Electrified railway yog dab tsi

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Kev nce hauv ntim ntawm cov khoom thauj thiab kev siv tsheb ciav hlau ntawm cov kev thauj tseem ceeb tau ua rau muaj kev tsim hluav taws xob railways. Cov khoom zoo li no nyuaj heev rau kev siv thev naus laus zis. Tsis zoo li thawj electrified railways, niaj hnub txoj kev loj yog complex infrastructure chaw los ntawm ib tug engineering point of view thiab ua ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov hauj lwm tseem ceeb rau cov pej xeem thiab kev khwv nyiaj txiag ntawm lub xeev. Kab lus no piav qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm kev tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev thauj mus los ntawm hluav taws xob, muab cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb thiab lub tswv yim ntawm substation system thiab locomotive fleet.

keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau hluav taws xob

thawj lub tshuab hluav taws xob hauv keeb kwm tshuav nws qhov tsos rau lub ntiaj teb nto moo German inventor thiab businessmanWerner Siemens. Cov qauv no tau nthuav tawm rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb ntawm kev nthuav qhia kev ua tiav ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev tshawb fawb hauv Berlin thaum lub Tsib Hlis 31, 1879. Ib txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau hluav taws xob nrog kev sib txuas lus tau tsim tshwj xeeb los ua kom pom lub peev xwm ntawm hluav taws xob locomotive. Qhov ntev ntawm txoj kev sim no yog me ntsis tshaj 300 meters. Cov cuab yeej, uas tau nthuav tawm rau pej xeem, tsis tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau locomotives los ntawm cov qauv niaj hnub. Es, nws yog nws tus qauv. Lub tsheb hnyav tsuas yog 250 kilograms, muaj lub zog ntawm peb horsepower thiab tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov ceev tsis pub tshaj 7 km ib teev. Ib qho kev tsheb ciav hlau ntxiv tau siv los muab qhov hluav taws xob. Lub rolling Tshuag muaj peb wagons. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, lawv tuaj yeem haum tsis pub tshaj 18 tus neeg.

Qhov tshiab no tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ua lag luam. Twb tau nyob rau tib lub sijhawm xyoo 1879, txoj kev 2-kilometer tau tsim los xa cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov khoom siv raw mus rau thaj chaw ntawm ib lub chaw tsim khoom ntawm Fab Kis khaub ncaws.

Yog li, thawj zaug, hluav taws xob tsheb thauj mus los tau siv hauv kev lag luam thiab kev thauj cov neeg caij tsheb hauv nroog (tram kab). Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab tsuas yog ob peb xyoos, tsheb khiav ntawm txoj kev Likterfelzh - Berlin qhib. Cov kab liab txiav ceremony tau tshwm sim rau lub Tsib Hlis 16, 1881.

Hluav taws xob ntawm kev tsheb ciav hlau hauv Soviet Russia thiab USSR

Nyob rau hauv tsarist Russia, vim tsis tau them nyiaj rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm hluav taws xob railwaythauj. Cov kab tsheb ciav hlau tau tsim hauv nroog loj. Lub ntsiab railway kab txuas cov nroog loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman tsis tau hluav taws xob. Nyob rau hauv 1880, ib tug kws tshawb fawb hu ua Pirotsky tau tswj kom txav lub tsheb ciav hlau hnyav los ntawm nws qhov chaw nrog kev pab ntawm hluav taws xob. Tab sis qhov kev sim no tsis txaus siab rau leej twg. Tsuas yog nrog lub advent ntawm lub hwj chim Soviet tau muaj kev sib tham ntawm lub zeem muag rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm no kev lag luam pib. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, hluav taws xob locomotives tau nquag qhia nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Electrified railways tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb los tsim. Twb tau nyob rau hauv 1921, ib txoj kev npaj tswv yim rau hluav taws xob ntawm tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws tau pom zoo. Raws li txoj kev npaj tau tshaj tawm, kev sib txuas lus ntawm kev tsheb ciav hlau hluav taws xob yog txhawm rau hla txoj kev loj tshaj plaws uas txuas cov cheeb tsam loj thiab cov nroog.

Tam sim no xyoo 1926, ib ntu nees nkaum-kilometer ntawm txoj kev uas muaj kev sib cuag hluav taws xob tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm. Nws txuas lub peev ntawm Azerbaijan SSR nrog cov roj av ntawm Surakhani. Hauv seem no, qhov hluav taws xob ncaj qha ntawm 1200 volts tau siv. Xyoo 1929 tau cim los ntawm kev tshaj tawm thawj lub tsheb ciav hlau hluav taws xob los ntawm Moscow rau Mytishchi. Cov xwm txheej no tau cim, yam tsis muaj kev tshaj tawm, pib lub sijhawm tshiab hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev txhim kho thiab kev lag luam ntawm peb lub teb chaws.

Tom qab ob peb xyoos dhau los, kev hloov pauv tam sim no los hloov qhov tas li. Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 19, 1955, ntu Mikhailov-Ozherelye ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm. Nws qhov ntev yog 85 km. Locomotives nyob rau hauv seem no tau powered los ntawm alternating tam sim noMuaj zaus (50 Hertz) nrog qhov hluav taws xob ntawm 22,000 volts. Ib xyoos tom qab, cov kab hluav taws xob tiv tauj tau txuas ntxiv mus rau Pavelets 1 chaw nres tsheb. Yog li, tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm txoj kev no yog kwv yees li 140 mais.

Cov ntaub ntawv dav dav txog kev tsheb ciav hlau Lavxias

Txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau ntawm Lavxias Federation yog lub cev loj. Nws tau muab faib ua 17 departments. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tshiab tshaj plaws, tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm txoj kev ua haujlwm mus txog 86 txhiab kilometers. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov ntev ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau hluav taws xob yog me ntsis ntau dua li ib nrab ntawm cov nqi no (51%). Tsis yog txhua lub teb chaws tuaj yeem khav txog qhov ntsuas no. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias feem ntawm cov hluav taws xob railways nyob rau hauv Russia muaj ntau tshaj li yim caum feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov freight thiab neeg nrog caij tsheb. Qhov no yog to taub heev. Tom qab tag nrho, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, loaded thauj highways yog electrified. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev siv hluav taws xob nrog kev tsheb me me tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau nyiaj txiag thiab yuav ua rau poob. Cov ntsuas no tsuas yog ua tiav los ntawm kev sib koom ua haujlwm ntawm tag nrho cov neeg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yuav tsum muaj kev tsim kho tshuab engineering thiab ntsuas ntsuas, tsim kev lag luam hluav taws xob thiab muaj peev xwm tshawb fawb.

Tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm cov khoom hluav taws xob ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau hauv peb lub tebchaws yog kwv yees li 43 txhiab mais. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, 18 txhiab kilometers yog powered los ntawm ncaj qha tam sim no. Raws li, qhov seem 25 txhiab kilometers khiav ntawm alternating tam sim no.

Cov txiaj ntsig hluav taws xob

Tawm tsam qhov keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm ntau qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau hluav taws xob, txhua qhov tsis zoo tsuas yog ploj mus. Ua ntej, qhov teeb meem emissions ntau tsawg dua los ntawm diesel locomotives. Qhov no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ib puag ncig. Thib ob, kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob yog ntau dua. Yog li, tus nqi thauj khoom raug txo.

Ntawm lwm yam, electrified railways daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev muab hluav taws xob rau cov tuam txhab lag luam thiab cov chaw nyob uas nyob ntawm txoj kab tsheb ciav hlau thiab tsis deb ntawm nws. Raws li kev txheeb cais rau xyoo 1975, ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov hluav taws xob ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau ntawm USSR tau siv rau lub zog ntawm cov chaw no uas tsis suav nrog hauv kev thauj mus los.

Thiab qhov no tsis yog daim ntawv teev npe tag nrho ntawm cov txiaj ntsig. Nws tseem yuav tsum tau hais tias txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm ntau dua, kev ntseeg tau, thiab tso cai rau koj los tsim cov kev mob siab rau kev thauj mus los ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb.

Traction substations: general concepts

Yog tias peb ua kom yooj yim mus rau qhov tsawg kawg nkaus, ces lub chaw nres tsheb traction tuaj yeem muab cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no: kev teeb tsa tsim los rau kev faib thiab hloov hluav taws xob. Hauv lwm lo lus, traction substation yog ib kauj ruam-down transformer. Yog hais tias lub locomotive khiav ntawm ncaj qha tam sim no, lub substation ua raws li ib tug rectifier. Rau tes hauj lwmKev siv hluav taws xob ntawm kev hloov tam sim no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau muab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib txuas ntawm qhov deb ntawm 50 mus rau 80 kilometers thoob plaws tag nrho cov seem ntawm txoj kev. Txoj kev hloov mus rau qhov tam sim no ncaj qha yuav tsum muaj kev tsim kho ntawm substations txhua 15-20 kilometers. Qee qhov tshwj xeeb, qhov kev ncua deb no yuav raug txo mus rau 5 mais (ntawm txoj kev loj tshwj xeeb).

Lub metro siv hom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov chaw traction substations. Cov khoom siv ntawm hom no tsis hloov AC rau DC, tab sis tsuas yog txo qis DC voltage.

Tsim cov blocks ntawm traction substations

Traction substation units yog ib qho ntawm cov hlwb, cov vaj huam sib luag thiab cov txee. Cov ntsiab lus no tau teeb tsa rau ntawm cov ncej thiab txuas nrog lub network ntawm cov xov hlau (ob lub zog thiab tswj cov xov hlau).

Muaj ob hom thaiv. Hauv qee qhov blocks, tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tau muab tso rau ntawm ib lub thav duab, hauv lwm tus, txhua lub ntsiab lus tau muab tso rau hauv lub thawv kaw. Blocks ntawm thawj hom yog npaj rau kev teeb tsa hauv tsev. Blocks ntawm hom thib ob yog ntsia raws txoj kab qhib-cua railway.

Sib cuag network

Cov kev sib cuag network yog cov qauv kev tsim vaj tsev nyuaj heev. Nws suav nrog ntau yam: hlau nws tus kheej, cable (carrier), fais fab kis ncej, rigid thiab hloov tau yooj yim crossbars … Cov kev cai nruj heev raug txwv ntawm kev ncua. Yog tias nws tsis sib haum rau lawv, ces qhov tam sim no yuav raug coj mus ua ntu zus, uas yuav tsis tso cai rau lub tsheb ciav hlau ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv hom qub thiab yuav ua rau muaj xwm txheej ceev. nruj tswj qhov siab thiab nro quab yuamnyob ntawm tej, qhov siab tshaj plaws pub curvature, spans thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, locomotives ua hauj lwm ob qho tib si ntawm ncaj qha tam sim no thiab ntawm alternating tam sim no. Qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, me ntsis nyuaj rau lub hwj chim mov ntawm electrified railways. Txhua lub tshuab no muaj nws qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo.

Kev tsim cov kab ke yooj yim

Qhov tseeb, qhov kev sib txuas lus yooj yim yog ib txoj hlua txuas rau kev txhawb nqa. Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov kev txhawb nqa no feem ntau yog 30-40 meters. Xws li tus qauv tsim tau tsuas yog nyob rau ntawm cov ntu ntawm txoj kev uas tsis tso cai rau kev kub ceev (bridges, tunnels), nrog rau hauv trolleybus thiab tram fais fab kab.

Qhov zoo ntawm kev sib cuag ncaj qha tam sim no

Piv rau lub network sib txuas ntawm kev hloov pauv tam sim no, kev sib cuag ntawm lub network ncaj qha muaj ntau qhov zoo. Ntawm lawv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau tshem tawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev siv nws rau locomotives nrog tus qauv tsim yooj yim thiab tsis muaj qhov hnyav. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv xws li systems tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm qhov hluav taws xob siv rau kev sib cuag network. Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qib siab ntawm kev ua haujlwm kev nyab xeeb piv rau AC systems.

Qhov tsis zoo ntawm DC tiv tauj network

Qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo li no rau kev tsheb ciav hlau hluav taws xob yog lawv cov nqi siab. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv txoj kev tsim kho yuav tsum muaj kev ncua ntau dua thiab kim. Copper rub hlaumuaj ib qho kev sib tshuam loj dua, uas kuj tseem ua rau tus nqi ntawm qhov project. Ib qho tseem ceeb tsis zoo yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev ncua deb ntawm traction substations ntawm electrified railways piv rau cov tes hauj lwm sib txuas ntawm alternating tam sim no. Qhov nruab nrab, nws nyob ntawm 15 (hauv thaj chaw uas muaj tsheb ciav hlau siab tshaj plaws) mus txog 20 mais. Ntawm lwm yam, cov tam sim no ncaj qha ua rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov hu ua stray tam sim no, uas ua rau muaj kev tshwm sim sai thiab kev puas tsuaj sai ntawm cov qauv hlau thiab kev txhawb nqa.

Kev cob qhia rau cov neeg ua haujlwm pabcuam cov tshuab hluav taws xob

Ua ntej tus neeg ua haujlwm raug tso cai kho thiab tswj cov kab sib kis ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau hluav taws xob, nws yuav tsum tau txais kev cob qhia tshwj xeeb. Thiab qhov no siv tsis tau tsuas yog rau cov neeg uas ua hauj lwm ncaj qha nrog cov hluav taws xob, tab sis kuj rau locksmiths thiab installers uas muab kev pab rau tag nrho cov qauv ntawm cov kab sib txuas thiab lawv cov kev txhawb nqa. Txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum xeem dhau qhov kev xeem paub thiab lees paub lawv qib kev tsim nyog.

Zaj lus

Lub sijhawm muaj hluav taws xob railways tau cim qhov kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev lag luam vim kev siv tsheb ntau zuj zus thiab nce kev thauj khoom thauj. Nws tau dhau los ua qhov nce loj ntawm cov khoom thauj los ntawm ib lub locomotive.

Ntxiv rau, nws daws tau ntau yam teeb meem. Yog li, cov pa roj diesel locomotives feem ntau ua tsis tau ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob ua haujlwm tau ntseeg tau hauv txhua qhov huab cua. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, tsim cov prerequisites rau lub active kev loj hlob ntawm sab qaum teb thiab Far Eastern cheeb tsam ntawm peb lub teb chaws.