Heptyl foob pob hluav taws roj: khoom, yam ntxwv, txaus ntshai rau tib neeg, daim ntawv thov

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 13:55

Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev taw qhia ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm xws li foob pob hluav taws thiab tshawb nrhiav chaw, cov lus nug ntawm kev ua kom nws ib puag ncig kev nyab xeeb tshwm sim. Thiab qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv cheeb tsam no yog kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov roj foob pob hluav taws (heptyl) ntawm cov txheej txheem ncaj qha ntawm kev xa cov foob pob hluav taws thiab chaw siv tshuab mus rau hauv lub orbit. Ntawm cov lus nug thib ob, cov teeb meem ntawm ecological kev nyab xeeb rau lub ntiaj teb biosphere yog vague thiab tej thaj chaw deb. Tab sis raws li rau cov tshuaj lom ntawm heptyl foob pob hluav taws roj, tsis muaj lus nug ntxiv. Nws qhov kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha thiab ncaj qha tshuaj lom tau raug pov thawj. Qhov no yog qhov tsab xov xwm no yuav hais txog.

Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine

Nov yog lub npe ntawm cov roj foob pob hluav taws roj, cov qauv uas yog C₂H₈N₂ . Qhov no yog ib feemhigh-boiling roj rau foob pob ua ntxaij. Lub hypergolic (tus kheej-igniting thaum sib tov) rau dimethylhydrazine yog nitric acid los yog nitrogen tetroxide (N _{2 O} 4, _amyl).

Heptyl foob pob hluav taws roj yog qhov yuav luag tsis muaj xim, cov kua daj me ntsis nrog cov ntxhiab tsw, uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm amines (organic derivatives ntawm ammonia). Heptyl tsw zoo li ntses lwj, tab sis koj yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab - cov pa taws yog tshuaj lom.

Heptyl foob pob hluav taws roj sib tov zoo hauv dej, cawv, roj khoom thiab lwm yam khoom siv organic. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tshuaj aqueous ntawm heptyl yog tshuaj lom ntau dua li nws cov vapors.

Heptyl foob pob hluav taws roj: yam ntxwv

Nws qhov kub hnyiab yog ntxiv rau 63 ° C thiab khov lossis crystallizing rho tawm 57 ° C.

Heptyl ntom - 790 kg / m³. Kev sib xyaw ntawm amyl / heptyl hypergolics yog lub foob pob hluav taws uas muab lub foob pob hluav taws yooj yim thiab rov siv tau lub zog.

Dimethylhydrazine muaj cov khoom ntawm hygroscopicity (absorption ntawm noo noo los ntawm huab cua), uas txo cov thrust tshwj xeeb ntawm lub cav, thiab, raws li, nws efficiency.

Heptyl foob pob hluav taws roj (hydrogen, carbon thiab nitrogen) thaum ua ke nrog nws cov hypergolic amyl (nitrogen thiab oxygen) ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov thiab ignites.

Ntxiv rau, cov roj no yog ib puag ncig ruaj khov thiab tuaj yeem khaws cia tau ntau xyoo hauv av.

Tshuaj lom txaus ntshai

Heptyl foob pob hluav taws roj yog cais raws li kev phom sij 1 los ntawm World He alth Organization. Cov tshuaj yog 6 npaug ntau tshaj li tshuaj lomhydrocyanic acid, thiab muaj ntau yam cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub cev: mutagen, carcinogen, teratogen (tshuaj rau kev loj hlob ntawm fetal).

Nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig, nws muaj cov khoom ntawm cumulativeness (accumulates) nyob rau hauv cov khoom nyob thiab tsis nyob. Thaum heptyl yog oxidized, ib yam khoom raug tsim uas yog 10 npaug ntau toxic tshaj li thawj - nitrosodimethylhydrazine.

Qhov siab tshaj qhov tso cai ntawm heptyl hauv dej - 0.02 mg / l, hauv av - 0.1 mg / l. Vapors yog qhov txaus ntshai ntawm qhov qis heev.

Dab tsi txaus ntshai rau biosphere

Kev sim ntawm heptyl ua roj rau cov foob pob hluav taws sib txuas hauv tebchaws hauv tebchaws Soviet tau pib xyoo 1949. Nws tseem siv niaj hnub no rau kev tsim tsheb ntawm Proton tsev neeg.

Thaum cov neeg nqa khoom zoo li no tau pib, cov theem siv (thawj thiab thib ob), qhov chaw khaws roj cia, tau muab pov tseg rau hauv thaj chaw lub caij nplooj zeeg (tshwj xeeb thaj chaw uas muaj neeg nyob tsawg). Thiab qhov no yog hais txog 500 kilograms roj. Txij li xyoo 2003, qhov tso tawm no tau tshwm sim ntawm qhov siab siab, thiab cov roj tau oxidized nrog oxygen nrog ua tiav decomposition rau cov khoom yooj yim.

Tab sis thaum tsaws thiab kev puas tsuaj ntxiv ntawm cov khoom no, kev sib kis hauv zos ntawm cov av nrog heptyl tshwm sim. Thiab tshuaj lom nitrosodimethylamine twb tsim nyob rau hauv cov av. Thiab tom qab ntawd nws tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv av.

Yuav ua li cas

Ntxiv rau cov av muaj kuab paug nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas cov theem ntawm cov cab kuj poob, kuj tseem muaj teeb meem ntawm cov roj nchuav hauv qhov chaw uas foob pob hluav taws rov qab. Ntxiv nrog rau qhov tseeb tias nws nkag mus rau hauv av, nws nkag mus rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm aerosol rau hauvบรรยากาศ.

Thiab tseem muaj qhov chaw uas cov roj foob pob hluav taws tsim tawm (Gazprom tuam txhab, Salavat) thiab poob thaum thauj.

Thiab yog tias txhua yam nyuaj nrog aerosol heptyl, ces koj tuaj yeem sau cov spilled. Thiab cov thev naus laus zis zoo li no tau tsim los ntawm kws tshuaj.

Ib txoj hauv kev yog tshem tawm cov txheej saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm cov av thiab ntxuav nrog cov pa roj carbon dioxide supercritical. Tab sis nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, ib tug yooj yim txoj kev yog siv - sau cov pa phem cheeb tsam nrog roj av thiab hlawv nws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov av raug rhuav tshem, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau tawg mus rau hauv qhov chaw.

Tab sis tsis yog tag nrho. Kuj tseem muaj ntau txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev pov tseg ntawm heptyl, tab sis lawv kim heev thiab siv zog ua haujlwm. Thiab nws yog nrog cov teeb meem no uas cov neeg ncig tebchaws tawm tsam hnub no.

Yaroslavl xwm txheej

Tag nrho cov lus nug txog kev phom sij ntawm heptyl tsis raug coj los tham los ntawm pej xeem. Thiab qhov kev lees paub ntawm qhov no yog qhov xwm txheej hauv Yaroslavl, uas tshwm sim hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Ob Hlis 1, 1988. Tom qab ntawd, yuav luag ntawm tus choj hla lub Volga, lub tsheb ciav hlau tsheb ciav hlau tig nrog ntau pua kilograms ntawm heptyl, uas nchuav rau hauv av. Hmoov zoo, cov roj tsis nkag mus rau hauv tus dej thiab ignite.

Thaj chaw cordon yog 500 meters, nws suav nrog tsev kawm qib kindergarten thiab tsev kawm ntawv. Cov neeg nyob hauv cov tsev nyob ze tau khiav tawm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov pej xeem tau ceeb toom tias muaj tshuaj lom tau nchuav, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg paub tias nws yog heptyl.

Cov av tsis huv ces muab txiav thiab coj mus rau qhov chaw faus. Tag nrho 12 tus neeg ua dej num ntawm qhov xwm txheej tau mus pw hauv tsev kho mob.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws.

Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Russia muaj 20 qhov chaw foob pob hluav taws nrog thaj tsam ntawm 60 square kilometers. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kaum xyoo dhau los, kev ua haujlwm tau pib los ntawm kev kawm txog cov teebmeem ntawm heptyl foob pob hluav taws rau tib neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, niaj hnub no muaj pov thawj tias nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas lub foob pob hluav taws poob qis, kev tsis taus ntawm cov menyuam yaus tshwm sim ntau zaus ntau dua li qhov nruab nrab hauv lub tebchaws.

Cov tshuaj lom no tuaj yeem nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev los ntawm dej thiab cua, zaub mov thiab kev sib cuag. Tib lub sijhawm, tau txais ntawm daim tawv nqaij, tom qab 30 vib nas this nws twb nyob rau hauv cov hlab ntsha.

Tsis muaj tshuaj tua kab mob rau cov tshuaj lom no, nrog rau cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb.

Collateral puas

Ntxiv rau heptyl nws tus kheej, cov co toxins txaus ntshai rau tib neeg yog cov khoom oxidation ntawm heptyl thiab amyl, uas yog:

• Nitrosodimethylamine Nitrosodimethylamine. 10 npaug ntau toxic dua heptyl.
• Tetramethyltetrazene. Cov tshuaj ntawm pawg 3 txaus ntshai, cuam tshuam rau txoj kev ua pa thiab daim tawv nqaij.
• Nitrogen dioxide (NO_{2). Cov tshuaj lom heev, tuaj yeem ua rau degeneration ntawm mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm cov kab mob ua pa, necrosis ntawm daim siab, ob lub raum thiab hlwb.}
• Nitric oxide (NO). Cov chav kawm muaj phom sij yog qhov thib peb. Muaj feem cuam tshuam rau lub ntsws thiab cov hlab ntsha.
• Cov pa roj carbon monoxide (CO). Ib qho kev sib txuas uas khi erythrocyte hemoglobin nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm nws cov carboxyhemoglobin - ib daim ntawv ruaj khov uas ua rau kev tshaib plab ntawm txhua lub cev thiab cov ntaub so ntswg.
• Hydrogen cyanide lossis hydrocyanic acid. Yam khoom ntawm 1st hazard class. Ib qho tshuaj lom heev uas nkag mus rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Intoxicationnrog los ntawm suffocation, mus txog rau kev tuag. Thaum tsis tshua muaj siab, muaj qhov hnov ntawm khawb hauv caj pas, iab saj hauv qhov ncauj, nyuaj rau kev hais lus thiab kev sib koom ua ke, mob taub hau, mob plab hnyuv, ua kom lub plawv dhia nrawm.
• Formaldehyde. Ib yam khoom uas muaj ntxhiab tsw, txawm tias nyob rau hauv me me, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov mucous daim nyias nyias thiab kev puas tsuaj rau lub paj hlwb, ob lub raum thiab lub siab, thiab lub cev ntawm lub zeem muag..

Kev qaug rau lub cev tuaj yeem ua rau mob hnyav thiab mob ntev.

Ntau lub cev tsis muaj zog

Heptyl cuam tshuam rau txhua lub cev thiab lub cev ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Hauv qhov no, nws cov txiaj ntsig hauv qab no tau tshwm sim:

• Neurotropic (kev puas tsuaj rau lub hauv nruab nrab thiab lub paj hlwb peripheral).
• Hepatotropic (siab tsis zoo).
• Hemolytic (kev ua txhaum hauv qhov ntau thiab zoo ntawm cov ntshav).
• Dermal-resorptive (kev puas tsuaj rau daim tawv nqaij thiab mucous daim nyias nyias).

Geptyl muaj cov nyhuv sensitizing, cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj tsis muaj zog thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob rau tib neeg lub cev.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov tseem ceeb yog teratogenic (embiotropic) cov nyhuv ntawm heptyl, uas tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv qhov hnyav ntawm tus menyuam hauv plab, qhov tsos ntawm ntshav liab, thiab dilated ventricles ntawm fetal hlwb.

Geptyl muaj cov kab mob carcinogenic thiab mutagenic rau tib neeg lub cev.

Kev lom zem heev

Tus mob hnyav muaj peb qib:

• Easy. Manifested nyob rau hauv catarrhal o ntawm lub Upper pa ib ntsuj av tau thiab mucous daim nyias nyias, dyspepsia, tsis muaj zog, mob taub hau. Kev hloov pauv hauv daim siab ua haujlwm, leukocytosis thiab lwm yam kab mob ntshav tuaj yeem pom.
• Average. Nrog rau chav kawm no, cov tsos mob ntawm laryngotracheitis, bronchitis, emphysema tshwm sim. Conjunctivitis, gastritis, polynephritis tshwm sim. Cov kab mob plawv raug kev txom nyem - tachycardia thiab aortic hypertension tsim.
• Hav. Cov tsos mob nce, mob ntsws thiab pulmonary edema, los ntshav sab hauv tshwm. Los ntawm ib sab ntawm lub plab zom mov, erosion ntawm cov kab lus yog nce. Hypotension, myocardial dystrophy, diencephalic encephalopathy tshwm sim. Kev sib tsoo thiab poob siab yog ua tau. Lub raum (txog rau kab mob siab mob siab) thiab daim siab tsis ua haujlwm tshwm sim. Muaj peev xwm tuag. Nrog rau qhov kev qaug cawv no, txawm tias tom qab kev kho mob, cov teeb meem seem yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm autonomic dystonia, organic lesions ntawm lub hauv paus paj hlwb, kab mob siab, ulcerative phenomena nyob rau hauv lub plab hnyuv ib ntsuj av, thiab nephropathic phenomena.

mob siab heptyl lom

Tus mob no tshwm sim nrog rau lub sijhawm ntev ntawm cov tshuaj lom me me. Cov tsos mob muaj xws li qaug zog, qaug zog, mob taub hau, chim siab, thiab pw tsaug zog. Tej zaum yuav muaj mob nyob rau hauv daim siab thiab ob lub raum, nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub plawv, cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv nws atherosclerosis.

Cov kab mob-vascular dystonia, cov kab mob microorganic ntawm lub hauv nruab nrab paj hlwb raug kuaj pom. Lub siab ua haujlwm tsis zoo yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev nce qib ntawm bilirubin hauvntshav.

Carbohydrate thiab rog metabolism hauv daim siab cov ntaub so ntswg cuam tshuam, vitamin B6 tsis txaus tshwm sim, kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm endocrine system.

Lub sijhawm ntev ntawm kev ua rau heptyl lom tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub paj hlwb, qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub plab thiab cov hnyuv, kev puas tsuaj rau daim siab tob (antitoxic, excretory thiab protein-forming functions), ntau yam encephalopathies.

Summarize

Rov qab rau hauv 50s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, Ray Bradbury tau sau nws zaj dab neeg "Golden Apples of the Sun", uas lub tswv yim tseem ceeb yog qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tib neeg qhov chaw coj cov txiaj ntsig tsis tau muaj dua. Yog li nws yuav yog, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas kev sib tw rau cov txiaj ntsig no tsis ua kom peb lub ntiaj teb puas tsuaj. Tsis hais txog kev tuag ntawm nws cov neeg nyob. Kuv xav ntseeg tias qhov chaw "txiv apples" yuav qab thiab noj qab nyob zoo, thiab lawv cov tawv nqaij yuav tsis saj zoo li cov roj heptyl foob pob hluav taws.