Indium hlau: piav qhia, khoom thiab daim ntawv thov

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Lub caij indium muaj ntau yam khoom muaj txiaj ntsig, ua tsaug uas nws tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev tshawb nrhiav chaw, engineering, electronics, nuclear kev lag luam thiab lwm yam lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov nyuaj heev los nrhiav nws hauv qhov xwm txheej thiab cais nws ntawm lwm yam khoom. Vim li no, nws tau teev tseg raws li qhov tsis tshua muaj. Dab tsi yog cov khoom ntawm indium? Puas yog hlau lossis tsis yog hlau? Cia peb kawm paub txog tag nrho nws cov yam ntxwv.

Element discovery history

Indium thawj zaug pom tsuas yog 154 xyoo dhau los. Nyob rau hauv ib feem, qhov no tshwm sim los ntawm lub caij nyoog, vim hais tias nws discoverers tab tom nrhiav rau ib tug txawv kiag li lub caij. Xyoo 1863, kws tshuaj Theodor Richter thiab Ferdinand Reich tau sim kuaj thallium hauv cov ntxhia sphalerite (zinc blende), cov hlau tshiab nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd uas tseem tsis tau kawm.

Rau lawv cov kev tshawb fawb lawv tau siv cov kev tsom xam ntawm Kirchhoff thiab Bunsen. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev yog tias thaum rhuab mus rau qhov kub siab, cov atoms ntawm cov ntsiab lus pib emit lub teeb sib xws rau ib qho kev sib txawv ntau zaus. Los ntawm lub spectrum ntawm lub ci ntsa iab, koj tuaj yeem paub tias yam khoom nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm koj.

Thallium yuav tsum muaj xim ntsuab ci, tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom lub ci xiav hloov pauv. Tsis paub lub ntsiab lus muaj xws li spectrum, thiab chemists pom tau hais tiaslawv muaj hmoo. Vim lub peculiarities ntawm ntxoov ntxoo, lawv npe hu lawv nrhiav tom qab indigo xim. Thiab yog li ntawd ib qho tshiab hlau, indium, tau pom. Thiab tam sim no hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv txog cov yam ntxwv.

Dab tsi yog hlau?

Indium yog lub teeb silvery thiab ci ntsa iab hlau, nco txog zinc. Hauv Lub Sijhawm Sijhawm, nws nyob rau pawg thib peb, sawv ntawm tus lej 49 thiab suav nrog lub cim In.

Nws muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej raws li ob isotopes: Hauv ¹¹³thiab¹¹⁵. Cov tom kawg yog ntau dua, tab sis yog radioactive. Lub sijhawm ntawm cov hlau indium 115 yog dab tsi? Nws lwj hauv 6·10^{14 xyoo, tig mus ua tin. Kuj tseem muaj txog 20 cov isotopes uas ua kom lwj sai dua. Cov neeg nyob ntev tshaj plaws ntawm lawv muaj ib nrab hnub ntawm 49 hnub.}

Indium melts ntawm +156.5 ° C thiab boils ntawm +2072 ° C. Nws qiv nws tus kheej yooj yim rau forging thiab lwm yam teebmeem thiab tuaj yeem siv tau zoo hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Txawm li cas los xij, vim nws qhov siab softness, nws sai sai deforms. Hlau tuaj yeem khoov tau yooj yim, txiav nrog rab riam thiab txawm khawb nrog ntiv tes.

tshuaj muaj zog

Raws li nws cov khoom siv tshuaj, nws zoo ib yam li gallium lossis txhuas. Nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom txuas txuas ntxiv nrog ib qho hlau. Nws tsis hnov tsw txhua yam nrog alkali daws. Ntawm qee qhov kub, nws reacts nrog iodine, selenium, sulfur thiab nws cov dioxide, reacts nrog chlorine thiab bromine. Cov hlau uas nyob ib puag ncig nws hauv Lub Sij Hawm Lub Sij Hawm yooj yim yaj hauv indium, uas yog:thallium, tin, gallium, lead, bismuth, mercury, cadmium.

Qee qhov tseeb txog cov hlau ntawm Is Nrias teb:

• Txawm tias nyob ntev saum huab cua los tsis ploj. Qhov no tsis tshwm sim thaum cov hlau melted.
• Yog tias koj pib khoov indium, nws yuav ua lub suab zoo, zoo ib yam li creak lossis crunch. Nws tshwm sim los ntawm qhov deformation ntawm cov khoom siv lead ua lattice.
• Indium kub ntawm +800 ° C, nplaim taws yog xiav-violet, lossis indigo.
• Nov yog cov hlau uas softest koj tuav tau ntawm koj txhais tes. Tsuas yog lithium surpasses nws, tab sis nws yog heev nquag thiab tam sim ntawd oxidizes nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, tsim ib tug tshuaj lom alkali.
• Cov alloy ntawm indium nrog gallium yog fusible heev thiab ua kua twb nyob rau ntawm +16 ° C.

muaj nyob hauv xwm

Metal indium tsis tsim kev tso nyiaj ywj pheej. Nws yog tawg heev thiab tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm nuggets. Indium cov zaub mov muaj xws li sakuranite, roquesite, patrukite, thiab jalindite. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv qhov tsis tshua muaj txwv tsis pub siv rau hauv kev lag luam.

Ib qho me me ntawm indium muaj nyob hauv hiav txwv thiab dej nag, hauv roj, thiab hauv cov hmoov tshauv ntawm cov thee. Vim qhov zoo sib xws ntawm ionic radii, indium muaj peev xwm sib xyaw ua ke rau hauv cov iav siv lead ua ntawm hlau, magnesium, zinc, lead, magnesium, tin, thiab lwm yam. Vim qhov no, qee zaum nws muaj qee qhov me me nrog lawv.

Raws li txoj cai, cov ntsiab lus ntawm indium hauv cov zaub mov tsis pub tshaj 0.05-1%. Feem ntau ntawm cov hlau muaj nyob rau hauv sphalerite thiab marmarite. Feem ntau nwscov concentration siab dua, ntau zinc, hlau thiab lwm yam hlau twb tau hais.

Tus nqi hlau

Indium raug cais tawm hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab tsuas yog ob peb xyoos tom qab kev tshawb pom. Vim yog qhov nyuaj ntawm cov txheej txheem no, ib gram ntawm indium tau raug nqi li ntawm $ 700. Thiab txawm hais tias txoj hauv kev kom tau txais nws tau txhim kho ntau dua ib puas xyoo thiab ib nrab, nws tseem suav tias tsis tshua muaj thiab kim.

Hnub no, nws tus nqi nruab nrab yog 600-800 las ib kg thiab, xav tsis thoob, tsis poob ntau nrog kev nce hauv nws cov khoom. Lub purity ntawm cov hlau feem ntau yog qhia nyob rau hauv nws cov cim: IN-2, IN-1, IN-0, IN-00, IN-000, IN-00000. Qhov ntau zeros, qhov zoo dua thiab kim dua. Piv txwv li, IN-000 qib indium tuaj yeem raug nqi kwv yees li $ 2,000 ib kilogram.

Tus nqi siab ntawm indium hlau tau piav qhia los ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus qis hauv qhov xwm txheej thiab kev thov siab. 600-800 tons yog mined ib xyoos, uas kiag li tsis them tag nrho cov kev xav tau rau nws. Vim nws cov khoom tshwj xeeb, nws hloov tawm kom zoo dua thiab ruaj khov dua li lwm cov hlau, pheej yig dua. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob poob cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li no, hauv ntau lub tebchaws nws tau rov qab siv dua.

Qhov twg thov

Hlau indium nce lub wettability thiab corrosion kuj ntawm alloy. Lawv yog coated nrog txhuas-nyiaj bearings, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv aviation thiab automotive technology. Nws tseem muaj peev xwm txo qis qhov melting point ntawm lwm yam hlau. Yog li, nws sib tov nrog tin, lead, cadmium thiab bismuth meltsntawm 46.5 ° C, ua rau nws haum rau hluav taws tswb.

Indium tin oxide yog siv rau semiconductors thiab ntau yam solders. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog siv rau kev tsim cov computer saib, TV cov ntxaij vab tshaus thiab cov ntsiav tshuaj. Alloyed nrog nyiaj los yog ib leeg, nws yog siv rau astronomical mirrors thiab tsheb headlight mirrors.

Nws yog qhov zoo heev rau kev tsim cov duab thaij duab, phosphors, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj hauv qhov chaw thev naus laus zis. Indium absorbs neutrons zoo thiab tuaj yeem siv rau hauv nuclear reactors.

Tsis muaj dab tsi paub txog lub luag haujlwm lom neeg ntawm cov khoom no hauv peb lub cev, tab sis nws kuj tau siv los ua tshuaj. Nws yog siv los ua cov tshuaj radioactive hauv kev kuaj mob ntawm daim siab, hlwb thiab lub ntsws txhawm rau kuaj cov qog thiab lwm yam kab mob.

Txoj kev tau txais

Lub ntsiab ntawm cov hlau indium yog mined los ntawm zinc thiab tin deposits. Nws yog tau los ntawm pov tseg los ntawm kev ua ntawm polymetallic, tin, lead-zinc ores. Kev sib cais thiab purification ntawm indium yog ua nyob rau hauv ntau theem.

Ua ntej, nws yog precipitated los ntawm kev kho cov acidity ntawm cov tshuaj. Qhov tshwm sim "dub hlau" ces yuav tsum tau ntxuav. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm cheeb tsam melting refining los yog lwm txoj kev.

Hnub no, Canada yog ib qho ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom tseem ceeb ntawm Is Nrias teb. Ntxiv rau nws, cov khoom loj ntawm cov hlau yog mined los ntawm Asmeskas, Tuam Tshoj, Nyiv, thiab Kaus Lim Qab Teb. Txawm li cas los xij, stocksntawm cov khoom no muaj tsawg heev, nws xav tias lawv yuav khiav tawm hauv ob peb lub xyoo caum.