Kev txuag nyiaj txiag. Muaj technologies. Qhov tseeb technology

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Kev lag luam niaj hnub tab tom txhim kho dynamically. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov xyoo dhau los, qhov kev loj hlob no yog mus ntxiv, nrog rau kev koom tes ntawm cov tshiab scientific kev loj hlob. Kev txuag nyiaj txiag yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Lo lus no hais txog tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ntsuas tsom rau kev txo qis hauv kev siv peev txheej, thaum tswj hwm qib siab ntawm cov khoom zoo. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, lawv sim ua kom tiav qib qis tshaj plaws ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv raw.

Yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau kev siv dav tshaj plaws

Txawm hais tias kev siv zog ntawm ib puag ncig cov koom haum thiab cov neeg tsim cai lij choj, tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los hais txog kev txo qis hauv kev puas tsuaj rau ib puag ncig los ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam. Nyob rau hauv Russia ib leeg, kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev lag luam emissions yog kwv yees li ntawm 150 billion rubles.ib xyoos ib zaug, thiab hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas tus lej no nce mus txog 7% ntawm GDP hauv tebchaws!

Kev paub thoob ntiaj teb qhia tau hais tias cov nqi uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis txuag ntawm thawj theem ntawm nws qhov kev siv tsis sib piv nrog cov nqi ntawm kev ntsuas qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem ntau lawm thiab qias neeg. Cov nqe lus ntawm kev them rov qab tag nrho ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tsis pub dhau tsib xyoos.

Kev phom sij loj yog qhov maj mam depletion ntawm cov zaub mov. Yog li, tsuas yog 50 xyoo dhau los, hlau ore deposits tsis tau tsim yog tias lawv cov ntsiab lus hlau tsawg dua 50-60%. Niaj hnub no lawv pib mining txawm cov ore uas tsis muaj ntau tshaj 30% ntawm cov hlau.

Txawm tias cov hmoov tshauv ntawm cov roj siv ntawm CHPPs niaj hnub no tshaj 30%, thaum nyob rau hauv 60s daim duab no tsis tshaj 20%. Qee lub nroog raug yuam kom siv cov khoom siv raw rau cua sov, cov hmoov tshauv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau tshaj 55%. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee zaum, kev rho tawm cov khoom siv raw yog twb pib, txawm tias los ntawm cov pob tseg ntawm xyoo dhau los. Tag nrho cov no ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov khoom pov tseg. Yog li, kev txuag cov cuab yeej cuab tam yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, vim nws tso cai rau kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws kom siv cov khoom siv tsawg, tsim cov khoom ntau dua.

Kev txuag nyiaj li cas?

Feem ntau, txo cov peev txheej siv yog ua los ntawm kev rov siv cov khoom pov tseg. Yog li, tam sim no, tsawg kawg 30% ntawm prefabricated seem hlau yog siv nyob rau hauv steel smelting, mus txog rau 25% ntawm cov ntawv pov tseg yog coj mus rau hauv daim ntawv ntau lawm. Kev tsim cov hlau tsis muaj hlausiv tsawg kawg yog 20% cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias tus nqi peev peev rau kev nthuav dav dav siv thev naus laus zis rau kev ua cov ntaub ntawv pov tseg yog raws nraim plaub npaug qis dua thaum tsim cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam rau kev rho tawm cov zaub mov.

Muab qhov tseeb tias tsis tas yuav tsum nqis peev rau hauv cov hlau smelting, cov thev naus laus zis no tso cai tsawg kawg ib feem peb los txo cov pa phem ntawm ib puag ncig. Cias muab, qhov teeb meem ntawm lub tsev xog paj nyhuv yog txo. Hauv ib lo lus, kev nqis peev hauv cov kev txhim kho no tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo heev.

Kev txuag nyiaj txiag ua li cas?

Ua ntej, txhua qhov kev siv thev naus laus zis tuaj yeem txo qis cov khoom pov tseg thiab tso tawm rau hauv ib puag ncig. Piv txwv li, los ntawm kev koom tes hauv kev ua cov chlorine-muaj pov tseg los ntawm metallurgical titanium ntau lawm, theem ntawm chlorine emissions rau hauv ib puag ncig raug txo los ntawm 50%!

Cov cheeb tsam uas yav dhau los nyob los ntawm cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis lossis cov chaw pov tseg, cov thev naus laus zis tshiab ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom tsis muaj khib nyiab thiab siv rau kev ua si. Los ntawm txoj kev, xa mus rau cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab, uas muaj ntau cov sulfur dioxide (hauv tib lub metallurgy, piv txwv li), tsis tsuas yog txo cov pa phem ib puag ncig, tab sis kuj tseem txo cov nqi ntawm cov sulfur thawj tsim.

Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb heev uas cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tsim lub hauv paus rau kev ua cov khoom pov tseg polymer: piv txwv li, lub peev xwm kub ntawm ob tons ntawm lub raj mis yas yog sib npaug ntawm ib tuj roj av! Yog liYog li, los ntawm kev tsim cov lim tiam tshiab, peb tuaj yeem ua kom sov lub nroog loj tau ntau xyoo siv cov thoob khib nyiab yas los ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg…

Sib piv…

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab hauv ferrous metallurgy yog qhov siab heev. Yog hais tias koj yaj ib tuj ntawm cov hlau, ces ib puag ncig muaj kuab paug (piv rau smelting steel los ntawm ore) yog tam sim ntawd txo los ntawm 86%, dej yog xav tau los ntawm 76% tsawg, thiab tag nrho cov pov tseg yog tam sim ntawd txo los ntawm 57%! Kwv yees li ib daim duab tau txais yog tias peb piv cov ntawv tsim los ntawm cov ntawv pov tseg thiab cov ntawv nkauj xwb.

Tsis txhob hnov qab txog ib puag ncig

Raws li qhov tseeb tias qhov xwm txheej tam sim no nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ib puag ncig tawm ntau yam xav tau, txhua yam cuab yeej niaj hnub no yuav tsum tau pab txhawb kom txo qis emissions ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo rau hauv huab cua. Xav txog lub xeev tam sim no ntawm Norilsk thiab lwm lub nroog metallurgical tsis yog hauv peb lub tebchaws xwb, tab sis thoob plaws ntiaj teb, cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tshaj plaws yuav tsum tsis yog tsuas yog muab cov haujlwm rau ntau txhiab tus neeg ntawm cov tuam txhab kev lag luam hnyav, tab sis kuj tiv thaiv lawv txoj kev noj qab haus huv.

Txoj kev tsim khoom tshiab yog dab tsi?

Ua ntej, cov khoom siv tsis zoo raug hloov pauv los ntawm ntau cov analogues niaj hnub, uas tso cai rau tsim cov khoom zoo tib yam nrog cov khoom zoo dua. Piv txwv li, hauv kev lag luam xim thiab kua roj vanish, txoj hauv kev no tau coj mus rau kev hloov cov qauv xim raws li cov kuab tshuaj organic nrog cov khoom siv dej-soluble.

Rau cov neeg siv kawgnws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom khaws cia lub functionality ntawm cov khoom yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nws cov yam ntxwv tiag tiag. Ib qho piv txwv zoo heev yog kev hloov cov yas zaj duab xis nrog cov ntawv hauv cov ntaub ntawv nplaum. Nws qhov zoo tau zoo ib yam, tab sis tus nqi ntawm cov pov tseg thiab emissions rau hauv cov huab cua tau poob qis heev. Cov no yog cov cuab yeej txuag nyiaj, piv txwv uas peb muab rau hauv peb tsab xov xwm.

Tau kawg, nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau hloov cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis nws tus kheej kom nws ua raws li qhov tseeb niaj hnub no. Yog li, niaj hnub no ntau thiab ntau qhov tseem ceeb yog txuas nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tsim khoom mus rau lub voj voog txuas ntxiv ntawm kev tsim khoom. Qhov kev daws teeb meem no muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li lub sijhawm nres thiab pib ntawm cov khoom siv, uas yog nrog los ntawm kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov pa phem ntawm cov khoom phem.

Qhov no kuj tseem cuam tshuam txog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom rov tsim khoom nrog cov cuab yeej tshiab uas siv cov khoom siv tsawg, roj thiab cov khoom seem. Xws li cov peev txheej-txuag thev naus laus zis hauv kev lag luam ua rau nce kev tsim khoom ntawm kev tsim khoom. Qhov no tsis tsuas yog pab txo cov khoom pov tseg xwb, tab sis kuj tseem ua rau txo qis ntawm cov nqi ntawm cov khoom kawg.

Computers rau pawg neeg

Piv txwv li, cov no suav nrog cov tshuab CNC thiab cov kab ntau lawm hauv computer uas tuaj yeem txiav cov khoom xav tau los ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov hlau uas muaj qhov tseeb tshaj plaws thiab kev lag luam. Xws li cov cav tov (piv nrog cov pa ib txwm) muab qhov txo qis ntawm cov khoom pov tseg los ntawm 50-80%. Tsis tas li ntawd, koj tsis tas yuav txhawj xeeb txog qib kev cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm.

Nco ntsoov tias kev siv cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no yuav tsum tsis yog tsuas yog txo qis cov khoom pov tseg ntau tshaj plaws xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev nyab xeeb cia. Kab lus kawg suav nrog cov hauv qab no:

• Qhov chaw uas tsim cov khoom pov tseg uas tsim kev puas tsuaj yuav tsum tsis txhob cuam tshuam nrog ib puag ncig txhua txoj kev.
• Txhua cov khib nyiab yuav tsum tau ntim rau hauv txoj hauv kev uas ua rau nws yooj yim dua rov siv dua tom qab.
• Yog tias kev ua cov pov tseg ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab thev naus laus zis uas twb muaj lawm tsis tuaj yeem ua tau, lawv yuav tsum raug xa mus rau lub xeev uas lawv yuav muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsawg tshaj plaws (kua rau hauv lub khob iav ntawm siv roj nuclear).
• Raws li, cov thawv ntim khoom rau lub sijhawm ntev yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg nkaus rau corrosion thiab lwm yam tsis zoo ib puag ncig.

Cov piv txwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev txuag cov thev naus laus zis

Pyrolysis enrichment ntawm thee, tshuaj txoj kev ntawm enrichment ntawm ores, txoj kev ntawm alkaline kev kho mob ntawm peat, los ntawm uas tsis tau tsuas yog roj, tab sis kuj humic chiv, cog kev loj hlob stimulants, yuav suav hais tias yog ib tug classic piv txwv. Tag nrho cov thev naus laus zis "zoo siab" tsis yog tsuas yog txo qis cov khoom siv raw uas xav tau rau kev tsim cov khoom, tab sis kuj muab ntau cov txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov khoom lag luam. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua cov peat, thaum txawm tias cov tshuaj tau txais kev siv tshuaj los ntawm cov khoom siv raw rau thermal fais fab nroj tsuag!

Piv txwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm lom neeg thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov khoom siv raw

Yog tias koj xav tias kev qhia txog kev txuag cov thev naus laus zis hauv cov khoom siv roj ntsha tsuas yog txwv rau txoj hauv kev tshiab kom tau txais cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg thiab tshuaj, ces koj ua yuam kev loj heev. Cov theem tam sim no ntawm kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis txhais tau tias lawv siv txawm tias hauv metallurgy.

Yog li, niaj hnub no cov kab mob leaching ntawm hlau yog siv ntau zuj zus, thaum nws muaj peev xwm rho tawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv zoo los ntawm cov ores nrog cov ntsiab lus tsawg kawg nkaus (cov pov tseg qub), tsis muaj kuab paug rau tag nrho cheeb tsam nrog. dumps los ntawm mining. Qhov ntxim nyiam tshaj yog cov kab mob rho tawm ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig … los ntawm cov dej khib nyiab! Thiab peb tab tom tham tsis yog tsuas yog hais txog kev tsim khoom siv hlau, tab sis kuj hais txog cov dej ntws ntawm cov nroog loj.

Yog li, kev qhia txog kev txuag cov cuab yeej cuab tam qhia txog qib kev txhim kho tsis yog ntawm kev lag luam nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj ntawm tib neeg tag nrho. Los ntawm kev khaws cia ib puag ncig peb, peb kis nws mus rau peb cov xeeb ntxwv.

Tsis tas li, leaching tuaj yeem tsim cov sulfur loj heev los ntawm qhov tsis zoo, cov hmoov tshauv siab uas tsis haum rau lwm yam. Los ntawm txoj kev, nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no peb lub teb chaws tau nquag qhia cov thev naus laus zis ntawm kev ua cov khoom siv roj ntsha ntawm cov roj av qis, los ntawm cov av zoo li qub tau txais.

Cov khoom siv ntau tshaj plaws rau kev tsim kho hauv peb lub sijhawm yog cov pob zeb thiab cov pob zeb ntxiv. Hauv peb lub tebchaws ib leeg, ntau tshaj 250 lab tons ntawm lawv tau tsim txhua xyoo. Yog li ntawd, niaj hnub tsev technologiesmus rau qhov loj, lawv tsom rau kev txuag cov peev txheej thaum lawv raug tso tawm.

Txuag peev txheej hauv kev tsim cov pob zeb ntxiv

Qhov teeb meem yog tias cov pob zeb muaj zog yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau, uas yuav tsum muaj hluav taws xob ntau. Nws yuav siv 470,000 kcal los tsim ib lub cubic meter xwb! Yog tias cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis tsis zoo tag nrho, lossis yog tias tsim nyog los ncuav cov pob zeb ua vaj tse nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg, ces tus nqi kuj tseem yuav tshaj 1 lab kcal!

Muab hais tias lub teb chaws kev lag luam yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog 12 lab tons ntawm pob zeb hauv ib xyoos, lub zog thiab kev txuag hluav taws xob ua rau nws tuaj yeem txuag tau nyiaj ntau.

Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev siv nyiaj ntau ntawm cov cement los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom. Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los kho qhov kev saib xyuas no. Ua ntej, cov khoom pov tseg loj tshaj plaws yog pom thaum cov neeg tsim khoom siv cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke uas tsis ua raws li lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb. Yog li, feem ntau qhov no tshwm sim nws tus kheej thaum ASG siv es tsis txhob xuab zeb.

Rau qhov ntau, koj tuaj yeem txo cov nqi los ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv yas yas, uas tam sim no tau sawv cev rau thoob ntiaj teb kev tsim kho scene. Cov yas zoo yas tso cai rau koj kom txo tau cov cement noj los ntawm 20% ib zaug, thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub zog ntawm cov qauv tsim yuav tsis cuam tshuam. Muab hais tias cov thev naus laus zis tshiab hauv kev lag luam tso cai rau ntau pua ntawm lawv cov npe, plasticizing additives xav tauthov thaum twg los tau.

Lwm tus nqi zog

Thaum isothermal curing nyob rau hauv cov pwm hlau, ib lub cubic meter ntawm pob zeb "noj" tsawg kawg yog 60 txhiab kcal. Yog hais tias cov cuab yeej faulty, ces kub poob nce exponentially. Yog li, ntawm qee cov nroj tsuag no daim duab no tshaj 200 txhiab kcal ib cubic meter ntawm pob zeb. Yog li, nws tuaj yeem txo qhov kev siv nyiaj ntau dhau los ntawm ntau dua peb zaug, tsuas yog los ntawm kev kho cov cuab yeej siv hauv kev tsim cov pob zeb hauv lub sijhawm.

Ib txoj hauv kev zoo heev yog cua sov cov yas sib xyaw nrog hluav taws xob (hauv lub caij ntuj no). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws muaj peev xwm txo tau tus nqi ntawm tsis tsuas yog cement, tab sis kuj cov plasticizer nyob rau hauv qhov sib tov.

Lwm txoj hauv kev txuag cement

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias kev poob loj ntawm cov cement thaum nws thauj mus los ua lub luag haujlwm tsis zoo. Nyob rau hauv tsis muaj ib qho xwm txheej yuav tsum tau thauj cov khoom no rau hauv txoj kev qhib, kev thauj mus los tsis tu ncua tsis raug tso cai. Kev poob ntawm cov cement tsuas yog loj heev yog tias nws yog thawj zaug thauj los ntawm hiav txwv, tom qab ntawd rov qab mus rau hauv kev tsheb ciav hlau, los ntawm cov tsheb thauj mus los.

Cov kev poob no tuaj yeem zam tau yog tias cov cement clinker thauj mus rau thaj chaw deb. Nws tuaj yeem rub tawm tsis pub dhau lub sijhawm. Thaum cov khoom xa tuaj rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm, lub clinker tsuas yog hauv av, tau txais cov cement zoo hauv qhov xav tau.

Qhov kev xaiv kom raug ntawm cov qib pob zeb tseem ceeb heev, uas yuavhaum rau ib txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Kev xyaum qhia tau hais tias ntau dua 30% ntawm tag nrho cov kev poob ntawm cov cement tshwm sim thaum cov neeg tsim khoom siv lub npe tsis raug ntawm cov pob zeb. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws tsis yog qhov nyuaj rau kev ua haujlwm rov ua tiav.

Yog li, kev txhim kho cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no yuav tsum pab khaws cov peev txheej siv hauv txhua ceg ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev lag luam. Los ntawm kev qhia txog cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tshiab, peb tuaj yeem txo cov pa phem rau hauv huab cua thiab dej, thiab txuag ib puag ncig rau txhua tiam neeg yav tom ntej.