Petrochemical khoom: npe, ntau lawm thiab daim ntawv thov

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 13:55

Roj yog lub ntuj hydrocarbon, uas yog ib qho zoo heev raw khoom rau tau txais ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntau yam organic tebchaw. Xav txog cov khoom tseem ceeb petrochemical uas tam sim no xav tau rau ntau yam kev lag luam.

Petrochemistry yog kev lag luam loj uas tsis muaj kev sib txuas nrog txhua qhov kev lag luam: mechanical engineering, hluav taws xob engineering, tsim ntau yam khoom siv polymeric.

Soot, carbon dub, roj cav, roj av, kerosene, roj roj - qhov no tsis yog tag nrho cov npe ntawm cov khoom tau los ntawm kev lag luam roj refining. Kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv qhov ntsuas ntawm kev tsim cov khoom siv tshuaj yog vim kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm cov kev lag luam uas twb muaj lawm, qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab hauv kev tsim kho.

Petrochemical cov khoom yog txhua qhov sib xyaw uas tau txais thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev lossis tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov roj thiab roj. Kev siv cov ntxhia no tau pib ntawm kev lag luam los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum. Lawv tuaj hloov thee, ntoo. Tam sim no, petrochemicalssiv rau hauv kev tsim tshuaj, kuab tshuaj, yas, tshuaj tua kab, dyes, textiles, detergents, roj hmab.

Ether roj

Feem ntau hu ua roj av. Cov mis rau ether yog dab tsi? Nws cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg yog C₇H_{7BrMg. Petroleum ether yog lub teeb roj av uas yog cov kuab tshuaj zoo. Raws li ib feem ntawm bitumen, cov tshuaj no yog siv los precipitate asph altenes.}

YSynthetic rubbers

Qhov no yog cov khoom siv polymer siab, uas muaj cov sib xyaw ntawm hydrocarbons, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine. Roj hmab muaj peev xwm kis tau thaum lub sij hawm vulcanization rau hauv roj hmab - ib yam khoom ntawm siab elasticity, uas khaws nws cov khoom thaum lub sij hawm kub hloov.

Cov txheej txheem petrochemical dab tsi yog siv los tsim nws? Los ntawm hydration ntawm ethylene, ethanol (ethyl cawv) tau txais. Nws yog evaporated nyob rau hauv hermetically kaw cov hlab ntsha. Nyob rau hauv lub siab kub thiab ib tug catalyst, ethanol yog phua rau butadiene. Lub diene hydrocarbon yog purified, raug rau catalytic polymerization, tsim cov roj hmab nyoos. Hauv kev txo qis, nws tau ua tiav hauv cov khoom sib tov, dov. Cov txiaj ntsig petrochemicals raug xa mus rau cov chaw tsim khoom roj hmab.

YPlastics

Thaum ethylene hnov mob nrog cov tshuaj chlorine, cov hmoov dawb tau txais - polyvinyl chloride resin. Thaum nws ntxiv tshuaj ua tiav, vinyl yas, crystalline khoom, tau txais. Cov khoom siv petrochemical no tsis yog nplaim taws, tsis muaj ntxhiab, tsis yaj hauv alkalis thiab acids, thiab tiv taus. Cov concentrated nitric acid.

Vinyl yas yog machined, welded nrog lub dav hlau ntawm huab cua, siv rau kev tsim cov kav dej, hluav taws xob insulating khoom, li qub, hoses. Cov khoom siv no yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov yas ua npuas ncauj, ua npuas ncauj yas nrog cov cua sov-insulating thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub suab pov thawj. Nws yog qhov xav tau hauv kev siv tshuab, tshuaj, kev ua liaj ua teb, thiab lub neej txhua hnub.

YPolymer compounds

Ethylene, propylene yog hydrocarbons uas yog monomers rau kev tsim cov polymers. Nrog high-molecular polymerization ntawm ethylene, high-pressure los yog low-pressure polyethylene yog tau. Oxygen ua raws li lub zog rau cov txheej txheem.

Cov khoom lag luam petrochemical muaj txiaj ntsig zoo: lub teeb, yoog raws, dielectric thiab txhua yam khoom, tshuaj lom neeg ua haujlwm siab, dej nruj. Cov kav dej polyethylene yog siv rau cov kav dej, cov kav dej, cov khoom siv ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshuaj. Vim lawv cov thermal rwb thaiv tsev zoo, lawv tsis tawg txawm tias dej khov, thiab tsis muaj cov kua qaub tso rau ntawm phab ntsa.

Teflon

Cov tshuaj no kuj yog cov khoom lag luam petrochemical. Tetrachlorethylene yog tsim los ntawm polymerization ntawm monomers uas muaj ob lub fluorine atoms. Teflon yog resistant rau acids, alkalis, nws dissolves tsuas yog nyob rau hauv hlau sodium. Cov khoom no yog nyob rau hauv kev thov nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, tshuaj. Piv txwv li, li qub, kav dej, hoses, ntau yam gaskets yog tsim los ntawm nws.

YSynthetic fibers

BTam sim no, cov ntaub ntawv nrov tshaj plaws suav nrog: lavsan, kapron, anid, nitron. Caprolactam ua raws li cov khoom noj rau kev tsim khoom, piv txwv li, nylon. Nws yog yaj thiab raug rau polymerization, tau nylon resin. Squeezed tawm los ntawm nitrogen los ntawm lub apparatus, cov resin solidifies, crushed, siv los tsim fiber.

Lavsan yog tsim los ntawm paraxylene tau txais thaum lub sijhawm ua cov roj av cais tawm ntawm cov roj. Cov fiber ntau no muaj lub zog siab, tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj, kub siab heev. Nws yog siv los ua cov ntaub zoo rau cov tsho loj.

tshuaj ntxuav tes

Yog tias cov xab npum ua ntej siv los ua cov tshuaj ntxuav tes xwb, tam sim no muaj ntau yam khoom siv hluavtaws: kua, hmoov. Lawv muaj lub zog ntxuav zoo heev, haum rau dej ntawm txhua qhov tawv.

Fatty synthetic acids muab rho tawm los ntawm cov roj ua cov khoom pib rau lawv cov khoom. Cov khoom tseem ceeb uas xav tau thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov tshuaj detergents yog alkyl sulfates thiab sulfanol, uas yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm sulfonation ntawm cov rog rog ntau dua. Cov mis ntawm ether tsim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nyob ntawm tus thawj cawv noj. Cawv lawv tus kheej tau txais ob qho tib si los ntawm oxidation ncaj qha ntawm paraffin thiab los ntawm hydrogenation ntawm fatty acids.

Summarize

Ntawm cov chav kawm tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj uas tawm los ntawm cov pa rojlos yog by-products, hydrocarbons, naphthenic acids, sulfur compounds yog txaus siab. Hydrocarbons yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg. Los ntawm methane, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov pa, ntau yam ntawm cov organic derivatives raug cais tawm, nrog rau hydrogen rau cov synthesis ntawm ammonia. Butane, propane, ethane hloov mus rau hauv unsaturated hydrocarbons rau lawv cov tshuaj tom ntej. Olefins thiab paraffins muaj nyob rau hauv cov pa roj uas tsim thaum lub sij hawm roj refining.