Dab tsi yog hom ntu

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Hauv kev tsim khoom, kev tsim kho kev lag luam, qee cov duab yog siv los tsim cov khoom, cov qauv. Lawv sawv cev rau qhov pom ntawm ib qho khoom los ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv thiab qee zaum koom nrog kev siv cov txheej txheem txiav los yog ntu.

Txoj hauv kev no hauv engineering graphics ua tiav raws li qee cov qauv. Lawv qhia meej meej txog hom ntu, tso cai rau cov thev naus laus zis no coj mus rau cov qauv sib xws. Qhov no tso cai rau engineers, cov neeg ua haujlwm kom nkag siab cov duab zoo li no. Qhov zoo ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntau lawm thiab qhov kawg tshwm sim ntawm lub koom haum ua haujlwm ncaj qha nyob ntawm qhov no. Yog li ntawd, muaj cov cai tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim cov duab.

Image execution standard

Kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov duab schematic, lawv cov kev txiav, ntau hom ntu, cones, kab teeb, siv rau cov duab kos yog tswj los ntawm ntau yam qauv. Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb yog Unified System for Design Documentation (ESKD) "Images - views, sections, sections"

No GOST tau tshaj tawm thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1, 1968. Nws qhia tias daim duab raug suav tias yog qhov projection ntawm ib qho khoom mus rau lub dav hlau ntawm ib lub kaum ntse ntse. GOST "Duab - views, ntu,ntu" hais tias yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov duab kos. Tab sis ua tsaug rau lawv, tus kws tshaj lij yuav tsum tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tiav ntawm cov khoom.

Yog li ntawd, raws li lawv cov ntsiab lus, GOST faib tag nrho cov duab rau hauv kev pom, ntu thiab txiav. Cov ntaub ntawv no tseem tsim cov hom npe, cov ntawv sau thiab cov cim.

GOST 2.305-08 tswj hwm tias txhua cov duab yuav tsum raug siv rau daim duab siv orthogonal (rectangular) projection technology. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, cov khoom nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm tus neeg soj ntsuam thiab lub dav hlau tsim.

Tab sis vim qhov tseeb tias qee qhov ntawm cov nodes thiab cov ntsiab lus xav tau kev txiav txim siab los ntawm lwm lub kaum sab xis, qhov xwm txheej no raug ua txhaum cai. Yog li ntawd, hom ntawm ntu, cov duab kos uas siv rau hauv kev tsim khoom, yog hu ua cov duab. Rau lawv txoj kev siv, cov qauv tswj ntau qhov yooj yim thiab cov ntawv luv.

Txoj kev pom, txiav thiab ntu

Ntu, ntu, kev pom - cov no yog peb pawg tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kho cov duab kos duab engineering. Lawv txawv ntawm lawv cov ntsiab lus. Yog li ntawd, lawv tsim nyog tau txiav txim siab ntxaws.

Saib yog daim duab ntawm qhov chaw ntawm ib feem uas tig mus rau tus neeg soj ntsuam. Txhawm rau ua kom yooj yim rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws tshaj lij, hauv daim duab zoo li no tau tso cai los qhia qhov pom tsis pom nrog cov kab dotted.

Qhov kev pom tseem ceeb yog qhov pom pem hauv ntej ntawm ntu. Tab sis muaj lwm yam ntau yam thiab. Ib feem kuj qhia rau sab laug, sab sauv, sab xis, rov qab lossis hauv qab.

Kev txiav yog ib qho kev kos ntawm ib feem uas yog txiav lub hlwbdav hlau (ib los yog ntau tshaj). Ntu yuav qhia dab tsi nyob rau hauv seem dav hlau thiab qab nws.

Tab sis ib ntu tseem hu ua qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm ib lub caij, uas nws tau txiav hauv ib txoj kev los ntawm lub dav hlau. Tab sis tsuas yog dab tsi nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau txiav no yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab. Dab tsi tom qab nws tsis pom hauv daim duab.

Cov ntsiab lus no yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis uas siv cov duab kos duab engineering.

Chaw taws teeb thiab sab saum toj

Tus qauv ESKD qhia txog hom, ntu, ntu siv qee qhov kev faib tawm. Raws li txoj hauv kev no, nws tuaj yeem nkag siab zoo dua cov lus ntawm cov qauv rau kev siv cov duab nraaj ntawm qhov chaw.

Sections are rendered or superimposed. Ob lub subspecies no tsis suav nrog hauv ntu.

Nws yog qhov zoo dua los siv cov ntu tawg hauv cov duab kos duab. Lawv feem ntau muab tso rau hauv qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm tib yam.

Xws li ib qho contour (nrog rau cov duab uas yog ib feem ntawm ntu) yog siv rau hauv cov kab tuab rau daim duab. Yog hais tias seem yog superimposed, nws cov ciam teb yog qhia los ntawm cov khoom tab sis nyias ciam teb.

txhawm rau xaiv lub axis ntawm symmetry ntawm cov duab zoo li no, cov kab dotted yog siv. Lawv raug siv thinly thiab tsis cim nrog cov ntawv lossis xub.

Tab sis txhawm rau qhia cov kab ntawm lub dav hlau txiav, koj yuav tsum siv txoj kab qhib tuab. Nws yog qhia los ntawm cov xub uas ua kom nws pom kev pom.

Lub dav hlau txiav nws tus kheej yog qhiaLavxias teb sab capital letters. Daim ntawv sau npe ntawm hom ntu ntawm cov xov hlau, cov khoom sib dhos lossis cov khoom yog ua raws li hom "A-A".

Qhov no, qhov kawg thiab pib strokes yuav tsum tsis txhob hla lub contour. Cov ntawv sau npe raug muab tso rau hauv cov tsiaj ntawv yam tsis muaj kev rov ua dua lossis tshem tawm. Tus font loj yuav tsum yog 2 npaug ntau dua li cov lej qhia qhov ntau thiab tsawg.

Cov ntawv yog sib npaug rau cov lus sau tseem ceeb. Ntxiv mus, qhov no tsis nyob ntawm seb lub dav hlau txiav nyob li cas.

Txiav dav hlau txoj haujlwm

Nyob ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm lub dav hlau txiav, muaj ntau hom duab uas tau tswj los ntawm GOST. Kev pom, ntu, ntu, raws li kev lees paub dav dav, tau txhais hauv qhov chaw txheeb ze rau lub dav hlau kab rov tav.

Raws li nws, lub dav hlau txiav tuaj yeem dhau los ntawm cov khoom kab rov tav, ntsug lossis obliquely.

Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, seem saib yog saib transversely, parallel mus rau kab rov tav dav hlau. Hauv ntau cov duab kos, hom kev kos duab engineering no hu ua ib txoj kev npaj. Xws li cov hlais kuj tseem muaj npe txawv hauv txhua txoj kev tsim khoom.

Vertical seem txhais tau hais tias qhov kev txiav yog perpendicular rau hauv paus. Thiab inclined ntau yam tsim ib lub kaum sab xis ntawm kab rov tav thiab txiav dav hlau. Nws txawv ntawm qhov ncaj.

Vertical sections are frontal (parallel to the frontal projection line) los yog profile (parallel to the profile projection line).

Yogqhov txiav yog qhia raws qhov siab lossis qhov ntev ntawm cov khoom, qhov no yog ib qho longitudinal seem. Tab sis muaj lwm orientation ntawm daim duab. Muaj ntau hom ntoo khaub lig uas muaj ib qho kev taw qhia perpendicular nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub dav hlau txiav, txheeb ze rau qhov ntev lossis qhov siab ntawm qhov khoom.

Nyob hauv daim duab, txoj hauj lwm ntawm ntu yog qhia los ntawm xub thiab qhia los ntawm kab qhib.

Ntau lub dav hlau txiav

Rau qhov yooj yim, nws txaus los siv ib ntu dav hlau xwb. Qhov no txaus kom nkag siab tias tus kws kho mob yuav tsum ua li cas rau qhov no. Tab sis rau complex workpieces, qhov no tsis txaus. Piv txwv li, muaj ntau hom kab teeb uas yuav tsum tau txiav lub hlwb hauv txoj kev nyuaj dua.

Rau qhov no, cov qauv tswj kev siv ntau lub dav hlau txiav. Lawv tuaj yeem tawg lossis nqis. Kev taw qhia ntawm cov dav hlau hauv qhov teeb meem no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb.

Lub kaum sab xis uas lawv cuam tshuam rau ib leeg txiav txim lub npe. Yog hais tias cov dav hlau, txuas, tsim lub kaum sab xis, qhov no yog ib qho kev txiav. Thaum qhov piv txwv no yog qhov txawv ntawm txoj kab nqes, ntu tawg.

Hauv kev txiav nyuaj, strokes tau kos rau ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm cov dav hlau. Cov xib xub tau qhia rau qhov kawg thiab pib ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm tus neeg soj ntsuam saib. Lawv nyob ntawm 2-3 hli los ntawm kev mob stroke. Cov ntawv muab tso rau ze ntawm cov xub ntawm qhov kev sib tshuam los ntawm txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub ces kaum sab nraud. Daim hlais nws tus kheej hauv qhov no yog ib txwm cim tias "A-A".

Local section

Section tau tso cai ua tiav hauv ib qhoqhov chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov khoom. Xws li ib tug txwv txiav txim siab ntawm lub workpiece ntaus ntawv yog hu ua lub zos. Nws tuaj yeem siv rau txhua qhov chaw hauv daim duab kos duab, qhia txog thaj chaw duab cuam tshuam nrog nws nrog tus xub. Qhov no yooj yim rau depicting cov khoom ntev tab sis mus tas li.

Cov duab zoo li no tuaj yeem txwv los ntawm txoj kab tawg me tshaj plaws. Hlau hla ntu vim lawv qhov ntev ntev tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog txoj hauv kev no.

Ib daim ntawv zoo li no tseem ceeb tiv thaiv keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm daim duab los ntawm kab wavy khoom. Cov kab no tsis yog kab nrog lwm qhov kos duab ciam teb.

Local section yog qhia ntawm daim duab los ntawm hom "A". Qhov kev pom cuam tshuam nrog nws kuj muaj cov ntawv txheeb npe.

xov ntxiv

Cov duab (saib, txiav, ntu) tuaj yeem ua rau ntawm cov dav hlau uas tsis sib npaug rau cov ntu tseem ceeb ntawm qhov projections. Lawv hu ua supplementary. Txoj hauv kev no hauv engineering graphics yog siv thaum nws tsis tuaj yeem pom ib feem ntawm cov khoom ntawm lub ntsiab views yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam cov duab lossis qhov ntau thiab tsawg.

Ib ntu yog kos npe ua "A". Cov khoom sib xws rau hom ntu ntxiv yog txuam nrog nws nrog ib tug xub thiab kos npe nrog ib tsab ntawv zoo sib xws. Tus taw tes kuj ua kom pom tseeb qhov twg tus neeg soj ntsuam saib.

Yog tias daim ntawv ntxiv yog nyob ncaj qha rau ntawm qhov projection ntawm cov duab sib thooj, cov ntawv sau thiab tus xub tsis tas yuav tsum tau siv rau daim duab.

Cov seem saib ntxiv tuaj yeem tig tau. Tab sis lub ntsiab txoj hauj lwm ntawm qhov kev kawmthaum khaws cia. Ib daim paib tig tau ntxiv rau hom "A" inscription.

Siv txoj hauv kev no tso cai rau koj kom tsis txhob muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev kos duab. Nws ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev nkag siab thiab degrades lub clarity ntawm daim duab. Yog li ntawd, cov tswv yim zoo li no tuaj yeem txhim kho cov duab zoo.

Symmetry

Section views tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv qhov sib txawv uas tsim ntawm qhov chaw ntawm ib daim duab. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tiav ntawm qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm daim phiaj dav hlau kab. Tab sis xws li ib txoj kev yog tso cai tsuas yog nrog ib tug symmetrical daim duab, uas yog tau thaum lub sij hawm dissection. Cov seem raug coj tawm mus rau ib feem ntawm daim duab kos duab. Kev sib hloov kuj tau tso cai.

Rau qhov sib luag hauv cov duab kos, kab ntawm lub dav hlau tsis tau piav qhia txhua txoj hauv kev. Tseem tsis muaj ntawv sau rau ntawm qhov txiav.

Asymmetrical seem yog ua nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv los yog superimposed ntawm daim duab. Cov kab ntawm lub dav hlau rau cov duab zoo li no tau piav qhia, tab sis lawv tsis tau kos npe nrog cov ntawv. Tseem tsis muaj ntawv sau.

Cov ntu tawg tau piav qhia nrog cov txheej txheem tuab. Yog tias nws siv, ib txoj kab nyias, txuas ntxiv yog siv los xaiv nws.

Yog tias ib qho khoom muaj ob peb ntu zoo ib yam, lawv qhov contour yog qhia los ntawm ib tsab ntawv. Tsuas yog ib daim yog kos.

Kev yooj yim

Cov duab (saib, txiav, ntu) kom lawv nkag siab yooj yim tuaj yeem yooj yim. Cov qauv thiab cov qauv tswj hwm tus txheej txheem no.

Rau cov duab symmetrical, nws raug tso cai kos ib nrab ntawm qhov txiav lossis feem ntau ntawm nws nrog txoj kab tawg. Thaum qhov khoommuaj ob peb yam zoo tib yam, tsuas yog ib qho ntawm lawv yog kos. Cov seem seem yog kos schematically.

Kev kwv yees ntawm kab kev sib tshuam tuaj yeem piav qhia hauv txoj hauv kev yooj yim. Tab sis tsuas yog lawv tsis xav tau cov duab ntxaws.

Thaum kos cov duab yooj yim, piv txwv li, yog tias koj xav tau xav txog cov kev xav ntawm ntu ntawm lub khob hliav qab, siv qee txoj hauv kev rau cov duab. Qhov no ua rau cov duab kos yooj yim to taub. Thaum ib qho chaw hloov pauv nrog cov qauv tshwj xeeb, nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam.

Yog hais tias ib qhov chaw zoo hloov mus rau lwm qhov, lawv ciam teb tsis tau qhia lossis qhia raws cai.

Tsis yog-hollow symmetrical qhov chaw thiab cov khoom lag luam hauv daim duab yog qhia tsis pom zoo thaum txiav longitudinally. Thiab yog hais tias qhov loj ntawm ib feem ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv daim duab yog tsawg tshaj li 2 hli, nws yog depicted nrog ib tug deviation ntawm lub ntsiab scale.

Yuav qhia qhov chaw tiaj tus, kab pheeb ces kaum tuaj yeem kos nrog cov kab khoom.

Nws tseem yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account tias kev sib txuas mus tas li ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob lossis xov tooj cua tau yooj yim los ntawm cov qauv sib xws rau hom khoom. Cov no yog cov ntsiab lus yooj yim uas tau tswj hwm los ntawm Unified System rau Kev Tsim Cov Ntaub Ntawv. Lawv feem ntau yog siv los tsim cov duab kos hauv kev lag luam loj uas nws yuav tsum tau piav qhia txog qhov nyuaj, sib dhos lossis cov txheej txheem.

Qee qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev yooj yim

Yog tias nyob rau hauv cov duab kos, ntu, kev pom tau piav qhia rau qhov hloov pauv tsis tu ncua, lawv tuaj yeem tawg. Qhov no yog ua tiav nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev. Muaj peb qhov txwv.

thawj hom kev sivkhoom nyias tawg kab. Nws tuaj yeem hla ciam teb ntawm daim duab los ntawm 2-4 mm. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov contour ntawm qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw tuaj yeem txuas tau los ntawm cov kab wavy khoom lossis hatching.

Txhawm rau kom yooj yim rau daim duab, nws raug tso cai los txiav qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub dav hlau txiav thiab cov neeg soj ntsuam nrog ib kab dotted. Cov hlais nyuaj kuj tau siv los txhim kho kev nkag siab ntawm cov duab.

Thaum qhia txog lub qhov ntawm qee qhov chaw (cov iav hubs, keyways, pulleys), tsuas yog muab lawv cov qauv. Yog tias qhov chaw so nyob ntawm qhov flange puag ncig tsis poob rau hauv lub dav hlau txiav, nws tau piav qhia hauv ntu.

Yog hais tias muaj ib qho ornament, ib daim phiaj txuas ntxiv ntawm ib sab, nws raug tso cai los piav me me ntawm nws lossis ua kom yooj yim cov ntsiab lus ntawm daim duab.

Txoj kev zoo li no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tiav qhov purity ntawm daim duab, kom yooj yim rau kev nkag siab. Qhov tseeb, kev siv cov duab kos duab los tsim txhua yam khoom siv qhia txog kev siv ib hom lus. Txhua tus kws tshaj lij uas nws txoj haujlwm cuam tshuam nrog cov duab zoo li no yuav tsum paub txog nws. Qhov zoo ntawm qhov kawg tshwm sim nyob ntawm qhov no.

Tau kawm txog hom ntu, koj tuaj yeem nkag siab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm lawv qhov kev siv thiab nkag siab. Los ntawm kev siv cov lus pom zoo ntawm cov qauv, koj tuaj yeem ua tiav kev huv ntawm daim duab. Qhov no ua rau nws yooj yim dua los txhais nws. Nkag siab txog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev pom, ib ntu thiab ib ntu, paub txog lawv cov kev faib tawm thiab cov cuab yeej siv rau kev tsim cov duab kos, tus kws tshaj lij tuaj yeem tsim cov duab kom raug. Nws yuav nkag siab yooj yim los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij ua cov khoom ua haujlwm lossis cov khoom tiav, thiab yuav tuaj yeem tsim cov chav nyob thiab qhov chaw uas ua tau raws li txhua qhov yuav tsum tau ua. Cov txheej txheem no nyob ntawmqhov zoo ntawm tag nrho cov khoom.