Kev lag luam tawv: keeb kwm thiab kev txhim kho, cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev cia siab ntawm kev lag luam

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Tib neeg tau ua tawv tawv txij thaum immemorial. Kev lag luam tawv tau hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv lub xyoo txhiab. Kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws kev lag luam nyob ntawm ib feem ntawm kev lag luam teeb. Kev tsim cov tawv nqaij yog cov neeg siv khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntau tshaj plaws thiab cov khoom siv.

Production history

thawj cov khoom tawv tawv tau tshwm sim nyob rau sab hnub tuaj. Nws yog siv los tsim cov khaub ncaws, khau, nkoj. Kev hnav khaub ncaws ntawm daim tawv nqaij txawv ntawm cov niaj hnub no. Tus neeg yos hav zoov ua cov khoom siv raw nrog tsiaj rog, tsoo nws nrog nws txhais tes los yog zom nws nrog nws cov hniav. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsob ntoo tawv ntoo, ntoo qhib acorns, thiab cov kua txiv ntoo pib siv los ua tawv tawv.

Lub hnub qub ntawm kev lag luam tawv tau pib nyob rau xyoo pua 18th. Thawj lub Hoobkas pib ua haujlwm hauv xyoo 1749. Ib me ntsis tom qab ntawd lawv koom nrog kev hnav khaub ncaws hnyav hauv Fab Kis. Factories hauv Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Askiv tau vam meej. Lub teb chaws Yelemees qiv patent tawv tshuab los ntawm Fabkis.

Qhov feature ntawm German patent tawv yog cov khoom siv raw. Kev siv cov menyuam mosnees, tshis thiab yaj. Hauv Tebchaws Europe, koj tseem tuaj yeem pom cov chaw tsim khoom uas cov ntaub ntawv raw tau ua tiav raws li cov thev naus laus zis qub.

npua tawv nqaij ua hauv tebchaws Askiv yog nto moo thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Ntau yam xim ntaus ib tus neeg uas nyob deb ntawm kev siv tshuab. Fabkis tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev hnav khaub ncaws tawv rau kev tsim cov hnab looj tes thiab qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv khau. Cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm Belgium thiab Denmark tsis deb ntawm cov neeg sib tw.

USA yog tus thawj coj hauv ntiaj teb hauv kev tsim khau tawv. Feem coob yog cov tsis zoo. Tsis ntev los no, cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tawv nqaij khej tau pib, uas cov neeg siv khoom txaus siab vim nws qhov txawv txav thiab ua haujlwm ntev.

Lub teb chaws uas muaj kev nkag mus rau hauv hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv siv cov tawv nqaij ntses, tab sis kev tsim khoom yuav tsum muaj kev ua haujlwm nyuaj thiab tsis sib tw nrog cov khoom siv tsiaj.

Tawv khoom siv tes ua hauv tebchaws Russia nyob nruab nrab hnub nyoog

Nyob rau hauv Russia, cov tawv nqaij hnav khaub ncaws nyob hauv ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb. Cov tawv nqaij tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tshwj xeeb, thiab muaj txiaj ntsig plaub lossis cov khoom siv raw rau khau thiab khaub ncaws tau txais. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov khoom siv tes ua yuav luag tsis muaj pov tseg. Cov roj uas seem yog siv los npaj cov kua nplaum, cov khau boots tau dov los ntawm cov ntaub plaub.

Nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, cov khoom tawv tau siv txhua qhov chaw. Khaub ncaws, khau boots, mittens, kaus mom, hnab, hnab nyiaj tau ua los ntawm cov tawv nqaij tsiaj. Qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws yog kev tsim cov khau boots. Cov kws ua txuj ci muaj nuj nqis thiab tau txais cov nyiaj them ncaj ncees.

Kev lag luam tawv hauv tebchaws Russia txawv ntawm European. Tshauv tau siv los hnav khaub ncaws. Cov dej qab zib tau dipped hauv txiv qaub tov nrog tshauv. Nqaij nyuj tau siv rau raw khoom,npua, nees.

Nyob rau hauv XIII, tawv tanning tshuab tau hloov. Cov khoom tiav yog mos, Frost-resistant. Cov neeg nyob sab hnub tuaj muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom siv tawv tawv.

Lub Hoobkas tsim cov khoom tawv tawv tau tshwm sim xyoo 1688. Lub tuam txhab tau tsim los ntawm tsab cai ntawm Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Cov cuab yeej, khoom siv tau yuav, qhov pits tau khawb rau tanning raw khoom. Cov cuab yeej siv tawv tawv hauv tebchaws Russia tsis hloov mus txog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th.

Lub sijhawm tshiab hauv tebchaws Russia

Keeb kwm ntawm kev lag luam tawv hauv xyoo pua 20th tau hloov pauv. Lub sijhawm no, cov khoom tawv tawv tau xav tau txhua qhov chaw. Saddles, harnesses, car seats, npog tau sewn los ntawm cov khoom no. Ib tug txiv neej hauv breeches, hnab looj tes, thiab lub tsho tau suav tias yog fashionable. Russia coj lub ntiaj teb no championship nyob rau hauv zoo raw khoom thiab muab cov teb chaws Europe.

Tom qab Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib tshwm sim, cov khaub ncaws tawv tsuas yog nrog cov neeg nplua nuj muaj cai xwb. Kev lag luam tawv thiab khau txuas ntxiv mus, tab sis cov tsoos tsho tsawg dua. Txog rau thaum xyoo 1950, cov khoom siv tawv tawv tsis tau nrov, cov khoom tsim tau rov ua dua rau khau. Lub teb chaws ua tsov ua rog tsis tuaj yeem them taus ntau cov khoom zoo. Cov khoom siv tau tshwm sim. Cov tsho tawv tawv hauv USSR tau hnav los ntawm cov neeg ntxeev siab thiab "golden hluas". Rau tag nrho cov pejxeem, cov khaub ncaws zoo li no tseem yog npau suav.

hauv xyoo 1980, Russia tau rov ua dua los ntawm tawv boom. Txog tam sim no, cov khaub ncaws zoo li no yog lub cim ntawm kev vam meej. Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom thiab cov ntaub ntawv raw yog imported los ntawm lwm lub teb chaws.

Tawv thiab khaumills

Keeb kwm ntawm kev txhim kho cov chaw tsim khoom tawv tawv pib nrog kev muab cov khaub ncaws rau cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev Vyatka, lub zos buttermaker Porfen Timofeevich Vakhrushev tsim ib tug me me khoom siv tes ua, ua mus txog rau 12 leathers ib hnub twg. Maj mam, cov khoom lag luam nce ntxiv. Xyoo 1868, 5,000 yufts tau tsim. Xyoo 1986, ntau lawm tau nce mus rau 250,000 cowhide.

Kev hnav khaub ncaws ntawm cov tawv ntoo siv sijhawm ntev txog 12 lub hlis. Txhua yam yog ua los ntawm tes. Tsuas yog xyoo 1903 thawj lub tshuab tau teeb tsa, cov txheej txheem tau nrawm dua. Nyob rau hauv wartime, cov nroj tsuag tau dismantled rau lub sij hawm ntawm hostilities. Tom qab ntawd nws tau rov qab los hauv 2 lub hlis. Thaum lub sij hawm Soviet lub sij hawm, tawv ntau lawm ntawm cov nroj tsuag no nce 50 npaug.

Xyoo 1839, lwm tsob ntoo tau tsim hauv lub nroog Kirov. Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, tawv tawv ntau lawm technologies tau nquag qhia rau nws los tsim cov khau ruaj khov. Nyob rau hauv lub 90s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX, cov nroj tsuag tau ntsib heev upheavals vim muaj kev kub ntxhov thiab privatization. Lub tuam txhab nyob ntawm lub xeev txiav txim, uas tau txais tsawg heev nyob rau lub sijhawm no.

Hauv xyoo 1915, Zarya Svoboda khau Hoobkas tau tsim. Nws creation yog ib tug impetus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tawv thiab khau kev lag luam nyob rau hauv lub Basmanny koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Moscow. Xyoo 1985, lub peev xwm yog 3 lab khub hauv ib xyoos. Qhov kev hloov kho tshiab cuam tshuam rau kev lag luam, tab sis txij li xyoo 2000 lub tuam txhab pib nce nws lub peev xwm, ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov khoom zoo thiab cov qauv ntawm cov khoom tiav.

ntiaj teb kev ua lag luam

Lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam tawv yog ntsib kev sib cog lustsiaj txhu. Thaib tau nkag mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua lag luam, ua kom cov tawv nqaij hnav thiab cov khoom tiav. Muaj ntau dua 470 lub chaw tsim khoom hauv lub tebchaws uas tsim txog 120 lab nkawm khau ib xyoos rau kev xa tawm.

Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm Iran yog kev tsim cov khau ruaj khov thiab hnav ua los ntawm cov tawv tiag. Cov tawv nqaij ntawm nyuj, nyuj, ntxhuav thiab khej yog siv. Txhua xyoo, lub teb chaws tsim tau 4.6 lab m2 ntawm cov khoom nyoos tiav. Iran yog thawj qhov chaw hauv kev xa tawm tawv tawv.

Lub koom pheej ntawm Yemen ua tawv tsuas yog los ntawm yaj, tshis, nees luav, ntxhuav thiab nyuj me. Qhov zoo ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv yog heev tsawg. Kev tsim khoom siv tes ua tsis tau raws li qhov xav tau txawm tias nyob hauv lub tebchaws.

Russia hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb

Cov thawj coj ntawm kev lag luam tawv thiab khau yog Qaib Cov Txwv, Ltalis, Spain, Fabkis, Tuam Tshoj, Kauslim Teb. Italian tawv yog qhov feem ntau nrhiav tom qab. Russia yog tus thib ob loj tshaj plaws importer ntawm Turkish-ua tawv khoom.

Cov neeg tsim khoom nco ntsoov tias cov khoom siv ntom ntom ntau yog tsim nyob rau hauv Lavxias Federation, uas muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua rau kev siv cov khoom tiav. 80% ntawm cov khoom zoo raw khoom raug xa tawm mus rau lwm lub teb chaws, 20% ntawm cov tawv tsis zoo nyob hauv.

Kev kub ntxhov nyiaj txiag thiab kev rau txim tau ua rau muaj peev xwm ntawm kev lag luam tawv. Tab sis lub teb chaws cov peev txheej tsis pub hnav khaub ncaws rau txhua tus neeg Lavxias hauv cov khau hauv tsev.

In Russia

Kev lag luam tawv thiab khau hauv tebchaws Russia tau nto moo rau kev tsim cov tawv thiab cov khoom plaub. Lub teb chaws muaj lojpeev xwm. Tab sis lub 90s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX ua rau lub xeev ntawm lub teb chaws txoj kev khwv nyiaj txiag ua phem. Kev lag luam tawv tau nkag mus rau lub sijhawm stagnation.

Kev loj hlob me me pib thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st. Cov lag luam tau nce lawv lub peev xwm. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov lag luam me tau nce, thiab qhov no txuas ntxiv mus txog rau xyoo 2014 kev nplua. Tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev lag luam tsis ruaj khov thiab nce nqi rau cov khoom siv raw khoom, kev tswj hwm tau hloov pauv ntawm cov lag luam. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov zoo thiab style.

Tam sim no, muaj txog 50 tus neeg tsim khau. Lawv cov khoom tsim tau yog 160 lab khub hauv ib xyoos. Xws li lub peev xwm tsis txaus los npog cov kev xav tau ntawm cov pej xeem hauv lub tebchaws. Yog tias cov chaw tsim khoom ua tiav tag nrho cov khoom siv raw uas tam sim no tsim nyob rau hauv Russia, ces cov tuam txhab yuav tsis thauj khoom ntawm lub peev xwm. Kev lag luam tau ntsib nrog cov lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas nce cov khoom siv raw. Russia xav tau kev nqis peev los ua kev sib tw hauv ntiaj teb kev lag luam.

kev cob qhia kev tshaj lij

Lub koom haum ntawm kev lag luam tawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv Russia los cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij yav tom ntej hauv kev lag luam Lub Teeb Hluav Taws Xob Technology. Cov tub ntxhais kawm kawm txog cov teeb meem ib puag ncig, cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub, lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Cov kev qhuab qhia tseem ceeb yog:

• kev hloov pauv ntawm cov proteins;
• tshuaj rau kev lag luam tawv;
• khoom siv science;
• kev tswj kom zoo;
• kev tswj hwm.

Kawm tiav yog qhov xav tau hauv kev ua lag luam. Qhov no yog vim qhov tsis muajCov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog thiab kev paub zoo ntawm cov kws tshaj lij yav tom ntej.

Modern production

Thaum ua cov tawv nqaij ntawm tus tsiaj, nws muab faib ua peb ntu, uas yog hloov dua siab tshiab los yog tshem tawm, nyob ntawm seb lub hom phiaj ntawm cov khoom. Thawj txheej yog thinnest. Qhov thib ob yog lub ntsiab thiab yog tsim los ntawm cov protein thiab collagen fibers. Nws tsim ib yam khoom. Qhov thib peb txheej yog ua los ntawm cov rog. Qib ntawm nws qhov kev tshem tawm yog nyob ntawm kev ua haujlwm tom ntej.

Thaum kho, tanned, raw lossis rawhide tau txais. Cov tawv nqaij tshiab muaj cov fibers hloov tau uas ua kom nws mos. Thaum qhuav, cov fibers tan, thiab cov khoom siv raw khoom tawg yooj yim. Txhawm rau zam qhov no, tannins tau siv, uas cais cov fibers ntawm ib leeg thiab tiv thaiv cov khoom siv los ntawm kev sib zog. Yav dhau los, ntuj tannins tau siv, nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob pheej yig raug siv. Kev kho ntawm daim tawv nqaij sib txawv ua rau cov rog uas tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob qhuav.

Kev tsim cov khoom mus dhau cov theem hauv qab no:

1. Skinning tshem tawm cov seem ntawm cov epidermis thiab cov rog ntawm daim tawv nqaij, cov khoom ntxiv.
2. Deashing tso cai rau koj tshem tawm cov seem ntawm cov ntxhia ntsev uas tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm tanning. Yog tias cov kauj ruam no hla, qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv raw yuav deteriorate sharply. Daim tawv nqaij yuav nkig.
3. Flushing nrog dej dawb yog kauj ruam kawg. Tom qab ntawd, daim tawv nqaij raug xa mus rau cov txheej txheem tawv.

Industrial Raw Materials

Cov tawv nqaij ntawm ntau yam tsiaj yog siv los ua raw khoom. Feem ntaunyuj yog suav tias yog nrov. Cov tawv nqaij ntawm cov tsiaj loj yog siv: nyuj, bulls, nees. Cov tawv nqaij ntawm cov menyuam mos thiab cov menyuam mos uas tseem yug menyuam yog mos. Txhua hom raw khoom muaj nws tus kheej cim. Nqaij tshis yog ua los ntawm cov tshis mis nyuj, steppe tshis yog ua los ntawm cov tshis plaub. Foal - daim tawv nqaij ntawm suckling foals. Nees daim tawv nqaij los ntawm tus tsiaj hnyav tshaj 10 kg.

Tsis muaj ntxhuav thiab khej tawv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kev faib tawm. Hauv lwm lub tebchaws, cov tsiaj no tau siv los ua raw khoom.

teeb meem kev lag luam

Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam tawv yog lub peev xwm siv tsis tau. Kev xa khoom ntawm cov khoom siv raw los ntawm lwm lub tebchaws raug txwv los ntawm kev rau txim. Cov khoom nyoos uas nkag mus rau hauv lub tebchaws yog kim heev vim kev loj hlob ntawm cov txiaj hauv kev ua lag luam. Tam sim no, muaj kev txwv rau kev xa tawm cov khoom nyoos.

Tus nyuj tau poob rau xyoo tas los no. Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam yog qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom siv raw hauv kev lag luam hauv tsev. Kev lag luam loj tuav 30% ntawm cov khoom lag luam raw khoom, tus so yog nyob hauv kev lag luam me me.

Qhov teeb meem thib ob yog qhov poob ntawm cov khoom siv raw zoo vim tsis muaj kev tswj xyuas cov kws kho tsiaj. Kev poob qis hauv qhov zoo cuam tshuam rau qhov ntau thiab ntau ntawm cov khoom tiav tau txais.

Kev Pom Zoo rau kev txhim kho

Tsoomfwv ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation tab tom nqis peev hauv kev txhim kho tsiaj txhu hauv Siberia thiab Far East. Cov txiaj ntsig yuav tsis tshwm sim tam sim ntawd, tab sis tom qab ob peb xyoos. Qhov kev txhawb nqa ntau dua yog muab rau cov tsiaj yug tsiaj, cov khoom siv raw zoo dua cov tanners yuav tau txais.

Txoj tawv nqaij ntawm tus tsiajnyob ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg. Qhov no yuav tsum tau noj zoo, tu cev, tswj kab mob. Tsis muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog ua rau tsis zoo rau kev lag luam tag nrho. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj kev txaus siab ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv kev ua liaj ua teb. Kev pab nyiaj txiag thiab cov cuab yeej siv tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho.

Kev lag luam tawv yog tab tom hloov pauv uas yuav ua rau nws mus txog qib tshiab ntawm cov tawv nqaij.