Steel designation: kev faib tawm, cim thiab txhais lus

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Hnub no, muaj ntau yam ntawm cov hlau tsim. Txhua tus kws tshaj lij uas cuam tshuam nrog lawv yuav tsum paub qhov txawv ntawm lawv thiab ua kom sai txaus. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab lub cev lub cev, cov qauv tsim steel tau tsim los uas koj yuav tsum paub.

Kev faib tawm dav dav ntawm steel

Ua ntej tshaj, koj yuav tsum nkag siab tias steel nws tus kheej yog cov hlau uas muaj hlau thiab carbon. Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thib ob yog tias cov pa roj carbon tsis ntau tshaj 2, 14% hauv cov khoom xyaw. Nws muab steel hardness, tab sis nrog nws nce, lub fragility ntawm raw khoom kuj yuav nce. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tsim nyog sau cia tias qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov hlau yog nyob ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov hlau. Raws li qhov no, ob pawg loj yog qhov txawv - carbon thiab alloyed. Carbon steels, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib ua tsawg carbon, nruab nrab carbon thiab siab carbon. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv lawv yog: mus txog 0.25%, los ntawm 0.25% mus rau 0.6%, ntau dua 0.6%, feem. Rau cov hlau alloys, kuj tseem muaj qhov zoo sib xws rau hauv pawg me. low-alloyedmuaj txog li 2.5% ntawm alloying ntsiab, nruab nrab-alloyed - los ntawm 2.5% mus rau 10%, high-alloyed - ntau tshaj 10%.

Steel, nyob ntawm nws lub cev, tuaj yeem muab faib ntxiv rau hauv cov qauv thiab cov cuab yeej. Thawj qeb ntawm cov khoom yog npaj rau kev siv ntxiv hauv kev lag luam thiab kev tsim kho; feem ntau ntawm cov cuab yeej txiav thiab ntsuas cov khoom siv tuag yog smelted los ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qeb thib ob.

Deciphering structural steels

Koj tuaj yeem pib nrog qee qhov piv txwv yooj yim ntawm cov qauv hlau. Piv txwv li, cov qauv hlau, uas tsis muaj alloying ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab kuj yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm zoo tib yam, yog cim nrog cov ntawv "St". Feem ntau cov ntawv no tau ua raws li qee tus lej. Lawv qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide nyob rau hauv ib hom alloy, thiab kev suav yog nyob rau hauv kaum ntawm ib feem pua. Yog tias cov lej no tau ua raws los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ntawv xws li "KP", qhov no qhia tau hais tias qhov tsis tiav ntawm cov txheej txheem steel deoxidation hauv lub cub tawg. Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev, ib tug boiling-hom alloy yog tau, raws li qhia los ntawm cov hlau tsim "KP". Yog tias lawv tsis yog, ces cov khoom siv raw yog rau hom twj ywm.

Low-alloy structural steel yuav raug cim raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus sib txawv me ntsis. Wb hais tias lub npe steel yog 09G2S. Cov khoom no yuav muaj 0.9% carbon, thiab silicon thiab manganese yog siv los ua alloying ntsiab. Lawv cov ntsiab lus hauv cov khoom no yog nyob rau hauv 2.5%. Ib qho cim zoo sib xws muaj, piv txwv li,khoom 10HSND thiab 15 HSND. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntau ntawm carbon. Tsis tas li ntawd los ntawm lub npe ntawm lub npe nws tau pom tseeb tias tsis muaj ib qho ntawm cov ntawv muaj tus lej. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias txhua yam ntawm cov npe alloying muaj nyob rau hauv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tsis pub ntau tshaj 1% ntawm tag nrho pawg.

Muaj lwm hom kev cim - 20X, 30X, thiab lwm yam. Qhov no kuj yog cov qauv hlau alloy, tab sis chromium yuav yog cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Hauv qhov no, thawj tus lej qhia txog cov ntsiab lus carbon hauv pua pua ntawm ib feem pua, tsis yog kaum. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm xws li hlau yog 30KhGSA. Cov pa roj carbon ntau yuav yog 0.3%, thiab ntawm cov khoom ntxiv - silicon, manganese thiab chromium. Tsis muaj cov coefficients digital, uas txhais tau hais tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv tsis pub tshaj 1-1.5%.

Ntau hom npe

Kev xaiv cov qib steel tsis ib txwm qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom. Qee qhov xwm txheej, tsab ntawv xaiv yuav txiav txim siab txog cov khoom siv raw rau txhua chav kawm, pawg ntawm cov khoom. Piv txwv li, muaj ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov qauv steel, uas yog npaj rau zus tau tej cov bearings. Tag nrho cov alloys teej tug mus rau pawg no muaj tsab ntawv "Ш" nyob rau hauv lawv lub npe, sawv ntawm qhov pib ntawm lub cim. Tom qab nws, lub npe ntawm cov ntsiab lus steel txuas ntxiv nrog qhov qhia txog lawv cov ntsiab lus ntau. Piv txwv li, cov khoom lag luam ШХ4 thiab ШХ15. Ntxiv nrog rau cov hlau thiab carbon, cov muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj xws li chromium nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 0.4% thiab 1.5%, feem.

Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev cim yog kev taw qhia ntawm tsab ntawv"TO". Nws tau muab tso rau tam sim ntawd tom qab thawj tus lej, uas qhia txog cov pa roj carbon ntau. Lub xub ntiag ntawm tsab ntawv no nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm cov qauv hlau qhia tias nws belongs rau cov chav kawm unalloyed. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom siv raw cov cim "K" yog npaj rau kev tsim cov chav boilers thiab cov hlab ntsha uas yuav ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub siab kub yav tom ntej. Kev kos npe zoo li yooj yim heev, piv txwv li, 20K, 22K, thiab lwm yam.

Thaum kawg ntawm qhov cim ntawm cov qauv hlau, tsab ntawv "L" tuaj yeem sawv. Nws lub xub ntiag qhia tau hais tias cov khoom yog alloyed thiab muaj kev txhim kho casting zog (40ХЛ).

Kev tsim kho, cuab yeej alloy

Cov ntawv hauv kev xaiv cov hlau ua lub luag haujlwm txiav txim siab, raws li koj tuaj yeem pom. Yog li, piv txwv li, tsis paub txog lawv cov kev txiav txim siab, nws yuav nyuaj rau kev cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim kho hom hlau. Ua ntej, cov khoom siv raw yuav raug cim nrog tsab ntawv "C" thaum pib. Cov lej uas tuaj tam sim tom qab nws tsis qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa roj carbon, tab sis lub zog tawm los ntawm cov khoom siv. Ntxiv nrog rau tsab ntawv tseem ceeb, qee qhov kev pabcuam pabcuam kuj tau siv. Tsab ntawv "T" qhia tias cov hlau tau dhau los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj zog, "K" - lub npe ntawm kev tiv thaiv corrosion, "D" - cov ntsiab lus ntau ntxiv ntawm tooj liab hauv cov hlau.

Raws li kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev tsim cov cuab yeej-hom hlau, nws pib nrog tsab ntawv "U" thaum pib. Nws yog nws uas qhia tau hais tias cov khoom siv raw belongs rau qhov ntsuashom. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, raws li ib tug structural ib, cov nram qab no cov zauv yuav qhia cov ntsiab lus carbon nyob rau hauv lub composition. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov cuab yeej steel tuaj yeem ua tau zoo thiab zoo. Tsab ntawv "A" tom kawg ntawm qhov cim ntawm cov hlau no yuav pab cais lawv ntawm cov qib zoo tib yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj pes tsawg leeg tej zaum yuav muaj ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm manganese, yog tias tsim nyog rau kev siv yav tom ntej. Cov ntawv sau zoo li no yuav muaj tsab ntawv "G" ntxiv rau hauv lub cim. Cov cuab yeej hlau kos zoo li no: U8, U8A lossis U8GA.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tsim nyog hais tias kev tsim cov cuab yeej-hom alloy steels yog ua raws li cov cai tib yam li kev tsim cov qauv hlau.

Kev kub ceev hluav taws xob steel

Yog tias peb tham txog qeb ntawm kev kub ceev alloys, ces lawv cov cim pib nrog tsab ntawv "P". Tam sim ntawd tom qab nws yog cov lej qhia txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm tungsten hauv cov hlau. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhua yam mus raws tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus uas tau piav saum toj no. Ib tsab ntawv tau nkag mus qhia txog qee lub ntsiab lus, tom qab uas tus lej raug qhia qhia tus lej ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov alloys yog tias lawv cov cim tsis tau qhia txog tsab ntawv thiab tus lej ntawm chromium, vim nws cov ntsiab lus hauv cov khoom siv no yeej ib txwm 4%. Tib yam siv rau carbon, tab sis nws cov ntsiab lus yuav proportional rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm vanadium nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg. Feem ntau tus nqi ntawm vanadium tsawg dua 2.5%, thiab yog li ntawd tsis muaj ib tsab ntawv lossis tus lej qhia. Yog hais tias, rau qee yam, cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub caij nce, ces nws lub npe tau nkag mus rau hauv lub cim ntawm qhov kawg. Kev tsim cov pa roj carbon monoxide high-speed feem ntau suav nrog cov ntawv xws li H, X, Yu, T, qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm npib tsib xee, chromium, txhuas thiab titanium, feem.

Nws yog qhov tsim nyog tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm qhov kev xaiv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis sib xws. Lawv feem ntau hu ua technical iron. Lawv lub ntsiab feature yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus hluav taws xob tsis kam, uas yog tiav los ntawm ib tug tsis tshua muaj carbon ntsiab lus - txog 0.04%. Yog tias peb tham txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev kos cov hom kev siv hlau no, ces nws muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntawv tsis muaj, tsuas muaj cov lej ntawm no. Piv txwv li, steel 10880 lossis 20880. Thawj tus lej yuav qhia txog hom kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlau, uas tuaj yeem kub dov lossis forged - 1, calibrated - 2. Tus lej thib ob qhia txog kev laus coefficient ntawm cov hlau. Hauv qhov no, 0 qhia tias tus coefficient tsis yog-normalized, 1 - normalized. Tus lej thib peb yuav qhia tias cov khoom siv yog ib pab pawg raws li tus yam ntxwv uas yuav raug xaiv los ua lub ntsiab. Ob tus lej kawg, uas yog, thib plaub thiab thib tsib, yuav qhia qhov sib npaug ntawm tus cwj pwm xaiv.

Cov ntsiab cai ntawm kev xaiv lawv tus kheej tau tsim rov qab rau hauv Soviet Union. GOST lub npe ntawm cov hlau, uas yog siv niaj hnub no, kuj yog raws li cov ntaub ntawv Soviet. Raws li, cov hlau tau cim nrog GOST tsis yog nyob rau hauv Russia xwb, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv CIS lub teb chaws.

Kev tsimalloying ntsiab

Raws li nws tau dhau los ua qhov tseeb, cov ntsiab lus alloying yog cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb uas tau nkag mus rau hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiaj li hloov tau lub cev thiab cov yam ntxwv. Yuav kom ua tiav cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov alloys no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum paub lub npe ntawm cov ntsiab lus alloying hauv cov hlau alloy.

Rau kev xaiv, cov tsiaj ntawv xws li: X, C, T, D, V, G, F, R, A, N, K, M, B, E, C, Yu. rau cov tshuaj xws li: Cr, Si, Ti, Cu, Wo, Mn, W, B, N, Ni, Co, Mo, Nb, Se, Zr, Al. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab, koj yuav tsum paub tias cov ntsiab lus twg raug xaiv los ntawm txoj kev no: chromium, silicon, titanium, tooj liab, tungsten, manganese, vanadium, boron, nitrogen, npib tsib xee, cob alt, molybdenum, niobium, selenium, zirconium, txhuas, feem.

Alloy steels

Lawv xaiv tau ua raws li tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus uas tau piav qhia saum toj no. Qhov twg thawj tus lej yog cov ntsiab lus carbon, thiab tom qab ntawd muaj cov npe ntawm cov khoom ntxiv uas qhia lawv cov ntsiab lus hauv cov lej nkag tam sim tom qab lub npe tsim.

Txawm li cas los xij, muaj lwm qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov hlau alloyed - los ntawm qhov zoo. Qhov zoo ntawm cov hlau zoo li no nyob ntawm seb cov leej faj thiab phosphorus, uas yog cov teeb meem impurities uas tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm tag nrho.

Yeej, txhua cov hlau yog cov hlau zoo. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm ob qho tib si sulfur thiab phosphorus hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog kwv yees li 0.035%, thiab lawv cov cim yog tus qauv, uas tau piav qhia saum toj no. Tom ntej no tuaj high-quality qib ntawm alloys. Lawv muaj sulfur thiabphosphorus raug txo mus rau 0.025%. Thaum kawg ntawm txhua lub npe ntawm cov hlau zoo hlau, tsab ntawv "A" yog teem. Thiab qhov kawg, peb pawg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov hlau zoo. Tus nqi ntawm leej faj nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg yog mus txog 0.015%, phosphorus mus txog 0.025%. Cov ntaub ntawv nyoos ntawm hom no tau cim nrog tsab ntawv "Ш", uas tau teem rau thaum kawg thiab sau nrog tus lej.

Ua piv txwv, xav txog steel X5CrNi18-10. Tus lej 5 qhia txog cov ntsiab lus carbon hauv ntau pua ntawm ib feem pua, uas txhais tau tias nws yog 0.05% ntawm no. Tom ntej no tuaj lub npe Cr thiab Ni, uas qhia tau hais tias muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj chromium thiab npib tsib xee. Tom ntej no tuaj rau tus lej rau kev tsim kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus 18% thiab 10%, feem. Lub peculiarity ntawm cov cim ntawm cov hlau alloy yog tias tom qab tsab ntawv yuav tsis muaj tus lej coefficient txhua. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv cov hlau los ntawm 1 mus rau 1.5%. Nrog rau qhov nce hauv qhov loj ntawm ib qho khoom, nws qhov ntau yuav raug qhia.

Stainless hlau

Stainless hlau yog sau npe zoo li lwm yam khoom siv raw. Lub npe ntawm hom alloy no yog npaj los qhia nws cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab nthuav tawm nws cov khoom tseem ceeb, uas tseem ceeb heev.

Vim tias cov hlau yog tsim nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws thoob ntiaj teb, kev xaiv ntawm stainless hlau tuaj yeem ua raws li qee qhov kev cai thoob ntiaj teb. Txawm li cas los xij, niaj hnub no tsis muaj cov kev cai zoo li no, thiab yog li ntawd txawv teb chaws raug coj los ntawm lawv cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm thaum sau cov khoom. Piv txwv li, European steel manufacturers kos lawv cov khoom raws liEN 100 txoj cai 27. Lavxias teb sab Federation tso siab rau cov lus qhia ntawm GOST, uas tau tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Soviet cim qauv.

Piv txwv li, P265BR stainless hlau yog cov hlau uas tsim nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Europe. Thawj tsab ntawv qhia tias cov hlau yog npaj rau kev tsim cov hlab ntsha siab. Cov lej yog tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv zog ntawm cov hlau, uas yog 265 N / mm 2. Ob tsab ntawv kawg yog ib qho kev xaiv ntxiv. "B" qhia tias cov hlau yuav raug siv rau lub tog raj kheej roj compressed, "R" qhia txog chav tsev kub.

Cov khoom tsim los tsim cov hlau tsis muaj steel thiab lawv cov npe

Raws li kev xaiv ntawm stainless hlau nyob rau hauv Russia, raws li GOST, tag nrho cov ntawv sau npe ntawm cov tshuaj muaj kev sib koom ua ke, thiab tom qab ntawd paub txog lawv cov kev txiav txim siab, koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab yooj yim ntawm cov khoom thiab cov khoom ntawm cov khoom.

Includes:

• YC - silicon. Nws yog nkag mus rau hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg kom tsis txhob tsim cov nplai ntawm cov hlau nto tom qab kev kho cua sov.
• YYu - aluminium. Cov khoom no yog ntxiv kom ua tiav cov qauv hlau tsis ruaj khov, nrog rau txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov impurities txawv teb chaws uas yuav tshwm sim thaum sib cuag ntawm cov hlau lossis cov khoom siv hlau nrog cov kua dej kub.
• X - chrome. Cov khoom no yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj steel, vim tias cov qib ntawm corrosion kuj nyob ntawm nws.
• P - boron. Cov khoom no tseem yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev txhim kho corrosion, raug rau raugQhov kub thiab txias los yog qhov hnyav heev ntawm cov hlau.
• K - cob alt. Siv kom ruaj khov cov nyhuv ntawm cov pa roj carbon tam sim no hauv kev tsim.
• M - molybdenum. Nws yog nkag mus rau hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog tias nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los ua kom cov hlau tsis kam mus rau ib puag ncig cov pa phem.
• F - vanadium. Nws tau nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom ntawm cov hlau kom nce nws cov plasticity Performance index yog tias tsim nyog.

Kev txiav txim siab cov cim

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev txiav cov cim ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj steel tuaj yeem txiav txim siab siv cov piv txwv ntawm cov hlau alloy 38KhN3MF, qhov twg cov lej 38 qhia cov ntsiab lus carbon ntawm 0.33% -0.4%. Tom ntej no los ntawm tsab ntawv "X", qhia tias muaj chromium. Txij li thaum tsis muaj coefficient tom qab tsab ntawv, nws pawg loj yog li 1% lossis tsawg dua. Cov hlau no feem ntau muaj 1.2 txog 1.5% chromium. Tom qab ntawd los ntawm kev xaiv ntawm npib tsib xee thiab tus lej 3, uas txhais tau tias nws cov ntsiab lus yog li 3-3.5%. Cov npe kawg yog M thiab F - molybdenum thiab vanadium. Txij li tsis muaj cov lej, qhov loj feem tsawg tsawg dua 1%. Rau hom raw khoom no, tus nqi ntawm molybdenum yog 0.35-0.45%, thiab vanadium yog 0.1-0.18%.

Cov alloys no yog thawj zaug uas muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion, tab sis qib ntawm kev tiv thaiv tuaj yeem nce ntxiv yog tias muaj tooj liab ntxiv. Cov khoom lag luam zoo li no yuav muaj tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev muaj ib tsab ntawv "D" ntxiv rau hauv lub cim. Tsis tas li ntawd, manganese "G" thiab titanium "T" tuaj yeem ntxiv rau hauv cov khoom xyaw.

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom los ntawm tag nrho cov saum toj no, kev nkag siab ntawm cov hlau tsis yog qhov nyuaj. Rau cov neeg txuas nrog kev lag luam, qhov kev paub noyog yuav tsum tau. Rau ib tus neeg zoo tib yam, lub peev xwm los txiav txim siab lub cim tuaj yeem pab tau zoo hauv kev xaiv cov khoom siv rau ib qho ntawm lawv tus kheej lub hom phiaj. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, txij li koj tuaj yeem paub tseeb txog cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab lub cev lub cev ntawm cov khoom los ntawm kev nyeem cov npe ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom. Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation, kos npe yog ua raws li ib tug GOST, thiab yog li ntawd nws yuav zoo ib yam nyob rau hauv tej cheeb tsam.