Kev tsim cov khau khau: tshuab thiab khoom siv

2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28

Kev tsim cov khau khau tau zoo li qub tau ntau pua xyoo. Cov khoom siv raw yog cov ntaub plaub ntuj, uas shrinks hnyav heev thaum lub sij hawm tsim khoom, ua rau lub caij ntuj no khau zoo tshaj plaws rau frosty thiab qhuav winters.

Yuav ua li cas khau boots

Felt khau boots yog ib hom khau lub caij ntuj no ua los ntawm cov ntaub plaub uas tuab tuab. Nyob rau hauv qhov hnyav tshaj plaws frosts, lawv ua kom sov thiab txuag ob txhais ceg ntawm frostbite, thiab tag nrho lub cev los ntawm hypothermia, txawm nyob rau hauv Far North. Cov khoom siv rau khau yog yaj wool, uas yog felted (dov). Wool processing thev naus laus zis dhau los ntawm theem ntawm kev sim ib txhij steaming thiab shrinkage rau hauv cov khoom ntom ntom uas cov khoom yog molded. Lub npe ntawm cov khau khau, yog li dav nyob rau hauv yav dhau los, los ntawm lub npe ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim - felting.

Felt khau boots yog tsim nyob rau hauv ntau hom. Classic qauv yog ua los ntawm densely knitted tuab ntaub plaub nrog ib tug khau raj ntawm nruab nrab qhov siab. Lawv yog cov xis nyob, lub teeb yuag thiab ruaj khov. Lawv hnav thaum lub caij txias hauv huab cua qhuav. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg los yog nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no slushy, roj hmab overshoes yog muab tso rau hauv khau boots. Ntuj wool sai saitrampled, yog li ib leeg siv feem ntau hemmed nrog tawv. Hauv nroog, xav tias khau looj plab me me, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov loj ntawm cov xeev lawv tseem cuam tshuam.

Txog tsis ntev los no, feem coob ntawm cov pej xeem tsis nyiam khau tsoos tsho, lawv hnav khau khau tsuas yog rau cov menyuam yaus xwb. Tam sim no qhov kev rov qab los ntawm kev zam rau cov khoom siv ntuj tsim thiab cov khoom siv niaj hnub tau pib, uas cuam tshuam nrog cov cib fim tshiab, tsim pom.

History of khau boots

Muaj qee lub sijhawm uas xav tias khau khau tau suav tias yog lub cim ntawm kev vam meej thiab kev vam meej, thiab cov neeg muag khau tau them se hnyav. Kev tsim cov khau looj plab yog ib qho zais cia rau feem ntau cov neeg hauv ntiaj teb, thiab cov tswv ntawm cov neeg xav tau khaws lawv cov lus zais zais cia, nyiam ua rau lawv tsuas yog rau cov neeg hauv tsev neeg xwb. Nws yog assumed tias tus qauv ntawm cov khau boots yog pims, nomads' nkawm khau.

Nws ntseeg tau tias khau khiab tau tshwm sim thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th hauv lub nroog Myshkin, xeev Yaroslavl. Kev zam rau khau boots hauv tsev hais plaub tau qhia los ntawm Peter I, nws muab tso rau tom qab da dej lossis hnav lawv thaum lub caij ntuj no. Tsarina Catherine lub Great tau siv cov khau khau los kho cov kab mob ceg, thiab Elizabeth, los ntawm nws txoj cai, tau tso cai rau cov poj niam hauv tsev hais plaub hnav cov khau no ua tiav nrog cov ris tsho puffy. Kev tsim kho cua daj cua dub hauv tebchaws Russia yog ib ntus, ib qho ntawm lawv tau tawm tsam los ntawm Peter I, uas yog qhov txawv ntawm nws qhov dav ntawm kev pom thiab kev ua tau zoo; thaum lub sijhawm nws kav, xav tias khau looj plab muaj rau txhua ntu ntawm cov pejxeem.

Kev tsim cov khau khau ntawm ib qho kev lag luam pib hauv xyoo pua 19th. Cov neeg nyiam khau khau yog Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev. Thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog xyoo, xav tias khau boots tau suav nrog hauv cov khoom sivcov khaub ncaws caij ntuj no rau cov tub rog thiab cov tub ceev xwm laus. Niaj hnub no, cov khoom siv yuav tsum nrog cov khau ib txwm muaj tseem cuam tshuam rau cov tub rog tshwj xeeb ntawm Ministry of Emergency Situations thiab Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Kev tsim cov khau looj plab niaj hnub no tab tom ntsib kev rov ua dua tshiab, lawv tau dhau los ua cov khoom nyiam rau kev siv lub zog thiab kev xav ntawm cov neeg tsim qauv, uas cuam tshuam nrog tus neeg yuav khoom. Kho kom zoo nkauj nrog paj ntaub, ribbons, ntuj plaub, zoo li khau looj plab hlaub, zoo li nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, tsim kom muaj kev nplij siab rau lawv tus tswv, ua tiav lawv lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb - ua kom sov thaum huab cua txias.

Nyob wool

Rau qhov tsim cov khau zoo tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia, yaj ntaub plaub feem ntau siv, tab sis tshis, aub, thiab luav ntaub plaub kuj tau siv. Yaj wool muaj nuj nqis rau nws cov hnav ris tsho siab thiab tshuaj zoo. Cov ntaub plaub tau combed, compacted (felted) thiab ib tug ruaj tsis-woven cov ntaub ntawv tau txais. Ntxiv molding manipulations tau ua manually.

Cov xim kawg ntawm cov khoom yog nyob ntawm cov khoom siv raw, cov xim dawb tau suav hais tias yog cov khoom kim tshaj plaws, cov ntaub plaub ntawm Mongolian cov yaj zoo nkauj tau siv rau lawv cov khoom, grey xav khau khau tau los ntawm yaj cov ntaub los ntawm Central Asia los yog Caucasus. Qee lub sij hawm nkawm khau tau ua los ntawm cov ntxhuav ntaub plaub, uas tsis yog qhov tsis zoo rau cov khoom siv sib txawv, tab sis xav tias khau khau los ntawm nws yog ntau fluffy thiab tsis yog li lub teeb.

Tim khau boots

Cov qauv niaj hnub no yog tsim los ntawm luav, yaj, tshis plaub hau, mohair thiab cov khoom zoo nkauj kuj pom. Felt khau looj plab hlaub muab faib ua ob peb hom, nyob ntawm seb cov khoom siv.thiab qauv:

• Classic padded 100% wool khau boots.
• Khau nrog ib leeg.
• Classic khau boots nrog welded-on roj hmab soles.
• Khaub ncaws nrog pluab. Xws li cov qauv yog ua los ntawm nyias muaj nyias, insulated nrog ob peb txheej ntawm batting, sab hauv yog tiav nrog ib tug flannelette hauv ob sab phlu. Lub outsole yog roj hmab. Qhov no yog ib tug niaj hnub version, uas yog rau saj ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv nroog, tuaj yeem hnav nyob rau hauv txhua qhov huab cua.

Technological process

Felt boots yog ib qho khau zoo tshaj plaws rau lub caij ntuj no txias. Kev tsim khoom (Russia) yog raws li cov qauv qub uas tsis tau hloov txij li xyoo 19th. Lub tshuab schematically zoo li no:

• Wool tau nyob rau hauv yob yog torn rau hauv me me fibers thiab qhuav, rau qhov no nws yog xa mus rau ib tug carding tshuab. Cov khoom siv tsis tau ntxuav, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev ua raws li kev siv tshuab.
• Cov ntaub ntawv qhuav qhuav raug xa mus rau lub tshuab wool carding rau kev ua, qhov twg cov khoom tau txais ib qho qauv. Tom qab ntawd, cov khoom raug txiav kom loj. Nyob rau theem no, cov khau looj plab yog plaub npaug ntau dua li lawv yuav tsum yog.
• Cov khoom txiav raug xa mus rau lub tshuab dov, qhov chaw uas lawv raug rau kev kho cua sov thiab cov neeg kho tshuab shrinkage, tom qab ntawd lawv tau rhaub hauv dej kub. Nyob rau theem no, compaction tshwm sim, cov ntaub plaub shrinks mus txog 80% ntawm thawj workpiece. Tom qab ntawd muab tso rau qhov kawg, ncab thiab muab cov duab kawg, thiab tom qab ntawd qhuav.
• Qu khau khau xaivupholstered nrog birch mallets kom muab ceev dua.
• Nyob hauv lub khw ua tiav hauv cov qauv classic, sab sauv ntawm tus ncej raug txiav tawm kom tau txais cov ntug du. Tab sis niaj hnub no tau ua nws tus kheej hloov kho, thiab tam sim no xav tias khau boots yog embroidered nrog threads, hlaws dai, rhinestones. Kev siv cov txheej txheem kos duab kos duab, sib ntxiv ntawm cov plaub hau ntuj thiab lwm cov neeg tsim qauv pom tau los ua kev kho kom zoo nkauj.

khoom siv

Hnub no, ntau tus tau qhib cov tuam txhab me me uas ua rau khau khau. Kev tsim khoom (Russia) yav dhau los tau muab faib ua kev lag luam thiab khoom siv tes ua. Cov cuab yeej siv rau ib qho me me thiab lub rooj cob qhia loj xav tau tib yam, qhov sib txawv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nplai thiab kev ua haujlwm. Dab tsi yog cov cuab yeej xav tau rau kev tsim cov khau khau?

• Kev lag luam lossis daim npav tsev neeg.
• Vibropress nrog chav mov.
• Industrial ntxhua khaub ncaws.
• Drying chamber.
• Cov khoom siv ntxiv, yog tias cov kab yuav sawv cev tsis yog los ntawm cov classics (semi-automatic xovxwm rau roj hmab ib leeg vulcanization, tshuab paj ntaub, thiab lwm yam).
• Daim ntawv txuas: pads, beaters, thiab lwm yam.

Industrial and handicraft production

Kev lag luam tsim cov khau khiab muaj peev xwm tsim tau txog li 60 khub khau ib hnub, cov khoom siv tes ua - txog li 2-3 khub. Txhua lub Hoobkas rau kev tsim cov khau khiab tsim tsis yog khau xwb, tab sis cov khoom muaj feem xyuam: daim pam, hauv ncoo, khau khiab, ntaub pua plag thiab ntau ntxiv.

Hnub nohandicrafts, nrog rau cov khau boots, yog nrov. Rau kev paub txog craftsmen, lawv tig los ua kom zoo nkauj, nrog rau cov qauv niaj hnub. Tab sis tsis muaj kev siv zog ntawm tes tuaj yeem ua cov ntaub plaub rau lub xeev xav tau, tau piav qhia hauv GOSTs. Lub Hoobkas rau kev tsim cov khau looj plab yuav ib txwm muab nws cov khoom lag luam nrog daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev ua raws thiab cov lus qhia muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev saib xyuas tus khub yuav khoom.

Felted khau factories

Nyob rau hnub qub, tag nrho cov volosts tau koom nrog hauv kev xav, kev ua haujlwm nyuaj, tab sis coj nyiaj tau los txaus rau artels. Tam sim no nyob rau hauv Russia xws khau yog tsim industrially. Factories rau zus tau tej cov khau looj plab hlaub nyob rau hauv ob peb lub cheeb tsam, muaj li ntawm kaum tsib ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv tag nrho, cov saum toj kawg nkaus tsib yog raws li nram no:

• Tus neeg ua si loj tshaj plaws hauv kev ua lag luam no yog Yaroslavl felted khau Hoobkas, uas tsim tau txog li 600,000 khub khau ib xyoos.
• Ib lub tuam txhab qub tshaj plaws, Kukmor Felting thiab Felt Cog, tsis poob nws txoj haujlwm, kev tsim cov khau khau txhua xyoo ntawm no yog txog 900 txhiab khub.
• Elvi-Plus tuam txhab, ntim ntau lawm - 300 txhiab khub khau rau ib xyoos.
• Omsk tsob ntoo ntawm cov khau khiab tsim 170 txhiab khub hauv ib xyoos.

Lwm cov lag luam tsim cov ntim me me ntawm cov khau khau, ntawm 45 txog 150 txhiab khub hauv ib xyoos. Lavxias teb sab khau looj plab hlaub yog ib qho kev xaiv zoo rau cov khau txawv teb chaws hu ua ugg khau boots. Txhua tus neeg yuav khoom muaj nws tus kheej saj, nyiam thiab teev ntawm qhov tseem ceeb, raws li qhov khoom no lossis cov khoom ntawd raug xaiv. Tab sis raws li rau khau boots, nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog txawv teb chawsanalogues, nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev hwm no qub Lavxias teb sab invention qhia tus yam ntxwv zoo tshaj plaws rau peb latitudes.

Kev tsim cov khau khau hauv Moscow tau tsim los ntawm Bitsevskaya Factory, uas tau ua khau rau ntau tshaj 150 xyoo. Cov khw muag khoom ntawm cov khw muag khoom tau nthuav dav thoob plaws lub tebchaws, thiab Muscovites tuaj yeem yuav lawv tus khub nyiam yam tsis tau tawm hauv lub peev, ntawm qhov chaw nyob: Stroiteley Street, Tsev 6, Tsev 4 (Universitet metro chaw nres tsheb).

Yuav ua li cas xaiv khau boots

Ib nkawm khau ua tau zoo yuav kav ntev xyoo thiab yuav ua rau tus tswv sov so hauv cov huab cua hnyav tshaj plaws. Kev xaiv khau ua los ntawm cov ntaub plaub yog ua raws li cov hauv qab no:

• Cov khau tiag tiag yog 100% ntaub plaub. Cov khoom yuav tsum ntom thiab homogeneous nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg. Yog hais tias muaj pob khaus, thickening, pob, ces cov khau yuav tawg sai sai.
• Felt khau tsis tau muab faib rau sab xis thiab sab laug, lawv raug tsim tib yam. Cov duab ntawm cov khau yuav siv sij hawm thaum hnav. Thaum muas ib khub, xyuas kom meej tias ob lub khauj khaum zoo ib yam, ntiv taw qhov siab, sab hauv thiab sab nraud ntev, ncej loj.
• Swb. Qhov tsis hnov tsw nkaus xwb uas lub khau khau muaj peev xwm muaj yog qhov tsis hnov tsw ntawm cov ntaub plaub, nws yuav ploj mus sai. Yog tias muaj ntxhiab tsw ntawm cov ntaub ntub dej, qhov no txhais tau tias yog kev ua txhaum ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis, ntawm qee theem cov khoom raug ntxuav tsis zoo lossis qhuav, nws tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm.
• Nyob rau hauv ib lub khauj khaum tiag tiag, ib leeg thiab pob taws yog ua nrog cov tuab tuab, vim tias nyob rau hauv cov chaw no cov khau hnav sai dua thiab poob lawv cov duab. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab -cia li xav xwb.
• Elasticity. Wool nkawm khau yuav tsum tsis txhob mos heev (hauv-xws li) los yog tuab heev. Txhawm rau kom txaus siab rau qhov zoo no, nws yog qhov txaus los khoov lub khauj khaum me ntsis, hauv qab ob txhais tes ntawm cov ntaub plaub zoo nws yuav caij nplooj ntoos hlav me ntsis thiab sai sai unbend.
• Size. Felt khau looj plab hlaub tuaj yeem trampled nyob rau hauv dav, thiab lawv shrink nyob rau hauv ntev, yog li koj yuav tsum tau yuav ib tug khub 1-2 qhov ntau thiab tsawg. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov tsim nyog, muaj ib lub rooj sib tham ntawm qhov loj ntawm ko taw thiab khau.
• Lub ntuj tshaj plaws - hnov khau boots ua los ntawm cov ntaub plaub uas tsis muaj dyed, txawm tias ntuj dyes txo cov kev kho zoo ntawm yaj cov ntaub plaub.