Kev tsim khoom thiab kev tsim khoom: lub tswv yim, qauv thiab lawv hom
Kev tsim khoom thiab kev tsim khoom: lub tswv yim, qauv thiab lawv hom

Video: Kev tsim khoom thiab kev tsim khoom: lub tswv yim, qauv thiab lawv hom

Video: Kev tsim khoom thiab kev tsim khoom: lub tswv yim, qauv thiab lawv hom
Video: Tsis Yog Hmoob Sib Ntxhais Ntxawm - SODA Poj Laib Khej Me (Cover) 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Cov tshuab tsim khoom yog cov qauv uas koom nrog tib neeg thiab khoom siv ua haujlwm ua ke. Lawv ua lawv cov dej num hauv ib qho chaw, tej yam kev mob, kev ua haujlwm ib puag ncig raws li cov dej num. Kev tsim khoom thiab kev tsim khoom yog tsim los ntawm qee yam khoom.

ntau lawm systems
ntau lawm systems

yam ntxwv dav dav

Cov tshuab tsim khoom muaj peev xwm ntawm nws tus kheej lossis kev koom tes nrog ib leeg kom ua tau raws li qee qhov kev thov thiab kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom muaj peev xwm los ntawm cov kev pabcuam thiab cov khoom tsim tawm. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov qauv no yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov tshwm sim los yog tsim ntawm kev thov hauv kev ua lag luam. Lawv yuav tsum tau yoog raws li cov neeg siv khoom xav tau rau lub sijhawm ntev. Yog li, lub hom phiaj ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yog tsim thiab muag cov khoom tsim nyog hauv kev ua lag luam.

Stages

Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yog ib ntu ntawm kev ua haujlwm cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov khoom siv raw rau hauv cov kev pabcuam thiab cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv no complex muaj kev hloovcov cuab yeej siv ua haujlwm. Lawv mus dhau cov theem hauv qab no:

  1. Mechanization. Raws li ib feem ntawm nws, kev siv tes ua haujlwm yog ib feem los ntawm kev siv tshuab.
  2. Automation. Nws sawv cev rau tag nrho cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuab ua haujlwm rau cov khoom siv. Automation txo qis tib neeg kev koom tes.
  3. Standardization. Nws koom nrog qhov sib xws ntawm cov khoom, kev ua haujlwm, cov khoom, vim tias cov khoom ntawm cov khoom thiab cov neeg tuaj yeem hloov pauv tau.
  4. Computerization. Nws tso cai rau koj los tsim cov hauv kev rau kev hloov pauv hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv rau kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam khoom.
  5. ntau lawm txheej txheem system
    ntau lawm txheej txheem system

Hom kev tsim khoom

Lawv tau txiav txim siab raws li theem ntawm kev tsim cov kev lag luam niaj hnub no. Nyob ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txo tus nqi, lub koom haum, qib thev naus laus zis, cov hauv qab no yog qhov txawv:

  1. Mild pre-scientific (tub rog-anarchist).
  2. Kev tshawb fawb mos raws li cov thev naus laus zis hloov pauv (Toyotism).
  3. Hard science (Fordism).

Cia peb saib kom ze rau cov hom kev tsim khoom no.

Tub rog anarchist qauv

Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim khoom lag luam muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:

  1. Txoj kev taw qhia tseem ceeb yog kev ntes cov khw tshiab rau kev muag khoom vim lawv txo nqi.
  2. Chaw tsim khoom thiab chaw tsim khoom ntawm cov khoom. Nws yog ua raws li kev siv tshuab, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb rau cov khoom siv, thiab muab kev nqaim, yooj yim tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm.
  3. Template thiab semi-template monotonous kev ua.
  4. Kev ua haujlwm nrawm nrawm los ntawm lub tshuab.
  5. Kev siv ntau yam khoom siv thiab tib neeg cov peev txheej los txo lawv cov nqi.
  6. kev ua haujlwm yooj yim.
  7. ntau lawm system tswj
    ntau lawm system tswj

Kev tswj hwm kev tsim khoom hauv qhov no yog qhov tsis sib haum xeeb. Qhov tseeb, vim qhov no, nws yog hu ua tub rog-anarchist. Kev sib raug zoo yog tsis ruaj khov nyob rau hauv ntau lawm.

Fordism

G. Ford tau los ua tus tsim ntawm qhov kev tsim khoom no. Nws tau tsim ib txoj kev xav, cov kev cai tseem ceeb uas yog:

  1. nyiaj hli siab rau tus neeg ua haujlwm.
  2. Control hla cov teev. Tus neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum ua haujlwm 48 teev hauv ib lub lis piam, tab sis tsis muaj ntxiv.
  3. Txhim kho cov tshuab zoo tshaj plaws, lawv qhov huv huv huv.
  4. Cia neeg hwm lawv tus kheej thiab ib leeg.

Raws li cov hauv paus ntsiab lus no, 8-teev hnub tau qhia thiab cov nyiaj hli tau teem ob zaug siab npaum li tau muab rau hauv cov qauv lees paub. Ford, ntxiv rau, tsim cov tsev kawm ntawv nrog cov nyiaj pab kawm ntawv, qhib lub chaw soj ntsuam kev noj qab haus huv, uas tau kawm txog kev ua haujlwm, kev lom zem thiab lub neej ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm. Tib lub sijhawm, nws mob siab rau cov neeg siv khoom muaj peev xwm. Tshwj xeeb, kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim khoom tau them rau qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom, kev tsim cov kev pabcuam network, cov tsheb tau zoo tas li, cov nqi muag tau raug txo. Kev taw qhia ntawm cov tshuab rau kev siv zog ua haujlwm yog qhov yuav tsum tau nruj,kev siv ceev nrooj ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab. Kev huv huv thiab kev huv huv kuj tseem tswj hwm nruj, cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev xav ntawm lub cev ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm raug coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum lawv raug xa mus ua qee yam haujlwm (yuav tsum tau muaj tswv yim zoo lossis monotonous). Ford yog ib tug ntawm cov uas tsim lub tswv yim ntawm kev xyaum. Qhov zoo ntawm tus txiv neej no thiab lwm tus uas tau tshaj tawm cov tswv yim zoo sib xws yog los tsim cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm lub koom haum ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Tam sim no, lawv tsis tau poob lawv qhov tseeb, tab sis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, lawv tau dhau los ua ntau dua li qhov xav tau.

lub ntsiab ntau lawm systems
lub ntsiab ntau lawm systems

Key Features

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Fordism yog txo cov nqi tsim khoom. Ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv yog cov hauv qab no:

  1. Txoj kab sib dhos.
  2. Muaj lub nkoj ntawm cov tshuab tshwj xeeb.
  3. Tsev ua haujlwm yooj yim.
  4. Txoj kev sib dhos uas txhais los ntawm cov kav dej.
  5. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis muaj peev xwm.
  6. Serial (mass) production.
  7. Tus nqi me me los nyiam cov peev txheej los tsim cov khoom siv tshiab.
  8. High turnover.

Kev tswj hwm

Nws suav nrog:

  1. Kev npaj tsim khoom. Nws tau ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev faib nyiaj txiag, kev ua haujlwm thiab cov khoom siv.
  2. Routing. Nws sawv cev rau kev txhim kho cov kab ke thiab txoj hauv kev rau kev hla ntawm cov khoom los ntawm cov khoom siv.
  3. Kev xa khoom. Nws muab kev faib tawm ntawm txoj kevtechnological maps thiab ntau lawm cov hauj lwm rau kev faib ntawm lub enterprise.
  4. Daim phiaj xwm phiaj xwm. Nws sawv cev rau kev tsim ib lub sij hawm thiab kev sib koom tes ntawm ntau theem thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov khoom (sequentially los yog nyob rau hauv parallel).
  5. Kev tswj hwm zoo.
  6. Txhim kho txoj hauv kev tsim khoom thiab faib cov haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm.
  7. ntau lawm technical system
    ntau lawm technical system

Toyotism

Cov tshuab tsim khoom tau tham saum toj no tsis hloov pauv lossis hloov pauv tau. Toyotism yog cov lus teb rau qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov kws tshaj lij uas muaj peev xwm, kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam. Nws ua raws li kev tsim khoom niaj hnub thiab kev lag luam. Nws lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog nrhiav kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm tib neeg qhov tseem ceeb, kev kawm, kev hloov pauv mus tas li kom hloov pauv mus tas li. Nws suav nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog, kev siv cov qauv ib nrab thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo. Cov qauv no siv cov qauv tsim thiab kev tsim khoom yooj yim. Tag nrho lub tuam txhab ua raws li ib tug complex ntawm cov tuam txhab tshwj xeeb, ib tug network ntawm ceg yog tsim.

Kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yooj yim hauv Nyij Pooj

Lawv pib cag kuj tsis ntev los no, nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Kev vam meej ntawm kev tsim cov tshuab ntawm hom no tau sau tseg hauv Nyij Pooj. Ib tug qauv siv computer tau pib ua haujlwm ntawm cov lag luam. Nws tswj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tag nrho cov qauv kev faib tawm thiab ua kom cov haujlwm tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam. Kev tsim tawm-ib tug technical system ntawm hom no muaj kev tswj ncaj qha ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm ntau lawm thiab tswj cov khoom muag. Kev ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv yog ua kom ntseeg tau los ntawm kev xa cov khoom "tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm" mus rau qhov chaw thiab nyob rau hauv qhov xav tau kom muaj nuj nqis. Cov qauv no hu ua "kanban". Lub tuam tsev npaj kev lag luam txhua lub lim tiam lossis txhua hli tsim lub sijhawm rau kev tso tawm cov khoom tshiab. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis ua raws li cov txheej txheem tsim khoom rau txhua qhov kev cob qhia. Lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, tsim txhua hnub, tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub ntsiab conveyor nkaus xwb. Lwm lub khw sib txuas lus los ntawm kanban system. Japanese tshuab tau paub thoob plaws ntiaj teb rau nws qhov zoo. Xws li muaj koob meej yog guaranteed los ntawm nruj tswj ntawm lub enterprise. Txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm hauv txhua lub tuam txhab xav tias muaj lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus kheej rau cov khoom tsim. Rau kev tswj kom zoo, lub voj voog tshwj xeeb yog tsim ntawm lub tuam txhab. Lawv cov tswv cuab yuav tsum txhim kho lawv cov txuj ci thiab kev paub tsis tu ncua.

ntau lawm system cov hom phiaj
ntau lawm system cov hom phiaj

Principles

Lub tshuab tsim khoom tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb niaj hnub no yog raws li:

  1. Kev npaj peev txheej. Raws li kev ua haujlwm dav dav, kev kwv yees ntawm kev sib txuas, kev ntsuas nyiaj txiag, kev tsim kho vaj tsev, kev ua haujlwm, lub sijhawm raug tsim.
  2. Kev tswj hwm zoo.
  3. Kev tswj cov peev txheej ua haujlwm. Nws suav nrog kev kawm txog tus yam ntxwv ntawm ib tus neeg los xyuas kom meej tias kev ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Cov lag luam txais cov sij hawm hloov taukev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tau nthuav dav. Cov neeg ua haujlwm lawv tus kheej koom nrog hauv lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim khoom. Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog them rau pab pawg thiab kev tswj hwm tus kheej ntawm cov kws tshaj lij.

Txoj kev lag luam Lavxias

Tam sim no, cov lag luam muaj cov qauv uas npog txhua theem ntawm kev lag luam. Cov no suav nrog tsis yog tsuas yog kev tsim khoom ncaj qha xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muab cov khoom siv raw rau nws cov khoom siv, nrog rau kev muag khoom tiav. Qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom, tus nqi ntawm cov nqi, thiab kev sib tw ntawm kev lag luam nyob ntawm seb qhov kev ua haujlwm tau zoo npaum li cas. Cov yam tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom hauv Lavxias Federation yog qhov tsis muaj cov thawj coj tsim nyog thiab tsis muaj ntaub ntawv hais txog lub peev xwm thiab kev cia siab rau kev hloov kho tshiab.

ntau lawm thiab ntau lawm systems
ntau lawm thiab ntau lawm systems

Kev tswj hwm tshwj xeeb

Kev tswj hwm ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yog kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm ntawm tag nrho cov lag luam ntawm kev lag luam. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ib qhov project ntawm kev pom zoo qauv ntawm kev ua hauj lwm ntawm lub tuam txhab yuav tsum tau tsim. Kev tswj hwm suav nrog kev txiav txim siab txog qhov chaw ntawm cov chaw, kev qhia txog cov qauv thiab cov qauv. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov system yuav tsum tau saib xyuas tas li. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias txoj hauv kev rau qhov kev txiav txim yuav tsum raug tsim, lub sijhawm kawg rau lawv cov khoom xa tuaj yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab. Qhov tseem ceeb sib npaug yog kev suav cov ntaub ntawv, cov khoom sib dhos, cov khoom thiab cov khoom hauv kev lag luam. Cov kev tswj xyuas zoo li no yuav tsum tau ua kom ntseeg tau ntawm txhua theem ntawm lub tuam txhab ua haujlwm. Yuav kom ua tiav kev sib tw, ib lub tuam txhab yuav tsum tsim cov khoom lag luam xav tau ntawmkev ua lag luam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yuav tsum muaj nws tus yam ntxwv uas paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom ntawm lwm lub tuam txhab. Hauv qhov no, ib pab neeg ntawm cov kws tshaj lij yuav tsum tsim ib qhov project rau cov khoom lag luam yuav tsim, lossis coj kom zoo dua cov kev cog lus uas twb muaj lawm.

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