2024 Tus sau: Howard Calhoun | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 10:28
Kev siv cov lignite tsis yog thoob plaws piv rau nws cov pob zeb counterpart, tab sis tus nqi qis ua rau cov cua sov nrog cov pob txha no cuam tshuam nrog cov tsev me thiab cov tsev boiler. Hauv Tebchaws Europe, lub pob zeb no tseem hu ua lignite, txawm hais tias nws tsis tshua muaj qhov txawv ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm cov thee. Raws li rau lub hom phiaj npaj, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees nws yog siv los muab chav fais fab nroj tsuag, thiab nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws xim av thee tuaj yeem tsim tau txog li 50% ntawm hluav taws xob. Tab sis ib zaug ntxiv, cov khoom no tsis muaj kev faib tawm dav raws li hom roj, yam tsawg kawg hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov peev txheej ywj pheej.
Cov ntaub ntawv dav dav txog xim av thee
Lignite yog lub pob zeb ntom ntom zoo li lub teeb xim av lossis xim dub. Hauv kev soj ntsuam ze dua, koj tuaj yeem pom nws cov qauv ntoo ntoo. Nyob rau hauv lub boiler chav tsev, xim av coal burns tawm sai sai nrog tso tawm ntawm soot thiab ib tug peculiar tsw ntawm hlawv. Raws li rau cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, nws yog tsim los ntawm tshauv, sulfur, carbon, hydrogen thiab oxygen. Cov impurities sib haum rau tib lub ntsiab lus pom hauv lwm hom thee.
Hais txog cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg, feem ntau ntawm cov pob txha no yog humites. Transitional sapropelite thiab humus suav nrogtshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm interlayers nyob rau hauv deposits ntawm humites. Hauv cov bass, xim av coal yog pawg los ntawm vitrinite microcomponents. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov tshauv Cheebtsam nyob rau hauv xws li deposits yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws los xam. Txhawm rau xam cov kev ua haujlwm thermal, nws raug nquahu kom xa mus rau cov rooj tshwj xeeb thiab sib piv cov ntaub ntawv pob zeb nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv hauv chav boiler.
Keeb kwm ntawm deposits
Cov deposits loj tshaj plaws yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm Mesozoic-Cenozoic pawg ntawm sediments. Raws li kev zam, tsuas yog Lower Carboniferous deposits ntawm Moscow Basin tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv. European deposits feem ntau txuam nrog formations ntawm Neogene-Paleogene lub sij hawm, thaum Jurassic deposits predominate nyob rau hauv Asia. Fossils ntawm lub sij hawm Cretaceous yog tsawg dua. Lavxias teb sab reserves kuj feem ntau muaj cov khoom los ntawm Jurassic deposits. Feem ntau ntawm cov pob txha tshwm sim ntawm qhov tob tob (10-60 m). Vim qhov no, qhib-cam khwb cia thee tsuas yog tso cai, txawm hais tias tseem muaj cov teeb meem raws li 200 m. Cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov lignite yog ib zaug deciduous thiab coniferous ntoo, peat bogs thiab pyals. Carbon enrichment yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov txheej txheem decomposition tau tshwm sim hauv dej thiab tsis muaj cua nkag. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub hauv paus ntoo tau tov nrog xuab zeb thiab av nplaum, vim tias cov theem ntxiv ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv graphite.
Coal mining
Russia nyob qib tsib ntawm kev tsim cov lignite. Txog 75% ntawm tag nrho cov ntim ntawm cov ntxhia yog muab los ntawm kev lag luam thiabroj thiab hluav taws xob kev lag luam, thiab tus so yog siv nyob rau hauv chemical kev lag luam thiab metallurgy. Ib feem me me kuj raug xa tawm. Kev siv tshuab ntawm kev txhim kho thiab kev tsim khoom ncaj qha feem ntau zoo li cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog lwm hom kev tso nyiaj carbon. Tab sis mining xim av thee muaj nws qhov zoo. Txij li thaum lub pob zeb no tseem hluas, feem ntau ntawm cov peev txheej tau muab rho tawm los ntawm cov nyiaj qhib. Txog niaj hnub no, txoj kev no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, nyab xeeb thiab pheej yig. Muaj tseeb, los ntawm ib puag ncig ntawm kev pom, qhov no tsis yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev rho tawm, txij li txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov pits sib sib zog nqus cuam tshuam cov pob zeb loj ntawm qhov hu ua overburden.
tso nyiaj ntau
Yog tias peb tham txog Russia, ces qhov loj tshaj plaws tso nyiaj ntawm cov thee xim av yog Solton complex ntawm quarries. Qhov no tsuas yog qhov chaw ntawm cov thee nyob hauv Altai. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, qhov kev tso nyiaj no muaj txog 250 lab tons ntawm pob zeb. Kuj tseem paub yog Kansk-Achinsk ntau-kilometer xim av thee phiab, uas nyob hauv thaj chaw Krasnoyarsk. Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si, mining yog ua los ntawm kev siv tshuab qhib. Muaj kev cia siab zoo tso nyiaj ntawm lignite kuj tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, uas yog tus xa khoom loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov thee no hauv Tebchaws Europe. Cov kev loj hlob loj tshaj plaws yog ua nyob rau hauv East Germany, qhov twg Middle German thiab Lausitz basins nyob. Raws li qee cov ntawv tshaj tawm, cov nyiaj tso cia no muaj 80 billion tons. Raws li nyob rau hauv Russia, German kws tshwj xeeb yog taw qhia rau qhib qhov mining, txav deb ntawmkim kuv txoj kev.
Tus nqi xim av
Hais txog qhov zoo, xim av thee poob rau nws cov pob zeb paub ntau dua. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntau yam ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom me ntsis nce qhov kev thov rau cov peev txheej txaus nyiam. Ntawm lawv, ib tus tuaj yeem nco txog tus nqi ntawm qhov muag xim av. Tus nqi nruab nrab txawv ntawm 800 txog 1200 rubles. rau 1 ton. Qhov siab dua tus nqi calorific, tus nqi siab dua. Rau kev sib piv: ib tuj ntawm cov thee tuaj yeem yuav qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau 2,000 txhiab rubles. Raws li twb tau hais lawm, lub nuances ntawm kev khiav hauj lwm boiler tsev thaum siv cov xim av thee tseem tiv thaiv nws txoj kev faib dav. Tab sis cov neeg muag khoom ntawm cov khoom zoo pom cov neeg siv khoom ob qho tib si ntawm cov tuam txhab hluav taws xob thiab hauv ntu ntawm tus kheej noj.
Zaj lus
Lignite tuaj yeem muab rau cov neeg siv khoom kawg hauv daim ntawv txheeb lossis tsis txheeb. Raws li cov roj hauv tsev, nws feem ntau yog siv rau pulverized combustion, thiab rau complex metallurgical industries, coke briquettes yog tsim los ntawm nws. Vim yog tus nqi qis thiab kev faib tawm ntau ntawm cov deposits loj, cov xim av xim av tsis yog qhov kawg hauv cov npe ntawm cov khoom siv roj nrov. Txawm li cas los xij, tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev xav tau ntxiv rau kev siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov cua sov thiab ua kom nruj ib puag ncig cov qauv, cov khoom siv raw no tau dhau los ua tsawg thiab tsis tshua nyiam. Nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws, kev siv cov xim av thee tsuas yog txwv rau kev tsim khoom, tab sis cov piv txwv ntawm Russia thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees paub meej thiabqhov tseeb ntawm tus yug nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm domestic siv.
Pom zoo:
Coal: mining hauv Russia thiab hauv ntiaj teb. Qhov chaw thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm cov thee mining
Kev lag luam thee tsuas yog ntu loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev lag luam roj. Txhua xyoo, qib ntawm cov thee ntau lawm nce thoob plaws ntiaj teb, cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tau paub zoo, cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo dua
Gold mining. Kub mining txoj kev. Mining kub ntawm tes
Gold mining pib thaum ub. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov keeb kwm ntawm noob neej, kwv yees li 168.9 txhiab tons ntawm precious hlau tau raug mined, yuav luag 50% ntawm uas mus rau ntau yam ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Yog hais tias tag nrho cov mined kub tau sau nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw, ces ib lub voos xwmfab yuav tsim kom siab li ib tug 5-storey tsev, muaj ib tug ntug - 20 meters
Anthracite (hard thee): yam ntxwv thiab qhov chaw mining
Anthracite yog hom pob txha pob txha zoo. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qib siab ntawm metamorphism (degrees ntawm cov khoom-theem thiab cov qauv ntxhia hloov pauv). Xav paub ntxiv txog qhov no tom qab
Silver mining: txoj hauv kev thiab txoj hauv kev, kev tso nyiaj tseem ceeb, ua lub teb chaws hauv cov nyiaj mining
Nyiaj yog cov hlau tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws. Nws cov khoom zoo heev - thermal conductivity, tshuaj tiv thaiv, hluav taws xob conductivity, siab ductility, tseem ceeb reflectivity thiab lwm yam tau coj cov hlau mus rau dav siv nyob rau hauv hniav nyiaj hniav kub, hluav taws xob engineering thiab ntau lwm yam kev lag luam kev ua lag luam. Piv txwv li, daim iav hauv cov hnub qub tau tsim los siv cov hlau zoo nkauj no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, 4/5 ntawm tag nrho cov khoom ntim tau siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam lag luam
Coal: khoom. Hard thee: keeb kwm, extraction, nqe
Txij thaum ub los, noob neej tau siv thee los ua ib lub zog. Thiab niaj hnub no cov ntxhia no tau siv dav heev
