2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28
Cov roj hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yog cov khoom siv nrog tus nqi qis calorific. Qhov no yog lub ntsiab ntawm cov roj gaseous, uas yog siv los muab cov nroog nrog cov roj, hauv kev lag luam thiab lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub neej. Cov yam ntxwv physico-tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov roj no nyob ntawm seb muaj cov khoom uas tsis yog-combustible thiab puas impurities nyob rau hauv lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg.
Hom thiab keeb kwm ntawm combustible gases
Cov pa roj carbon monoxide muaj methane, propane, butane, ethane, hydrogen thiab carbon monoxide, qee zaum nrog impurities ntawm hexane thiab pentane. Lawv tau txais nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev - los ntawm natural deposits thiab artificially. Gases ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb - roj, tshwm sim ntawm ib tug natural biochemical txheej txheem ntawm decomposition ntawm cov organic teeb meem. Feem ntau ntawm cov deposits nyob rau hauv qhov tob ntawm tsawg tshaj li 1.5 km thiab muaj xws li methane nrog me me admixtures ntawm propane, butane thiab ethane. Raws li qhov tob ntawm qhov tshwm sim nce, qhov feem pua ntawm impurities nce. Ua los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso deposits los yog raws li cov gases txuam nrog roj teb.
Feem ntau, cov roj av tso rau hauv cov pob zeb sedimentary (sandstones, pebbles). Cov npog thiab hauv qab txheej yog cov pob zeb clayey tuab. Cov khauj khaum yog cov roj thiab dej. Artificial - combustiblegases tau los ntawm thermal ua ntawm ntau yam khoom roj (coke, thiab lwm yam) thiab derivative khoom ntawm roj refining.
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov roj ntsha uas tsim nyob rau hauv qhuav teb yog methane nrog me me ntawm propane, butane thiab ethane. Cov pa roj carbon monoxide yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab belongs rau qeb roj qhuav. Cov roj muaj pes tsawg leeg tau txais thaum lub sij hawm roj refining thiab los ntawm kev sib xyaw roj-roj deposits tsis tas li thiab nyob ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov roj yam tseem ceeb, qhov xwm ntawm cov roj, thiab cov xwm txheej rau kev sib cais ntawm cov roj thiab cov roj sib tov. Nws suav nrog ntau npaum li cas ntawm propane, butane, ethane, nrog rau lwm yam teeb thiab hnyav hydrocarbons muaj nyob rau hauv cov roj, mus txog rau cov roj av thiab roj av feem.
Kev rho tawm cov roj hluav taws xob hluav taws xob yog rho tawm ntawm lub plab zom mov, sau, tshem tawm cov dej noo ntau dhau thiab npaj rau kev thauj mus los rau cov neeg siv khoom. Qhov peculiarity ntawm cov roj ntau lawm yog tias nyob rau txhua theem ntawm lub reservoir mus rau tus neeg siv kawg, tag nrho cov txheej txheem raug kaw.
Cov roj hluav taws xob thiab lawv cov khoom
Lub peev xwm cua sov yog qhov kub siab tshaj plaws tso tawm thaum lub sijhawm ua tiav ntawm cov pa qhuav hauv qhov xav tau ntawm huab cua. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub tso cua sov yog siv rau cua sov cov khoom combustion. Rau methane, qhov ntsuas no hauv ° С yog 2043, butane - 2118, propane - 2110.
Ignition kub - qhov kub qis tshaj plaws uas cov txheej txheem ignition tshwm sim yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lwm qhov chaw, txim taws lossis nplaim taws, vim cov cua kub tso tawm los ntawm cov pa roj. Qhov noQhov kev ntsuas no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb rau kev txiav txim siab qhov tso cai ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov cuab yeej siv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw txaus ntshai, uas yuav tsum tsis txhob tshaj qhov kub ntawm qhov hluav taws kub. Chav kawm kub yog muab rau cov cuab yeej zoo li no.
Flash point yog qhov kub qis tshaj plaws uas muaj cov pa tawm txaus (ntawm cov kua dej) kom ignite los ntawm cov nplaim hluav taws tsawg tshaj plaws. Cov cuab yeej no yuav tsum tsis txhob ua dav dav rau qhov taw tes, vim tias cov kev ntsuas no tuaj yeem sib txawv heev.
Gas/steam ceev. Nws yog txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau huab cua, nws qhov ceev yog sib npaug zos rau 1. Qhov ceev ntawm cov pa roj 1 - ntog. Piv txwv li, rau methane qhov ntsuas no yog 0.55.
Flammable gas txaus ntshai
Cov pa hluav taws xob ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau peb ntawm lawv cov khoom:
- Flammability. Muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm hluav taws kub vim qhov hluav taws kub tsis tswj tau;
- Txoj kev phem. Kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev lom los ntawm cov khoom siv roj lossis cov khoom sib txuas (carbon monoxide);
- Kev ua pa nyuaj vim tsis muaj oxygen, uas tuaj yeem hloov tau los ntawm lwm cov pa.
Combustion yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas muaj oxygen. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub zog yog tso tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tshav kub, nplaim taws. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog roj. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov roj combustion yog ua tau nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm peb yam:
- Ignition source.
- Cov pa roj tsw qab.
- Oxygen.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tiv thaiv hluav taws yog txhawm rau tshem tawm yam tsawg kawg ib yam.
Methane
Nws yog xim tsis muaj xim, tsis muaj ntxhiab, lub teeb, nplaim taws. Tsis muaj tshuaj lom. Methane ua 98% ntawm tag nrho cov nkev ntuj. Nws yog suav hais tias yog lub ntsiab tseem ceeb uas txiav txim siab cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv roj ntsha. Nws yog 75% carbon thiab 25% hydrogen. Mass kub. m - 0,717 kg. Nws liquefies ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm 111 K, thaum nws ntim txo los ntawm 600 zaug. Tsawg reactivity.
Propane
Propane gas yog cov pa taws uas tsis muaj xim, tsis muaj xim thiab tsw ntxhiab. Nws yog reactive ntau tshaj li methane. Cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv natural gas yog 0.1-11% los ntawm huab hwm coj. Txog li 20% nyob rau hauv cov pa roj sib xyaw los ntawm cov roj sib xyaw thiab cov roj av, mus txog 80% hauv cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov khoom siv roj (xim av thiab dub thee, thee tar). Propane gas siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam tshuaj los tsim ethylene, propylene, qis olefins, qis cawv, acetone, formic thiab propionic acid, nitroparaffins.
Bhutan
Cov roj hluav taws xob tsis muaj xim, nrog cov ntxhiab tsw tshwj xeeb. Butane gas yog yooj yim compressible thiab volatile. Muaj nyob rau hauv roj av mus txog 12% los ntawm ntim. Lawv kuj yuav tau txais los ntawm kev tawg ntawm cov roj av feem thiab hauv chav kuaj los ntawm Wurtz cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Txias point -138 oC. Zoo li tag nrho cov hydrocarbon gases, nws yog flammable. Ua phem rau lub paj hlwb, yog tias nqus tau ua rau lub cev tsis ua haujlwm. Butane (gas) muaj narcotic zog.
Ethan
Ethane yog cov roj tsis muaj xim thiab tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw. tus neeg sawv cev ntawm hydrocarbons. Dehydrogenation ntawm 550-6500 С ua rau ethylene, tshaj 8000С ua rau acetylene. Muaj nyob rau hauv natural thiab txuam gases txog li 10%. Nws yog qhov txawv los ntawm qhov kub-kub distillation. Cov ntim tseem ceeb ntawm ethane raug tso tawm thaum cov roj tawg. Raws li kev kuaj mob, nws tau txais los ntawm Wurtz cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nws yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov yas chloride thiab ethylene.
Hydrogen
Npaj tsw ntxhiab roj. Tsis muaj tshuaj lom, 14.5 lub sij hawm sib zog dua huab cua. Hydrogen zoo ib yam li huab cua. Nws yog reactive heev, muaj dav flammability txwv, thiab yog heev tawg. Muaj nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov organic tebchaw. Cov pa nyuaj tshaj plaws rau compress. Dawb hydrogen yog qhov tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv qhov, tab sis nws muaj ntau heev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tebchaw.
tsis muaj xim tsis muaj roj, tsis muaj ntxhiab thiab tsis qab. Luj 1 cu. m - 1,25 kg. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv high-calorie gases nrog rau methane thiab lwm yam hydrocarbons. Ua kom cov pa roj carbon monoxide ntau dua hauv cov roj combustible txo qis cov nqi calorific. Muaj tshuaj lom neeg lub cev.
Siv cov roj hluav taws xob
Cov roj hluav taws xob hluav taws xob muaj cov nqi calorific siab, thiab yog li ntawd yog cov roj hluav taws xob txuag hluav taws xob. Dav siv rau kev xav tau hauv tsev, fais fab nroj tsuag, metallurgy, iav, cement thiab zaub mov kev lag luam, xws li tsheb roj, hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv hauv tsev.
Kev siv cov roj hluav taws xob ua cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim cov organic tebchaw xws li formaldehyde, methyl cawv, acetic acid, acetone, acetaldehyde, yog vim muaj nyob hauvLawv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm hydrocarbons. Methane, raws li lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm combustible natural gases, yog dav siv rau zus tau tej cov organic khoom. Txhawm rau kom tau txais ammonia thiab ntau hom cawv, cov khoom siv hluavtaws yog siv - cov khoom ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm methane nrog oxygen lossis dej vapor. Pyrolysis thiab dehydrogenation ntawm methane tsim acetylene, nrog rau hydrogen thiab soot. Hydrogen, nyob rau hauv lem, yog siv los ua ke ammonia. Cov roj hluav taws xob, feem ntau yog ethane, yog siv los tsim cov ethylene thiab propylene, uas tom qab ntawd siv los ua cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim cov yas, cov khoom siv fiber ntau thiab cov roj hmab hluavtaws.
Liquefied methane yog ib hom roj cog lus rau ntau qhov kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws. Kev siv cov roj ntsha liquefied hauv ntau qhov muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev lag luam, txo cov nqi khoom siv rau kev thauj mus los thiab daws cov teeb meem ntawm cov khoom siv roj hauv qee qhov chaw, thiab tso cai rau koj los tsim cov khoom siv raw khoom rau cov kev xav tau ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj.
Pom zoo:
Kev faib hluav taws xob: chaw nres tsheb, khoom siv tsim nyog, kev faib khoom, daim ntawv thov, accounting thiab tswj cov cai
Txhua tus paub tias lub zog hluav taws xob tau muab rau qhov chaw ntawm nws cov khoom siv los ntawm qhov chaw ncaj qha. Txawm li cas los xij, cov peev txheej zoo li no tuaj yeem nyob ntawm qhov deb ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Vim li no, kev faib hluav taws xob thiab nws cov khoom xa tuaj yog txheej txheem nyuaj
Daim ntawv tso cai ua haujlwm rau kev ua haujlwm hauv kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob. Cov cai rau kev ua haujlwm hauv kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob. Daim ntawv tso cai ua haujlwm
Txij Lub Yim Hli 2014, Txoj Cai No 328n pib siv. Raws li nws, ib tsab ntawv tshiab ntawm "Cov Cai rau kev tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob" raug qhia
Lwm qhov chaw siv hluav taws xob hauv Belarus. Roj thiab hluav taws xob cov peev txheej ntawm Belarus
Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tsis txaus ntawm cov peev txheej hluav taws xob tam sim no tau nce mus txog theem ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm kev hloov pauv huab cua, thiab, raws li koj paub, keeb kwm ntawm noob neej yog keeb kwm ntawm kev tawm tsam rau kev siv hluav taws xob. Ib qho xwm txheej zoo sib xws tau pom nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st (piv txwv li, kev tsov kev rog hauv Middle East rau roj)
Kev tshaj lij "Tus Kws Hluav Taws Xob rau lub zog sib txuas thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob": kev cob qhia, dej num, hauj lwm piav qhia
Ib lub zog hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob fitter yog ib tus neeg ua haujlwm txawj ua haujlwm hauv kev teeb tsa thiab kev teeb tsa cov cuab yeej siv, xaim hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob thiab cov tes hauj lwm kom ntseeg tau tias kev ua neej nyob thiab kev ua haujlwm nyob hauv nroog thiab nyob deb nroog
Guaranteed hluav taws xob tsum yog Daim ntawv teev cov khoom siv hluav taws xob
SOE (Guaranteed Electricity Supplier) yog tsoomfwv tswj hwm lub tuam txhab muag khoom hluav taws xob. Nws yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab qhov kev pom zoo rau kev muab hluav taws xob nrog txhua tus neeg siv khoom siv nyob hauv nws qhov chaw pabcuam