10 ml ntawm concentrated calcium acetate. Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj yuav harden sai heev thiab yuav zoo li cov xab npum dawb. Los ntawm lub resulting loj, lub cubes los yog daim hlau yuav raug txiav. Thaum hlawv cov calcium acetate solvate, ib qho me me ntawm cov tshauv thiab acetone yog tsim, uas tseem raug rau combustion.

About burners

Cov ntsiav tshuaj qhuav roj feem ntau yog siv rau cua sov thiab ua noj hauv thaj teb. Tab sis qhov no tseem xav tau lub tshuab hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb.

Burners tuaj ntau hom thiab hom, tab sis lawv txhua tus compact thiab yooj yim siv.

Yog txoj kev taug kev yog tsheb, nws yuav yooj yim dua los siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob niaj hnub. Tab sis qhov tseeb no tsis tau txhais hais tias cov roj burner qhuav yog outdated thiab ib tug relic ntawm yav dhau los. Hauv qee qhov xwm txheej, nws siv yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab tsuas yog ua tau. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas ntawm cov neeg ncig tebchaws. Rau kev siv cov khoom siv li no, roj qhuav, tsis muaj cov kab dej noo, yuav ua tau zoo tshaj plaws.

Txoj kev kub hnyiab

Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv cua sov ntawm ntau hom. Txawm li cas los xij, tus neeg siv paub txog tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm cov qauv tsim tau yooj yim. Qhov sib txawv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov siab ntawm lub thawv thiab kev tiv thaiv los ntawm cua. Qhov tsim tau tshaj plaws yuav yog lub qhov cub hluav taws xob nruab nrog lub tog raj kheej hlau nrog qhov nyob hauv nws. Yog li, kev tiv thaiv cua yuav raug muab thiab traction yuav raug tsim, uas yuav tsis txhob muaj cua sov los ntawm combustion ntawm "qhuav.cawv."

Burner tiav

hom hluav taws kub no yog siv dav siv tsis yog rau kev mus ncig ua si xwb. Lawv yog ib feem ntawm cov tub rog cov cuab yeej siv, tus tsav dav hlau cov khoom muaj sia nyob thiab cov neeg muaj kev ntxhov siab. Cov txheej txheem ua tiav ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob muaj xws li taganok, lub thawv hlau, khoom siv roj thiab cov khoom sib tw. Cov txheej no hnyav tsuas yog 300-350 grams, ua rau nws yooj yim nqa hauv koj lub hnab ev ntawv.

Thaum siv roj qhuav, qhov zoo yog tias koj tuaj yeem siv qee yam ntawm cov khoom hlau uas nyob ntawm tes, xws li lub kaus mom hlau, lub khob hlau, aluminium lossis tin phaj, raws li taganka. Nws yuav yooj yim rau muab lub thawv tso rau ntawm lawv.

Tswv yim tswv yim

Qee cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm cov tuam txhab sib txawv muaj ib qho teeb meem sib xws - qhov no yog qhov tsis muaj lub hau npog. Nws yog indispensable rau boiling dej siv roj qhuav. Nyob rau hauv ib lub thawv kaw, dej boils sai dua, uas txuag "qhuav cawv", uas tuaj yeem yog qhov hluav taws kub puv nkaus xwb. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub hau yuav ua kom dej sov kom ntev dua.

Yog tias nws yuav tsum tau ua kom boil ntau tshaj li ib nrab ib liter dej, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj yog siv 2 ntsiav tshuaj roj tib lub sijhawm. Hauv qhov no, dej yuav boil 2 zaug sai dua yog tias koj ntxiv roj hloov pauv.

Yog tias koj xav siv roj qhuav, koj yuav tsum xyuas nws qhov tsim nyog ua ntej. Rau qhov nokoj yuav tsum tau hlawv ib qho qauv ntawm lub pob. Yog hais tias cov roj qhuav, ces tom qab ua tiav combustion ib me me shred ntawm tshauv yuav tsum nyob twj ywm. Hauv qhov no, "dej cawv" yog suav tias tsim nyog rau kev siv ntxiv. Yog hais tias, tom qab ua tiav combustion, ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov tshauv tseem, zoo li ib tug sponge nyob rau hauv cov qauv, ces xws li roj yuav tsum muab pov tseg. Kev siv nws los ua zaub mov lossis cua sov yog qhov txaus ntshai vim tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem muaj cov tshuaj lom.

Tsuas yog cov neeg taug kev uas muaj kev paub dhau los tuaj yeem nkag siab tias tsis muaj dab tsi qab ntxiag tom qab taug kev ntev thiab nkees dua li ntxuav koj lub ntsej muag nrog dej huv thiab so nrog lub khob dej tshuaj yej tshiab.