Kev tsim cov ntsiab lus alloying hauv steel: kev faib tawm, cov khoom, cim, daim ntawv thov

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Hnub no, ntau yam steels tau siv ntau yam kev lag luam. Ntau yam zoo, txhua yam thiab lub cev muaj zog yog ua tiav los ntawm alloying cov hlau. Kev tsim cov ntsiab lus alloying hauv cov hlau yuav pab txiav txim seb cov khoom twg tau nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom xyaw, nrog rau lawv cov ntsiab lus ntau.

Cov ntaub ntawv dav dav thiab kev faib tawm dav dav

Thaum nws los txog rau cov hlau alloy, qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb tau ntxiv rau cov khoom uas tau hloov pauv cov khoom siv thiab lub cev ntawm cov khoom pib. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov qauv sab hauv ntawm cov khoom kuj hloov. Lub npe ntawm alloying ntsiab nyob rau hauv steel pab tsis tau tsuas yog kom nkag siab txog cov additives uas tau qhia. Nyob ntawm lawv, ntau chav kawm ntawm cov khoom nws tus kheej yog qhov txawv.

Thawj qhov kev faib tawm yog ua raws li cov pa roj carbon ntau. Muaj cov pa roj carbon tsawg, qhov twg cov ntsiab lus carbon yog li 0.25%, nruab nrab-carbon steels muaj los ntawm 0.25 mus rau 0.65% additives,high-carbon muaj ntau tshaj 0.65% carbon nyob rau hauv lub composition.

Lwm cov cim ntawm kev faib tawm

Txhua yam ntawm cov khoom kawm tau muab faib ua peb pawg ntxiv, nyob ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm alloying ntsiab hauv cov hlau. Cov npe ntawm cov pab pawg no yog cov khoom qis-alloyed, nruab nrab-alloyed, high-alloyed. Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, tag nrho cov loj feem ntawm additives tsis pub tshaj 2.5%, rau cov thib ob pab pawg neeg - tsis ntau tshaj 10%, rau pawg thib peb - los ntawm 10 mus rau 50%.

Ntxiv mus, nws tsim nyog sau cia tias nyob ntawm cov khoom uas cov khoom siv alloying muab rau cov hlau, nws cov qauv sab hauv hloov. Nws kuj yuav tsum tau nkag siab. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, siv lub npe ntawm alloying ntsiab nyob rau hauv steel, nws muaj peev xwm los txiav txim seb tus qauv ntawm cov khoom. Thiab raws li qhov no, ua lwm yam kev faib tawm:

1. Hypo-eutectoid steel qib - ntau ferrite nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg.
2. chav kawm eutectoid qhia cov qauv pearlite ntawm cov khoom.
3. Cov khoom lag luam hypereutectoid yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm cov qauv uas muaj cov carbides theem nrab.
4. Ledeburite chav kawm ntawm cov khoom muaj cov carbides thawj.

Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab lawv qhov cuam tshuam

Ntau yam sib txawv tau ntxiv rau cov hlau. Kev tsim cov ntsiab lus hauv cov hlau alloy yog ua los ntawm cov ntawv, feem ntau yog thawj cov tsiaj ntawv loj ntawm lub npe ntawm cov khoom nws tus kheej.

Koj tuaj yeem pib nrog chrome thiab npib tsib xee. Lawv raug xaiv los ntawm cov ntawv X thiab H. Yog tias peb tham txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm chromium, ces nwstsub kom cov hlau tsis kam mus corrosion. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub zog thiab hardness kuj nce. Chromium yog suav hais tias yog lub ntsiab alloying tivthaiv hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv stainless.

Kev tsim cov ntsiab lus hauv cov qib hlau alloy pab kom txiav txim siab sai sai ntawm cov khoom siv thiab nws lub hom phiaj. Yog li, lub cim "H" qhia cov ntsiab lus nickel, uas txhais tau hais tias cov khoom muaj viscosity siab, ntau dua ductility thiab zoo tiv thaiv corrosion.

Ntxiv cov khoom alloying

Tom ntej nws yuav tsum hais txog titanium (T) thiab vanadium (F). Kev nce hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm T qhia txog qhov txo qis hauv cov qoob loo ntawm cov qauv, uas ua rau muaj zog thiab ntom. Tsis tas li ntawd, xeb kuj yog txhim kho thiab kev ua tau yooj yim. Vanadium kuj raug xaiv los ua cov khoom sib xyaw hauv cov qib steel nrog tsab ntawv F. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, nws kuj yuav pab txo qis graininess, tab sis qhov tshwm sim yog txawv me ntsis thiab muaj nyob rau hauv kev txhim kho fluidity thiab nce tensile zog.

Tom ntej no, peb yuav tsum tham txog molybdenum (M) thiab tungsten (B).

Kev taw qhia ntawm "M" rau hauv cov khoom sib xyaw ua kom cov khoom tawv tawv, ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion, thiab txo cov brittleness. "B" kuj txo cov brittleness thaum tempering los ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov nplej los ntawm kev loj hlob thaum lub sij hawm cua sov, ntxiv rau, ua rau tag nrho hardness.

Tsab ntawv xaiv cov ntsiab lus alloying hauv cov hlau qee zaum tsis phim lawv lub npe hauv Lavxias. Yog li, ib qho ntawm cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb additives yog silicon, denotedtsab ntawv C. Tsuas yog 1-1.5% ntawm cov khoom no nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg, nws muaj peev xwm nce lub zog thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tswj viscosity. Yog tias koj pib nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom hauv cov qauv, ces qhov hluav taws xob tsis kam thiab sib nqus permeability yuav nce. Tsis tas li ntawd, silicon muaj peev xwm ua kom elasticity, tiv thaiv corrosion thiab oxidation. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog rau tag nrho cov no, nws yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account tias nws nce lub brittleness ntawm steel.

Ob qhov kawg additives yog cob alt (K) thiab txhuas (Yu). Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm thawj lub caij ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov thiab kev cuam tshuam. Aluminium nce scale kuj.

Dab tsi yog impurities?

Hais txog kev tsim cov ntsiab lus alloying hauv qib hlau, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem hais txog impurities. Ua ntej, lawv lub xub ntiag kuj cuam tshuam rau cov khoom ntawm cov khoom. Qhov thib ob, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tshem tawm tag nrho lawv lub xub ntiag nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom, thiab yog li ntawd lawv loj feem yog ib ntus qhia nyob rau hauv lub labeling.

Ntau yam impurities thiab lawv cov teebmeem

Tsab ntawv A sawv rau nitrogen. Yog tias tam sim no, nws yog feem ntau qhia kwv yees li ntawm nruab nrab ntawm cov cim. Los ntawm nws cov khoom, nws zoo ib yam li muaj cov pa oxygen. Yog hais tias ib tug loj feem ntawm ib qho ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus yog tshaj, lub brittleness ntawm cov khoom yuav nce. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov yam ntxwv xws li viscosity thiab endurance kuj yuav txo.

Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb yog carbon (U). Yog tias nws muaj txog li 1.2%, ces nws tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, nce hardness, lub zog, txwvfluidity. Yog tias txawm tias me ntsis dhau ntawm qhov ntsuas no tau pom, ces ob qho tib si lub zog thiab ductility pib deteriorate sai.

Manganese (G) thiab leej faj kuj yog rau impurities. Manganese, zoo li cov pa roj carbon, muaj qhov sib txawv nyob ntawm seb qhov loj npaum li cas hauv cov qauv. Yog tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub caij "G" tsis tshaj 0.8%, ces nws tuaj yeem raug hu ua kev siv tshuab tsis huv. Nws nce qib ntawm steel deoxidation, txo qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo ntawm leej faj ntawm cov khoom.

Yog tias qhov loj ntawm cov khoom thib ob tshaj 0.65%, ces nws muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj heev. Plasticity, corrosion kuj thiab cuam tshuam lub zog yog txo qis. Ib qho ntxiv ntawm leej faj nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg kuj tseem yuav ua rau muaj peev xwm vuam hlau.

Qhov kawg ua phem impurity yog hydrogen. Ib qho kev nce hauv qhov loj ntawm cov khoom no ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv brittleness.

Marking overview

Cov cim rau cov ntsiab lus alloying hauv cov hlau raws li GOST 4543-71 vim tias muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv txhim kho hauv txoj kev no. Raws li cov kev cai no, thawj tsab ntawv raug qhia, thiab tom qab nws muaj tus lej qhia tus lej ntawm cov khoom no. Koj tuaj yeem xav txog qhov no ntawm qhov piv txwv ntawm hom xws li X5CrNi18-10.

Nws yuav tsum tau hais tam sim ntawd tias qhov cim tsis yog ib txwm ua hauv cov ntawv Lavxias, qee zaum ua lwm hom lus, raws li tau hais hauv qhov piv txwv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub decoding zoo li no: tsab ntawv "X" qhia tias cov alloy belongs rau qeb ntawm stainless hlau los ntawm hlau nplaum los yog chromium.pab pawg; tus naj npawb 5 yog cov ntsiab lus carbon, uas nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog 0.05%; Cr thiab Ni yog chromium thiab npib tsib xee, feem, thiab 18 thiab 10 yog lawv feem pua, feem. Ntawd yog, cov qauv ntawm cov khoom no muaj 0.05% carbon, 18% chromium thiab 10% npib tsib xee.

Txoj kev ntawm lwm pab pawg

Lub npe ntawm cov khoom siv alloying uas ua rau cov hlau tuaj yeem qhia tau tias lawv muaj nyob rau qee yam khoom lag luam. Yog li, stainless chromium-nickel yuav muaj tsab ntawv "Kuv" thaum pib ntawm nws cov cim. Pob-cov kabmob thiab cov cuab yeej siv ceev ceev yuav pib cim nrog "W" thiab "R", raws li.

Alloy steels tuaj yeem ua tau zoo lossis txawm tias ua tau zoo. Hauv qhov no, "A" lossis "W" raug ntxiv rau lawv thaum kawg ntawm kev cim, raws li. Pa alloy steels tsuas yog tsis muaj cov npe zoo li no thaum kawg ntawm lawv cov cim.

Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia ntawm no tias qee zaum muaj kev xaiv tshwj xeeb ntxiv rau cov hlau alloy yog tias cov khoom tau txais los ntawm dov. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, lub cim muaj xws li "H" - nyuaj-ua hauj lwm steel los yog "TO" - kub-kho steel.

Kev sib tw ntawm cov ntsiab lus

Txhawm rau txiav txim siab cov tshuaj muaj tseeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom lag luam, koj yuav tsum tau saib nws cov ntaub ntawv, txawm li cas los xij, lub peev xwm nkag siab txog cov cim tuaj yeem pab txiav txim siab qhov tseem ceeb alloying additives thiab impurities.

Yog li ntawd, yog thaum xub thawjYog hais tias muaj pes tsawg tus tau teev nyob rau hauv cov hlau cim, ces nws txiav txim siab qhov loj feem ntawm carbon nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob rau hauv pua pua ntawm ib feem pua. Tom qab ntawd, tus lej ntawm cov khoom ntxiv uas ua rau cov hlau alloy pib. Tam sim ntawd tom qab txhua tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv lub npe, ib tug xov tooj yuav qhia tau hais tias muaj pes tsawg leeg cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg raws li ib feem. Txawm li cas los xij, nws kuj tshwm sim tias tam sim tom qab tsab ntawv tsis muaj tus lej txhua. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsiab lus no tsis pub dhau 1.5%, uas yog qhov me me.

Txhua yam alloy steels

Thaum kawg, nws tsim nyog sau cia tias cov hlau no feem ntau siv rau dab tsi. Muaj cov cuab yeej-hom alloy steel. Raws li lub npe qhia, nws yog dav siv rau kev tsim khoom ntawm txhua yam cuab yeej. Nws yog feem ntau piv rau cov pa roj carbon zoo tib yam. Cov tshuaj lom neeg txhim kho muaj zog dua thiab muaj zog, tab sis tag nrho cov alloyed compounds yog nkig dua li cov pa roj carbon ntau.

Steel belongs rau pab pawg neeg ntawm kev kub ceev txiav tau ua pov thawj tias zoo heev. Cov khoom zoo li no yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm qhov nyuaj siab thiab liab tawv txog li 600 degrees Celsius.

Cov qauv hlau alloyed nrog cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb yog ib pawg loj cais. Ntawd yog, nws tuaj yeem ua cov khoom tsis muaj hlau, hlau nrog kev txhim kho hluav taws xob thiab cov yam ntxwv sib nqus, thiab lwm yam.

Raws li tuaj yeem pom los ntawm tag nrho cov saum toj no, cov khoom siv alloyed tam sim no siv tsis tshua muaj zog thiab hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam. Vim li no, kom paub thiab nkag siab txog lub npe ntawm hom nosteel yog tsim nyog rau leej twg yuav ua lag luam nrog nws.