Ceramic khoom: khoom, ntau lawm technology, daim ntawv thov

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Thawj lub lauj kaub tais diav tau tshwm sim ntev ua ntej tib neeg tau kawm txog kev smelt hlau. Ancient pots thiab jugs uas archaeologists pom mus rau niaj hnub no yog pov thawj ntawm no. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias cov khoom siv ceramic muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas ua rau nws yooj yim indispensable nyob rau hauv qee qhov chaw. Cia peb saib cov yam ntxwv ntawm ceramics nrog koj, tham txog nws cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv.

cov ntaub ntawv dav dav

Tau txais cov khoom siv ceramic los ntawm sintering av nplaum thiab sib tov nrog cov organic additives. Qee zaum oxides ntawm inorganic compounds yog siv. Thawj cov khoom zoo li no tau tshwm sim 5,000 xyoo dhau los. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, cov cuab yeej siv tshuab tau zoo dua qub, thiab niaj hnub no cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj zog muaj rau peb. Lawv siv rau hauv kev tsim kho rau facade cladding, pem teb, phab ntsa, thiab lwm yam.

Muaj cov lauj kaub tais diav nrog cov ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm ob yog qhov ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom. Cov no yog cov khoom siv plooj (porcelain), cov vuas hauv pem teb, thiab lwm yam Porousshard - vuas, pob zeb ceramic, kav dej thiab lwm yam.

History of tshwm sim

Lo lus "ceramics" hauv Greek txhais tau tias "av nplaum". Lawm, qee hom kev sib tov tau siv los ua cov khoom lag luam. Cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog tau ntxiv rau nws, nyob ntawm seb qhov yuav tsum tau ua thaum kawg. Thaum xub thawj, los ntawm txhais tes, thiab me ntsis tom qab ntawm lub tshuab tshwj xeeb, cov duab tshwj xeeb tau muab rau cov khoom siv av nplaum. Tom qab ntawd, cov khoom siv ceramic raug rho tawm haujlwm hauv qhov cub kub.

Ntau lub tebchaws tau siv lawv cov thev naus laus zis ntau lawm. Qhov no siv rau cov tais diav, pleev xim thiab glazing. Tim lyiv teb chaws suav hais tias yog thawj lub xeev uas tau ua tiav kev loj hlob tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam no. Nws yog kev tsim cov ceramics muaj uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw. Cov khoom tau ua los ntawm cov av nplaum ntxhib thiab tsis zoo sib xyaw, tab sis tom qab ntawd cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo dua qub. Niaj hnub no, cov av nplaum daj tau pom uas tau liam tias siv hauv kev tsim cov pyramids ntawm Memphis.

Nkauj tawm tshiab porcelain

Jade tau siv nyob rau hauv Suav teb ntev. Nws yog qhov zoo nkauj, tab sis theej tsis yooj yim thiab nyuaj rau lis. Tom qab ntau xyoo ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav, pom muaj kev daws teeb meem. Porcelain yog yooj yim dua los tsim. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm nyob ntawm no muaj nuances. Piv txwv li, mica thiab tsvaoka, uas tau pom nyob rau hauv "porcelain pob zeb", tau muab tso rau hauv cov hmoov zoo thiab khaws cia rau ntau tshaj 10 xyoo. Qhov no tau ua tiav txhawm rau ua kom cov khoom hloov pauv raws li qhov ua tau. Ua ntejPorcelain khoom nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj yog siab thiab elongated hlab ntsha. Lawv muaj ib tug polished nto thiab ib tug xiav los yog tsaus ntsuab xim. Cov yav tas tau muaj nuj nqis tshaj plaws.

Hnub no ntseeg tias Tuam Tshoj yog lub xeev uas cov plooj (porcelain) tau muab faib ua ntau tshaj plaws. Qhov no muaj tseeb, txawm hais tias nws tau nrov hauv Tebchaws Europe, tab sis nws tau tshwm sim tom qab ntawd, thiab nws cov khoom tsim tau ntev dua.

hom lauj kaub tais diav

Tam sim no, cov khoom siv av nplaum muaj kev faib tawm dav. Yog li, cov khoom siv tais diav tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg loj:

• unglazed ceramics (terracotta thiab pottery);
• glazed (majolica, faience, plooj (porcelain), fireclay).

Terracotta - los ntawm Italian "ci ntiaj teb". Cov khoom yog ua los ntawm cov av nplaum xim thiab muaj cov qauv ntxeem tau. Terracotta yog siv los ua vases, tais diav, nrog rau cov khoom ua si thiab vuas.

Cov lauj kaub tais diav yog qhov nyuaj dua rau txheej txheem. Txhawm rau ua kom nws tsis muaj dej, polishing yog tsim nyog. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom yuav raug staining. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, nws raug tso rau hauv qhov cub kub hauv cov pa taws kom txog thaum nws txias tag. Niaj hnub no, ntau hom ceramics, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pottery, yog nrov heev. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub rau khaws cov mis nyuj, tej ntaub ntawv los yog ua ib tug décor.

Rau hom thib ob - glazed ceramics, porcelain thiab earthenware yog cov nyiam tshaj plaws ntawm no. Qhov thib ib yog kim dua thiab siv zog ntau hauv kev tsim khoom, qhov thib ob yog cov tswv yim thiab pheej yig. Lawv txawv ntawm ib leeg nyob rau hauv cov khoom porcelain muajtsawg av nplaum thiab ntxiv tshwj xeeb additives. Tsis tas li ntawd, porcelain yog translucent nyob rau hauv lub teeb, tsis zoo li earthenware.

About refractories

Cov khoom ua los ntawm cov av nplaum sib tov yog refractory. Nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj, lawv tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov kub ntawm 1,300 txog 2,000 degrees Celsius, thiab ntau dua. Ib qho tshwj xeeb kiln rau tua cov ceramics yog siv. Cov ntaub ntawv refractory feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem metallurgical. Nyob ntawd lawv tau siv los tsim qhov cub tawg thiab cov chav nyob.

Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los hais tias nrog qhov kub thiab txias, lub zog ntawm refractory tsis ploj, tab sis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nce. Qhov no yog ua tiav vim muaj cov refractory oxides, silicates thiab borides nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg. Lawv siv yuav luag txhua qhov chaw uas cov txheej txheem kub kub tshwm sim. Feem ntau lawv pom molded, uas yog, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib yam khoom, piv txwv li, ib lub cib. Tsis tshua muaj, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los siv cov khoom tsis zoo li cov khoom siv hauv cov hmoov hmoov.

YCeramics hauv kev tsim kho

Qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv ceramic yog tias lawv cov khoom lag luam tau xyaum tsis txwv. Nrog rau qhov yooj yim ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm cov khoom zoo li no, hnub no nws yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam. Yog tias peb nqa cov ntaub ntawv phab ntsa, ces cov av nplaum cib nyob ntawm no.

Ib yam siv rau cov vuas luaj ceramic, uas, txawm tias qhov zoo li ntawm polymers, tsis poob hauv av. Nws tseem yog siv rau equipping chav nrog high humidity thiab kub. Ntawm cov khoom siv ntsej muagnthuav av nplaum yog thawj qhov chaw.

Ntau xyoo dhau los, kev tsim cov hollow ceramic blocks thiab cib tau nce 4%. Lawv cov kev tsim khoom yuav tsum tau hloov me ntsis hauv cov nroj tsuag cib thiab cov chaw tsim khoom, thaum cov nqi them tawm hauv thawj xyoo ntawm kev muag khoom. Txawv teb chaws, hollow ceramics tau ntev coj txoj hauj lwm thiab tau muag zoo dua li cov cib zoo tib yam.

khoom siv tshwj xeeb ceramic

Cov khoom xws li cov kav dej huv thiab cov kav dej. Thawj muab faib ua peb pawg loj:

• from hard faience (porous shard);
• sanitary Tuam Tshoj (sintered shard);
• semi-porcelain (ib nrab ci shard).

Cov kev xav tau tseem ceeb rau cov khoom siv tu cev yog tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, tiv thaiv tshav kub. Daim ntawv qhia yuav tsum ua raws li nruj me ntsis, tib yam siv rau kev siv tshuab. Tsuas yog cov kws tshaj lij ceramic kiln thiab cov ntaub ntawv zoo raw khoom siv. Cov khoom siv tu cev muaj xws li cov dab dej, lub tais tso quav, lub dab da dej, lub tshuab hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam. Ib txoj hauv kev los xyuas qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom yog maj mam kais ntawm rooj plaub. Lub suab yuav tsum meej thiab tsis muaj rattles. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias tua hluav taws ntawm qhov raug kub thiab tsis muaj kab nrib pleb.

Raws li cov kav dej phwj tuaj, lawv yuav tsum muaj qhov ntom ntom sintered shard. Cov kav dej ceramic yog tsim nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 150-600 mm. Feem ntau glazed ob sab hauv thiab tawm. Xws li cov khoom yog tus yam ntxwvsiab tiv thaiv ib puag ncig txhoj puab heev thiab stray hluav taws xob tam sim no. Lawv muaj tus nqi nruab nrab, ua rau lawv pheej yig dua.

Lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm ceramics

Raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, txhua yam khoom tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg dav: ntom thiab ntxeem tau. Qhov ntom ntom muaj qhov sib nqus dej tsawg dua 5%, ntxeem tau - 5% lossis ntau dua. Cov pab pawg kawg suav nrog cov khoom lag luam hauv qab no: av nplaum cib (porous thiab hollow), hollow phab ntsa pob zeb, ntsej muag vuas, vuas vov tsev. Cov khoom siv ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom cov khoom siv cov khoom siv ceramic-cov ntaub ntawv cib. Ob leeg ntxeem tau thiab ntom ceramics muaj nyob rau hauv kev lag luam huv.

Hais txog lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg, nws tsis tuaj yeem tsis nco qab qhov tsis zoo ntawm ceramics. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv muaj zog fragility piv rau lwm yam ntaub ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, kev muaj ntau thiab ntau yam ua rau cov khoom siv no yog ib qho nrov tshaj plaws hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam thiab txawm nyob hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub ua rau nws tuaj yeem tau txais qhov chaw du tam sim ntawd tom qab tua. Yog tias koj xav ua kom tiav ib qho xim, ces ntxiv oxides ntawm hlau los yog cob alt.

Txoj kev ntawm microstructure

Thaum rhuab, ceramics maj mam ua kua. Nws yog txawv los ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm yooj yim thiab complex tebchaw. Thaum txias, crystallization tshwm sim. Nws manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv nag lossis daus ntawm ntshiab crystals, uas nce nyob rau hauv loj. Thaum cov huab hwm coj hardens, nws tsim nyob rau hauv cov qauvmicroconglomerate. Nyob rau hauv nws, mullite nplej yog cemented los ntawm ib tug hardened loj. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau cov pa oxygen atoms tsim ib hom matrix. Nws muaj cov hlau me me uas hloov pauv hauv cov voids ntawm lawv. Yog li ntawd, ionic bonds predominate nyob rau hauv lub microstructure thiab me ntsis covalent bonds. Kev ruaj ntseg tshuaj thiab kev ruaj ntseg tau ua tiav los ntawm kev muaj cov tshuaj muaj zog thiab ruaj khov.

Raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, kev siv cov khoom siv ceramic yog txwv. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov crystals yog imperfect. Crystal lattices muaj ntau yam tsis xws luag: atomic-sized pores, deformations, thiab lwm yam. Tag nrho cov no ho impairs lub zog. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee qhov nuances ntawm no. Piv txwv li, yog tias cov thev naus laus zis tau pom thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom ntawm ib hom ceramic, nws muaj peev xwm ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo hauv lub zog. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau saib xyuas qhov ntsuas kub thiab lub sijhawm ntawm kev tua ntawm cov khoom.

yam ntxwv thiab cov khoom ntawm av nplaum

av nplaum yog cov pob zeb sedimentary uas, tsis hais txog kev muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov qauv, thaum sib xyaw nrog dej, tsim cov khoom yas. Tom qab tua hluav taws - lub cev zoo li pob zeb. Feem ntau cov sib tov yog ntom, feem ntau muaj aluminosilicates. Feem ntau, pob zeb xws li quartz, feldspar, sulfur pyrites, nrog rau hydroxides thiab carbonates ntawm calcium, magnesium thiab titanium tebchaw kuj pom muaj nyob rau hauv av nplaum..

Kaolins yog cov av nplaum dawb huv uas paub niaj hnub no. Yuav luag tag nrho ntawm kaolinite. Tom qab roasting tauXim dawb. Lub plasticity xav tau rau kev ua tiav yog vim muaj cov hmoov nplej zoo ntawm av nplaum (0.005 hli) hauv cov qauv. Lawm, qhov ntau xws li cov khoom nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg, siab dua lub plasticity, thiab vice versa.

Lub ntsiab ntawm cov khoom siv ceramic ntawm av nplaum suav nrog:

• plasticity - deformation yam tsis tau rhuav tshem kev ncaj ncees;
• kev sib txuas;
• cua thiab hluav taws shrinkage;
• hluav taws kub.

Hnub no, ntau yam thinning thiab enriching additives yog siv, uas tso cai rau hloov lub zog ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia los yog lwm yam. Qhov no ua rau qhov tseeb tias cov khoom siv ceramic ua ntau dua hauv kev thov thiab pheej yig.

Technological tswvyim ntawm ntau lawm

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv ceramic qhia tau tias muaj peev xwm siv cov av nplaum hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam. Qhov no coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias muaj kev xav tau zoo, thiab yog li ntawd, cov khoom siv tau nce ntxiv. Cov chaw tsim khoom feem ntau ua haujlwm raws li tus qauv qub:

• rho tawm raw cov ntaub ntawv;
• preparation;
• shaping thiab ziab;
• roasting thiab khoom tso tawm.

Kom txo cov nqi, cov chaw tsim khoom feem ntau yog tsim nyob rau thaj tsam tam sim ntawm cov av nplaum tso nyiaj. Mining yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev qhib, uas yog, nrog ib tug excavator. Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog npaj cov pawg. Cov khoom nyoos yog enriched, crushed thiab sib tov kom txog thaum homogeneous loj. Kev tsim cov khoom siv ceramic yav tom ntej yog ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntub thiab qhuav. Hauv thawj kis, qhov loj yog moistened mus txog 25%, thiab hauv qhov thib ob - tsis pub ntau tshaj 12%.

Thaum yav dhau los, kev ziab ziab yog feem ntau siv. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tshwm sim yog nyob ntawm huab cua. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv los nag los yog txias, cov nroj tsuag sawv tseem. Yog li ntawd, cov tshuab ziab khaub ncaws tshwj xeeb (gas) tau siv. Cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev tua. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom ua raws li cov cuab yeej technology, uas yog qhov nyuaj heev. Ntau kuj nyob ntawm qhov txias ntawm cov ceramics. Tsis pub muaj qhov kub thiab txias poob, uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub dav hlau curvature. Tsuas yog tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem muag cov ntaub ntawv ceramic. Cov tshuab tsim khoom, raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, tsis yooj yim, nws muaj ntau theem. Txhua tus ntawm lawv yuav tsum tau ua raws. Yog tias tsis muaj qhov no tshwm sim, tom qab lub rhawv ntawm lub khw peb tuaj yeem ntsib kev sib yuav.

me ntsis txog qhov tsis zoo ntawm ceramics

Raws li twb tau hais lawm, cov khoom siv ntawm cov khoom siv ceramic tsis zoo tagnrho. Tshwj xeeb, qhov no cuam tshuam rau lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv av nplaum. Txhua yam kev puas tsuaj tuaj yeem tshwm sim nws tus kheej li nti, tawg, thiab lwm yam. Qhov no yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov tseem ceeb. Tab sis muaj lwm yam uas cuam tshuam kev nthuav dav ntawm cov khoom uas peb tab tom xav txog. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog tus nqi siab. Piv txwv li, cov vuas luaj ceramic rau lub ru tsev ntawm lub teb chaws yog ib qho kev daws teeb meem zoo los ntawm qhov pom kev zoo nkauj, tab sis qhov kev zoo siab yuav kim heev.

Tib lub sijhawm, nws qhov tsos yuav kav tsis ntev tshaj 5 xyoos nrog kev saib xyuas kom raug. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, fading tshwm sim, cov tsos ntawm moss nyob rau saum npoo, thiab lwm yam. Nrog rau qhov no, fragility thiab brittleness ua rau lub fact tias tej yam.mechanical puas tsuaj tuaj yeem ua rau lub ru tsev to, thiab ob peb tus neeg yuav nyiam nws. Tau kawg, cov khoom siv ceramic niaj hnub zoo li zoo nkauj heev, uas ua tiav vim qhov dav ntawm cov xim thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo. Tab sis nws tseem kim, uas feem ntau ua rau ib tus xav txog qhov tsim nyog ntawm qhov kev xaiv.

Summarize

Peb tau txiav txim siab cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv ceramic. Raws li tag nrho cov saum toj no, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias cov khoom zoo li no muaj qee qhov tshwj xeeb. Nws nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau txhua yam, lawv yuav kav ntev heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom siv ceramic rau casting kua hlau hauv cov chaw tsim khoom kuj tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb, vim tias nws tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov kub thiab txias.

Raws li lub neej txhua hnub, ces ceramics tuaj yeem siv tau zoo. Cov tais diav tshwj xeeb rau kev ua noj hauv qhov cub, txawm hais tias lawv tau hloov lawv cov tsos nyob rau hauv lub xyoo, tseem yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv no. Porcelain, txawm tias nws tus nqi siab, muaj qhov zoo nkauj thiab yooj yim rau lub qhov muag. Qhov no kuj tseem siv tau rau cov khoom siv hauv av, uas, yog tias ua tiav, nws nyuaj rau qhov txawv ntawm cov plooj (porcelain).

Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom siv ceramic yuav tsum tau siv. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim qhov loj reserves ntawm ntuj av nplaum. Muaj ntau heev ntawm nws, thiab txhua xyoo ntau thiab ntau dua tshiab quarries rau extraction ntawm no natural resources yog tsim. Qhov thib ob tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev phooj ywg ib puag ncig. Yav dhau los, tib neeg tsis muaj lub sijhawmsiv tej yam tsis zoo additives los txhim kho lub zog yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom. Niaj hnub no qhov xwm txheej tau hloov pauv, txawm tias tsis yog qhov nyuaj heev. Ceramic vuas, tsis zoo li cov khoom siv hluavtaws, tsis muaj teeb meem rau kev noj qab haus huv. Qhov no kuj siv tau rau cov tais diav ceramic, uas, piv rau cov yas, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias tom kawg yog rhuab, tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj tag nrho.