ACS yog dab tsi? Self-propelled artillery installation: kev faib, hom phiaj

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Tus kheej-propelled artillery mounts (ACS) yog hu ua tsheb sib ntaus sib tua, uas tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li cov phom loj uas tau teeb tsa rau ntawm tus kheej-propelled chassis. Nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub, lawv qee zaum hu ua phom self-propelled lossis phom self-propelled. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav txheeb xyuas seb cov phom uas siv tus kheej yog dab tsi, lawv siv qhov twg, lawv faib li cas thiab lawv txawv li cas ntawm lwm hom riam phom.

CV

Yog li, ACS yog dab tsi? Hauv kev txiav txim siab dav dav, txhua lub tsheb sib ntaus sib tua uas muaj phom phom tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog phom tus kheej. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv qhov kev nkag siab nqaim, tsuas yog cov tsheb uas muaj phom phom lossis phom phom, tab sis tsis yog lub tank lossis cov tsheb tub rog, yog cov phom rau tus kheej.

Hom phom tus kheej muaj ntau haiv neeg, nrog rau cov peev txheej ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov. Tej zaum lawv yuav muaj lub log los yog taug qab chassis, tiv thaiv los yog tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm armor, muaj ib tug ruaj los yog turret mounted phom loj. Muaj ntau tus kheej-propelled artillery installation ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, nruab nrog ib tug turret installation, outwardly zoo li tso tsheb hlau luam. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv txawv heev ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev siv tactical thiab qhov sib npaug ntawm "cov cuab yeej cuab tam".

Tus kheej-propelled artillery installation (ACS) pib nws keeb kwm nyob rau tib lub sijhawm thaumthiab thawj cannon armored tsheb - thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Tsis tas li ntawd, los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev tshawb fawb tub rog niaj hnub no, thawj cov tub rog Fabkis tau zoo li qhov kev sib piv ntawm cov phom nws tus kheej tom qab tshaj li cov tso tsheb hlau luam. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, ib lub sij hawm ntawm kev loj hlob sai ntawm txhua yam ntawm nws tus kheej-propelled artillery systems pib nyob rau hauv thawj lub xeev.

Thaum pib ntawm nees nkaum-thawj xyoo pua, ua tsaug rau qhov kev vam meej hauv kev ua tub rog, phom rau tus kheej, raws li ntau tus kws tshaj lij, tau pib thov qhov zoo tshaj ntawm lwm cov tsheb armored. Yav dhau los, nws yeej koom nrog lub tank. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm rab phom uas yog tus kheej-propelled hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tub rog niaj hnub no tau loj hlob txhua xyoo.

keeb kwm kev tsim kho

Nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ib tau siv cov khoom siv tus kheej tsim los ntawm cov tsheb thauj khoom, tsheb laij teb lossis cov chassis taug qab. Tom qab ntawd, nrog kev txhim kho ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam, engineers pom tau hais tias lub hauv paus tank yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws haum rau mounting haib artillery systems. Cov phom ntawm lub chassis uas tsis muaj armored kuj tseem tsis tau hnov qab, vim lawv nto moo rau lawv txoj kev txav mus los zoo.

Nyob rau hauv Russia, thawj armored self-propelled phom tau npaj los ntawm tus tub ntawm D. I. Mendeleev - V. D. Mendeleev. Thaum Lub Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib thiab Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb, 72-mm Lender phom ua los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Russo-B alt tsheb tau nquag siv. Cov cabins ntawm ib txhia ntawm lawv txawm ib nrab armored. Nyob rau hauv lub 20s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, lub USSR, lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab lub teb chaws USA tau koom nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm tus kheej-propelled phom, tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov project tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li surrogate installations.

Thaum Soviet Union thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees pib nquag tsim lawv lub tankcov rog, nws tau dhau los ua kom loj heev txhim kho artillery installation ntawm tank chassis. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub USSR, ib tug qauv ntawm SU-14 self-propelled phom tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm T-35 thiab T-28 tso tsheb hlau luam. Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, outdated tso tsheb hlau luam Pz Kpfw I. tau siv rau kev hloov mus rau nws tus kheej-propelled phom

Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob xav tau kev siv tag nrho cov peev txheej ntawm cov neeg koom. Lub teb chaws Yelemees loj heev tsim cov phom nws tus kheej raws li qub thiab ntes tso tsheb hlau luam. Raws li lawv tus kheej cov cav tov, lawv ua tau yooj yim thiab pheej yig dua installation. Keeb kwm suav nrog cov qauv German: StuG III, thiab StuG IV, Hummel thiab Wespe, tus kheej-propelled artillery "Ferdinand" (raws li lub tank destroyers Hetzer thiab Elefant tau hu) thiab lwm yam. Txij li thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1944, kev tsim cov phom tus kheej hauv lub tebchaws Yelemes tau tshaj qhov tsim cov tso tsheb hlau luam ntawm cov ntim.

Cov Tub Rog Liab tau pib tawm tsam yam tsis muaj cov phom loj uas tsim los rau nws tus kheej. Kev tsim khoom ntawm tus kheej-propelled howitzer SU-5 tau nres rov qab rau xyoo 1937. Tab sis twb nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj 1941, lub ZiS-30 self-propelled phom ntawm ib tug surrogate hom tshwm sim. Thiab xyoo tom ntej, phom phom ntawm SU-122 qauv dov tawm ntawm cov kab sib dhos. Tom qab ntawd, lub npe nrov SU-100 thiab ISU-152 tau tshwm sim raws li qhov hnyav rau German hnyav armored tsheb.

Engineers ntawm Askiv thiab Amelikas tau tsom mus rau lawv lub zog feem ntau ntawm kev tsim cov tshuab ua haujlwm tus kheej. Yog li ntawd muaj cov qauv: Sexton, Npis Sov, M12, thiab M7 Pov Thawj.

Vim kev txhim kho ntawm cov tsheb sib ntaus sib tua tseem ceeb, qhov xav tau siv phom tua tau ploj mus. Anti-tank missile systems, ua ke nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua nyoob hoom qav taub, tuaj yeem ua tau zoo hloov cov phom tiv thaiv tus kheej. Tab sis cov phom tua phom thiab phom dav hlau tseem tab tom tsim.

Raws li koj ua tiavCov phom self-propelled, lawv txoj kev loj hlob, thiab kev faib tawm tau nthuav dav. Xav txog cov hom ntawm tus kheej-propelled artillery mounts uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tub rog science hnub no.

Tank destroyers

Raws li lub npe txhais tau tias, cov tsheb sib tw no tshwj xeeb hauv kev rhuav tshem cov tsheb armored. Raws li txoj cai, lawv tau ua tub rog nrog rab phom ntev ib nrab tsis siv neeg nrog lub caliber ntawm 57 mus rau 100 mm nrog rau kev sib koom ua ke, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tiav qhov hluav taws kub siab. Heavy tank destroyers, tsim los tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab tsheb zoo sib xws thiab cov tso tsheb hlau luam hnyav, tuaj yeem ua phom ntev nrog cov khoom sib cais, lub caliber uas ncav cuag 155 hli. Kev teeb tsa ntawm chav kawm no tsis muaj txiaj ntsig tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv thiab infantry. Lawv tau dhia hauv kev txhim kho thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tank destroyers ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd yog Soviet self-propelled phom ntawm SU-100 qauv thiab German Jagdpanther. Tam sim no, kev teeb tsa ntawm chav kawm no tau muab txoj hauv kev los tiv thaiv lub tank missile systems thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua helicopters, uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog cov tso tsheb hlau luam.

Assault guns

Lawv yog cov tsheb tub rog rau kev tua hluav taws ntawm cov tank thiab infantry. Cov phom self-propelled ntawm hom no yog armed nrog loj-caliber (105-203 mm) luv-barreled los yog ntev-barreled phom, uas yooj yim ntaus fortified infantry txoj hauj lwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, rab phom phom tuaj yeem siv tau zoo tiv thaiv cov tank. Hom phom ntawm tus kheej no, zoo li yav dhau los, tau tsim tawmThaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Lub StuG III, StuG H42, thiab Brummbar yog cov piv txwv tseem ceeb ntawm German ntaus phom nws tus kheej. Ntawm cov tshuab Soviet txawv: Su-122 thiab Su-152. Tom qab kev ua tsov ua rog, kev txhim kho ntawm cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua tseem ceeb tau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias lawv tau pib ua tub rog nrog cov phom loj loj uas tuaj yeem yooj yim ntaus yeeb ncuab fortifications thiab unarmored lub hom phiaj. Yog li, yuav tsum siv riam phom tua pov tseg.

Tus kheej-propelled howitzers

Lawv yog cov riam phom tua hluav taws tsis ncaj. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog tus kheej-propelled analogue ntawm towed artillery. Xws li cov phom uas tus kheej tau siv nrog cov cuab yeej phom loj nrog lub caliber ntawm 75 txog 406 millimeters. Lawv muaj lub teeb los tiv thaiv fragmentation armor, uas tsuas yog tiv thaiv los ntawm counter-roj teeb hluav taws. Txij thaum pib ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus kheej-propelled artillery, tus kheej-propelled howitzers kuj tsim. Cov phom loj loj, ua ke nrog kev txav mus los thiab cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no, ua rau hom riam phom no yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws rau niaj hnub no.

Tus kheej-propelled howitzers nrog lub caliber ntawm ntau tshaj 152 millimeters tshwj xeeb tshaj yog dav. Lawv tuaj yeem tua cov yeeb ncuab nrog riam phom nuclear, uas ua rau nws tuaj yeem rhuav tshem cov khoom loj thiab tag nrho cov pab tub rog nrog tsawg tsawg ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj. Thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, German Wespe thiab Hummel tsheb, American M7 (Pest) thiab M12 howitzers, nrog rau British Sexton thiab Npis Sov rab phom self-propelled ua nto moo. Lub USSR tau sim tsim cov tshuab xws li cov tshuab (Su-5 qauv) rov qab rau hauv 40s, ib-paus xyoo dhau los, tab sis qhov kev sim no tsis yog crowned.kev vam meej. Niaj hnub no, niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab tub rog yog armed nrog ib tug zoo tshaj plaws self-propelled howitzers nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no - 2S19 "Msta-S" nrog ib tug caliber ntawm 152 hli. Cov tub rog ntawm NATO lub teb chaws tau ua tub rog nrog nws cov phom 155-mm tus kheej-propelled "Paladin".

Antitank

SPGs ntawm chav kawm no yog ib nrab qhib lossis qhib tsheb nrog riam phom tiv thaiv tank. Feem ntau lawv tau tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub teeb armored tank chassis, uas twb dhau los lawm rau lawv lub hom phiaj. Xws li cov cav tov tau txawv los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm tus nqi thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov khoom loj loj. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lawv tseem poob nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua yam ntxwv rau cov cav tov ntawm ib tug nqaim tshwj xeeb. Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm rab phom tiv thaiv tus kheej ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II yog German Marder II thiab hauv tsev SU-76M. Raws li txoj cai, xws li kev teeb tsa tau muaj riam phom me me lossis nruab nrab-caliber phom. Txawm li cas los xij, qee zaum muaj zog dua versions kuj tau ntsib, piv txwv li, German Nashorn hauv 128 mm caliber. Hauv cov tub rog niaj hnub no, cov chav no tsis siv.

Anti-aircraft phom

Cov no yog cov khoom siv phom phom-tshuab tshwj xeeb, txoj haujlwm yog txhawm rau tua cov dav hlau qis thiab nruab nrab siab, nrog rau cov yeeb ncuab nyoob hoom qav taub. Feem ntau lawv tau armed nrog me me-caliber tsis siv neeg cannons (20-40 mm) thiab / los yog loj-caliber tshuab phom (12.7-14.5 mm). Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho lub dav hlau tiv thaiv yog cov kev taw qhia rau cov hom phiaj siab. Qee lub sij hawm lawv tau ntxiv nrog cov foob pob hluav taws saum npoo av. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv nroog thiab nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv qhov loj ntawm infantry, kev tiv thaiv dav hlauua tau zoo heev. Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob, German tiv thaiv dav hlau teeb tsa Wirbelwind thiab Ostwind, nrog rau Soviet ZSU-37, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txawv ntawm lawv tus kheej. Cov tub rog Lavxias niaj hnub no tau ua tub rog nrog ob ZSU: 23-4 ("Shilka") thiab "Tunguska".

Lawv yog cov tsheb sib tw improvised raws li kev lag luam tsheb thauj khoom, tsheb loj loj lossis tsheb laij teb. Raws li txoj cai, surrogate self-propelled phom tsis muaj kev tshwj tseg. Ntawm cov kev teeb tsa hauv tsev ntawm cov chav kawm no, 57-mm anti-tank self-propelled combat tsheb ZiS-30, tsim los ntawm Komsomolets taug qab artillery tsheb laij teb, tau dhau los ua dav. Cov tsheb uas siv ntau tshaj plaws yog Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Fascist Ltalis vim tsis muaj lwm yam tsheb armored.

Ib tug raug Soviet self-propelled artillery mount tau ntse ua ke cov dej num ntawm ob peb chav kawm ib zaug. Ib qho piv txwv meej ntawm qhov no yog tus qauv ISU-152. Cov Germans tau ua raws li lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim phom tshwj xeeb rau tus kheej. Yog li ntawd, qee qhov German rigs tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv chav kawm.

Siv Tactics

Tau xam seb cov phom uas tus kheej yog dab tsi thiab lawv yog dab tsi, cia saib seb lawv siv li cas hauv kev xyaum. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev teeb tsa tus kheej-propelled artillery nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua yog txhawb nqa lwm ceg ntawm cov tub rog nrog cov phom loj tua hluav taws los ntawm qhov chaw kaw. Vim qhov tseeb tias cov phom uas tus kheej muaj kev txav mus los, lawv tuaj yeem nrog cov tso tsheb hlau luam thaum lub sij hawm tawg los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab txoj kab tiv thaiv,ua kom muaj peev xwm sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub tank thiab cov tub rog infantry motorized.

Kev txav siab siab kuj tseem ua rau nws tus kheej-propelled artillery lub peev xwm los tawm tsam tus yeeb ncuab ntawm nws tus kheej. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, txhua qhov kev tua phom raug suav ua ntej. Tom qab ntawd cov phom tus kheej mus rau qhov chaw tua hluav taws thiab, yam tsis muaj zeroing, ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam loj heev rau cov yeeb ncuab. Tom qab ntawd, lawv tawm ntawm txoj kab hluav taws sai sai, thiab thaum lub sijhawm tus yeeb ncuab suav qhov chaw rau kev tawm tsam tawm tsam, cov haujlwm yuav tas lawm.

Yog cov yeeb ncuab tso tsheb hlau luam thiab cov tub rog tsav tsheb tawg los ntawm txoj kab ntawm kev tiv thaiv, cov phom loj ntawm tus kheej tuaj yeem ua tau zoo li riam phom tiv thaiv tank. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, qee cov qauv ntawm cov phom tus kheej tau txais cov plhaub tshwj xeeb hauv lawv cov mos txwv.

Nyob rau xyoo tas los no, cov phom tua tus kheej tau siv los rhuav tshem cov snipers uas nkaum hauv qhov chaw uas tsis yooj yim rau kev tawm tsam nrog lwm yam riam phom tua hluav taws.

Ib leeg-tus kheej-propelled artillery mounts, armed nrog nuclear projectiles, tuaj yeem rhuav tshem cov khoom loj, fortified settlements, nrog rau qhov chaw ntawm tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov yeeb ncuab pab tub rog. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, riam phom nuclear tus kheej-propelled yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub vojvoog ntawm lub hom phiaj raug ntaus los ntawm cov mos txwv phom yog tsawg dua li ntawm aviation lossis tactical missiles, nrog rau lub zog tawg.

Layout

Cov tsheb uas siv nws tus kheej feem ntau niaj hnub no feem ntau yog ua los ntawm lub tank chassis lossis cov tsheb sib tsoo me me. Hauv ob qho tib si, qhov kev teeb tsa ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom sib dhos zoo sib xws. Tsis zoo li lub tank,lub turret installation ntawm tus kheej-propelled phom yog nyob rau hauv lub rear ntawm armored hull, thiab tsis nyob rau hauv nruab nrab. Yog li cov txheej txheem ntawm kev muab cov mos txwv los ntawm hauv av tau yooj yim heev. Lub cav- kis tau tus mob pab pawg, feem, yog nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej thiab nruab nrab ntawm lub cev. Vim lub fact tias cov kis tau tus mob nyob rau hauv lub hneev taw, nws yog advisable kom tsav lub log pem hauv ntej. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv niaj hnub cov phom nws tus kheej muaj qhov nyiam siv lub log tsav tsheb.

Lub chaw tswj hwm, uas tseem yog tus neeg tsav tsheb qhov chaw ua haujlwm, nyob ze ntawm lub gearbox hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub tshuab lossis ze rau nws qhov chaw nres nkoj. Lub cev muaj zog yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm tus neeg tsav tsheb lub rooj zaum thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua. Cov chav sib ntaus sib tua suav nrog cov mos txwv thiab cov cuab yeej tsom.

Ntxiv rau qhov kev xaiv piav qhia rau kev tso chaw ntawm cov khoom thiab cov rooj sib txoos, ZSU tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke raws li lub tank qauv. Qee lub sij hawm lawv txawm sawv cev rau lub tank, tus qauv turret uas tau hloov los ntawm ib lub turret tshwj xeeb nrog rab phom ceev ceev thiab cov cuab yeej taw qhia. Yog li koj thiab kuv thiaj kawm paub tias rab phom self-propelled yog dab tsi.